







^0 O. 









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COLTON'S 

TRAVELER AND TOURIST'S 

THKOUGH TECE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

AND 

THE CANADAS: 



THE ROUTES AND DISTANCES ON THE GREAT LINES OF 
TRAVEL BY RAILROADS, CANALS, STAGE- 
ROADS, AND STEAMBOATS; ', , 

TOGETHER WITH " " '., 

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEYERAL STATES, 

AND OF THE 

PRXNCIPAL CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES IN EACH. 

ACCOMPANIED WITH 

A LARGE AND ACCURATE MAP. 

NEW YORK:. 
PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON & CO., 

No. 172 TVrLLIAM STREET. 

1856. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, 

Er J. H. COLTON, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
bouthem District of New York. 



IITDEX TO THE ROUTES 

THROUGH 

NEW ENGLAND, THE MIDDLlE STATES, 
AND THE CANADAS. 



No. of 

Route. 

Albany, N. Y., to Bennin^on, Vt 167 

to Boston, Mass 16(3 

to Buffalo, N. Y 179 

to Cooperstown 169 

to Lake Georo^e 17-1 

to Montreal, C. E 176 

to Montreal, C. E 177 

to Pitisfield, Mass 165 

to Riiiland, Vt 168 

to Saratog-a Springs 173 

to Saraiog'a Srjring-s 174 

to Unndilla 170 

to Whitehall 173 

Allyn's Point, Ct., to Worcester 140 

Amsterdam, N. Y., to Sageville 184 

Auburn, N. Y., to Cortland 212 

to Oswego 213 

Augusta, Me., to Anson 16 

to Baii^ur 20 

to Belfast 18 

to Bethel 14 

to Fiveluirg 13 

to Ph'illips 15 

to Quebec 17 

to South Paris 12 

to Thoma^on 19 

Baltimore, Md., to Annapolis 300 

to Carlisle 305 

to Lancaster 306 

to Norfolk 307 

to Philadelphia 297 

to Philadelphia 298 

to Pitishnrg 302 

to Pittsburg 303 

to Washing-ion 299 

to Wheelniir 301 

to White SulphurSpa 304 

to Winchester .301 

Bangor, Me., to Brownsville 24 

— - to Castiiie 26 

- to East Machias 28 

to Ellsworth 27 

— to UreenviUe 23 



No. o« 

Route. 

Bangor, Mc, to Houlton 25 

to Norridgewock 22 

Batavia, N. Y., to Lockport 207 

Bath, Me., to Bangor 21 

Bath, N. Y., to Geneva 194 

to Rochesier 195 

Bellows Falls, Vt., to Arlington 72 

Bennington, Vt., to Charlestown 71 

Bethel, Vt., to Charlestown 69 

Binghamton, N. Y., to Utica 188 

Boston, Mass., to Albany 83 

to Blackstone 88 

to Cohasset 92 

to Concord 78 

to Concord 79 

. to Fitchburg 82 

to Gloucester 93 

to Lawrence 76 

to Lowell 77 

to New Bedford 89 

to New York 84 

to Nevj- York ,. 85 

to New York - ... 85 

tt. New York , 87 

to Plymouth 91 

lu Portland 74 

to Portland -. 75 

to Sandwich 90 

to WliiteI»lountains 50 

in White Mountains 51 

Prattleboro', Vi., to Albany 73 

to Derby Line 70 

Bridireport, Cl., to Albany 144 

to Winsted 145 

Buffalo, N. Y., to Albany 206 

to Batavia 200 

to Chicago 204 

to Erie 201 

to Niagara Falls 202 

to Ogdensburg 205 

to Qiieenston, C. W 203 

to Youngstown 203 

Burlington, Vt., to Boston 53 

to Boston. 61 

* 



Tl 



INDEX TO THE ROUTES. 



No. of 
Rouie, 

Burnn^ton, Vt., to Boston 6^ 

tu Ueibv Line 56 

to PhiUipsburg 55 

Canandaiirua, N. Y., to Batavia 211 1 

Catskili, N. Y., to Canajoljarie 1/1 

10 Unadilla 172 

Chamherslnir^, Pa., to VVheeliiig- 287 

Cherry Valley, N. Y.,to S>racusg 185 

Concord, N. H., to Boston 32 

to Boston 33 

10 Charlestowu 41 

lo Claremonl 40 

to Dover 36 

10 Haverhill 38 

to Keeiie 42 

to Monpelier 39 

to Ponsmouih 34 

tn Portsmouth 35 

to S ewarisiovvii 43 

10 Wulfboro' 37 

Conway, N. H., to Littleton 45 

CooperJiowii, N. Y., to Ithaca 186 

to lU.aca 187 

to UnaUilla 187 

East Had.lam, Ct., to Norwich 142 

East Machias, Me., to Lubec 29 

to Calais 30 

Easton. Pa., to Bingfhainion 271 

to Harrisburg 274 

to Port Jervis 270 

to Poitsville 272 

to Trenton 273 

Elkton, MU., to Snow Hill 303 

Ellicotisville.N. Y., to Rochester lyo 

Fall River, R. I., to Newport 127 

Fiichburg-, Mass., to Bellows Falls 102 

to Biatileboro' 100 

to Greenfield 101 

Genesee, N. Y., to Buffalo 199 

to Canandaigua 198 

Georgelnwn, Del., to Cape Charles. . .295 

to Pruicess Anne 296 

Great Falls, N. H., to Conway 46 

Greenfield, Mass., to North Adams. ..108 

Harrisburg, Pa., to Baltimore 275 

to Hagerstown 273 

to Northumberland 277 

Harlforil, Ct., to Boston 130 

to Canaan L56 

to New Haven 131 

to New Haven 129 

to New London Ii2 

to New Lcindon 133 

to New Y'ork 129 

. lo Norwich . ...134 

to Wesifield 13a 

Haverliill, Mass., to Newbtirvport 111 

Hudson, N. Y., 10 Great Barhiigion. . 162 

to New Lebanon Spa 164 

10 WesiStockbndge 163 

Ithaca, N. Y., to Auburn 191 

toHjruellsville 193 



No. of 

Route. 

Ithaca, N. Y., to Syracuse 190 

to Uiica 189 

to Waterloo 192 

Lancaster, Pa., to Reading 278 

Lowell, Mass., to Lawrence 95 

Middleburv, Vt., to Troy 64 

MiddleioA-n, Ct., to Saybrook 1.39 

Montpeher, Vt ., to Derby 59 

10 Haverhill 58 

to Middlebury 61 

to Norwich 57 

to St. Alban's 60 

Montreal, C. E., to Augusta 234 

to Boston 233 

to .Mew Y'ork 232 

to Quebec 230 

10 Quebec 231 

Nashua, N. H., to Brattleboro' 43 

to Charlestowu 47 

Newark, N. J., to Dover 240 

New Bedford, Mass., to Edgartown. ..114 

to Nantucket 115 

to Providence 116 

New Brunswick, N. J., to Lambert- 

ville 242 

to Long Branch 243 

Newburg, N. Y., to Chester 183 

New Haven, Ci., to Farmingion 137 

10 New London 138 

to New York 128 

New London, Ct., to Palmer 141 

Newton, N. J., to Easion 241 

New York to Albany 157 

to Albany 156 

to Albany 158 

to Albany 159 

lo Boston 146 

to Boston 147 

to Boston 148 

to Boston 149 

to Boson 150 

to Buffalo 181 

to Buffalo 182 

to Dunkirk 180 

to Easton 236 

to Easion 237 

to Greenport 151 

toMilford 238 

to Paiersoii 235 

to Philadelphia 152 

to Philadelphia 153 

to Philadelphia 154 

to Snmerville 237 

to Suffern's 235 

to Troy 156 

to Washing-ton 155 

Norihampion, Mass., to Putsfiekl 109 

North Andover, Mass., to Newbury- 

port 1 10 

Northumberland, Pa., to Honesdale.. .282 

Ogdensburg, N. Y., n Plattsburg 223 

to Rouse's Point 224 

Olean, N. Y., lo Genesee 197 

Oswego, N. Y., to Rochestei 2U 



INDEX TO THE ROUTES. 



vu 



No. of 

Koiue. 

OsTA'ego.N. Y., to Rome 216 

Pafersoii, N. J., to Milford 239 

Philadelphia, Pd., to Absecum 2^0 

10 Baltimore 257 

to Baltimore 258 

to Berwick 280 

to Bncjg'eioii 253 

to Cape May 261 

to Eastoii 2fi5 

to Erie 2»6 

to Harrisbiirg 2(30 

to Ml. Holley 248 

to Nazareth 26-1 

to New Yorif 254 

to New York 255 

to New York 2.36 

to Pittsburg- 261 

to Pittsburg 262 

to Pittsbur? 263 

to I'o.t Deposit 281 

to PoitsviI.e 266 

to Salem 252 

to 'i'uckerton 249 

to Washino-ion 259 

Pittsbursf, Pa., to Baltimore 293 

to Cleveland 290 

to Krie 2y2 

toMiirer 291 

— to Sieulieuville 289 

to VVlieehna- 2X8 

Pittsfield, Mas-s., lo New Y'ork 106 

to North Adams 105 

Port Jervis, N. Y., to Oweg-o 284 

Portland, Me., to Augusta 9 

to Augusta 10 

to Bath U 

to Boston 1 

to Boston 2 

10 Conway 3 

to Ea»tpoit 31 

to Montreal 7 

to Pans 5 

10 South Pans 6 

to Waierlord 4 

• to Waierville 8 

to White Mountains 49 

Pottsvilie, Pa., to Corning 267 

Poug-hkeepsie, N. Y., to New MiII'okI.IdO 

to West Cornwall 161 

Providence, R,. I., to Boston 117 

to Fail River 123 

to Harilord 120 

to Kingsion 124 

to New London 125 

to Newport 122 

to Stonington 121 

to Thompson 126 

10 Willimantic ..119 

— »— -.o Worcester.. 118 



No. of 

Route. 

Rochester, N. Y., to Lockport 203 

to Lockport 209 

to Niagara Falls 208 

to Weedsport 210 

Rome. N. Y., to Cape Vincent 220 

to Ogdeiisburo: 222 

lo Sackett's Harbor 221 

Rutland, Vt., to Albany 66 

to Bethel 68 

to North Adams 67 

Salem, Mass., to Lawrence 94 

Sandwich, Mass., to Provincetown.. .112 

to Wood's Hole lis 

South Deerfield, Mass., to Adams .... 107 
Sprinarrteld, Mass., to Braltleboro' 103 

to New Haven 104 

to New York 104 

Syracuse, N. Y., to Auburn 217 

to Oswego 216 

to Watertown. 218 

Toronto, C. W., to Amherstburg 227 

to Buttalo 225 

to Montreal 228 

■ to Montreal 229 

to Niagara Falls 225 

to Niagara Falls 226 

Towandu, Pa., to Erie 285 

Trenton, N. J., to Belvidere 2\4 

to New York 245 

to Philadelphia 246 

to Philadelphia 247 

Troy, N.Y., to Whitehall 175 

Utica, N. v., to Sackett's Harbor. ...219 

Vergennes, Vt., to Whitehall 65 

Washing-ton, D. C, to Annapolis 310 

to Gettysburg 303 

tu Hancock 311 

to Ridge 312 

Wells' River, Vt.. to Danville 63 

to Derby Line 62 

West Lebanon, N. H., to Lancaster. . 44 
Whitehall, N. V., to Rouse's Point. . .178 

Wilkesbarre, Pa., to Elmira 283 

Williainsjiort, Pa., to Elmira 268 

to Hodidaysburg 269 

Willimantic, Ct., to Plymouth 143 

Wilmington, Del., to Georgetown. . ..294 
Worcester, Mass., to Fitchburg 99 

to Lowell 97 

to Nashua J6 

10 Providence 98 

York, Pa., to York Sulphur Spa 279 



vm 



INDEX TO THE ROUTES. 



SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. 



No. of 
Route. 

Alexandria, Va., to Winchester 320 

ApHlachicola, Fa., to Columbus 423 

Athens, Ga., to Clayton 412 

to Dahlone^a 413 

Atlanta, Ga., to Chattanooga 390 

10 Montgomery 410 

Augusia, Ga., to Athens 398 

to AUanra 396 

to Charleston 397 

10 Clarksville 399 

Augusta, S. C, to Gillisonvilie 379 

10 Greenville 380 

Augusta, Ga., to Milledgeville 400 

Charleston, S. C.,to Augusta 369 

to Camden 372 

to Columbia 373 

to Darlingion 381 

to Georgetown 3^2 

to Savaimah 370 

to Savannah 3; I 

Co umbia, S. C, to Augusta 374 

!o Fayetieville 375 

10 Riiihert'ordion 377 

to Salisiburv 376 

i.i WarinSprings 378 

Coiumbns, Ga., lo Atlanta 407 

to Griffin -lOri 

to Rossville , 408 

Covington, Ga., to Newnan 411 

Dahlone^a, Ga., toDalton 414 

Darieii, Ga., to BainbriJge 395 

Edenton, N. C, to Norfolk 357 

Farmville, Va., to Greensboro' 333 

Fayeiievi:le, N. C, to Charlotte 349 

to Cheraw 348 

lo Marion 347 

to Raleigh 352 

to Salisbury 350 

to Warsaw 351 

Fincastle, Va., to Cumberland Gap. . .341 

Georgetown, S. C, to Cheraw 3?4 

to Sumterville 3-'5 

to Wilmington 383 

Greensboro', Ga., to AobeviUe 415 

Greensboro', N. C, to Halifax 365 

to Wyiheville 366 

Griffin, Ga., to Montgomery 4C9 

Halifax, N. C, to Plymouth 358 

Kanawha, Va., to Point Pleasant 340 

Lewisbnr?, Va., to Guyandotte 337 

10 Newbern 338 

Lvnchlmrg, Va., to Greensboro' 335 

-^- to Knnxville 331 

— ' ■ to Lewisburg 336 

Aicon, Ga., to Athens 404 



No. of 

Route. 

Macon, Ga., to Atlanta .389 

to Chattanooga 403 

to Columbus 405 

to Darien 402 

Milledgeville, Ga., to Macon 401 

Newbern, N. C, to Norfolk 355 

Norfolk, Va., to Weldon 332 

Petersburg, Va., to City Point 331 

to Lynchburg 329 

lo Suffolk 330 

Raleigh, N. C, to Beaufort 355 

to Salisbury 359 

to Salisbury 360 

to Washington 353 

to Washington 354 

Richmond, Va., to Gordonsville 324 

to Hampton 327 

to Lynchburg 325 

to Norfolk 328 

to Tappahannock 326 

St. Augustine, Fa., to Darien 416 

to Tallahassee 418 

to Tampa Bay 417 

Salem, N. C, to Knoxville 367 

to Raleigh 363 

Salisbury, N. C, to Ashville 361 

to Cheraw 364 

to Warm Springs 362 

to YorkviUe .363 

Savannah, Ga., to Augusta 391 

to Columbus 393 

to Macon 388 

to Milledgeville 392 

to St. Augustine 394 

Staunton, Va., to Knoxville 339 

Tallahassee, Fa., to Alligatoi 419 

to Bainhridge 421 

to Mobile 422 

to St. Mark's 420 

Washington, D. C, to Lynchburg. . ..319 

to Norfolk 318 

to Farkersburg 31.^ 

to Siaunton 314 

to Virginia Springs 315 

to Wheeling 318 

to Wilmington 317 

Wiimi.iffton, N. C, to Charleston 345 

to Fayetteville 345 

to Newbern 344 

to Norfolk 343 

to Washington 342 

Winchesier, Va., to Hancock 321 

to Harper's Ferry 323 

to Siaunton 323 

YorkviUe, S. C, to Abbeville 386 

to Camden 987 



INDEX TO THE ROUTES. 



IX 



SOUTH-WESTERN STATES, 



No. of 

Rouie. 

ArVadelphia, Ark., to New Orleans.. .488 

Ausun, Tex., to Corpus Christi 508 

to Maiao^orda 505 

to Ma ta moras 506 

. to Natchitoches 604 

to Pres. del Rio Grande SO? 

Batesville, Ark., to Memphis 486 

to Memphis 487 

Boston, Tex., to Austin 512 

Columbus, Miss., to Memphis 475 

Florence, Ala., to Rome * 454 

Galveston, Tex., to Austin 503 

to Hiiiusville 498 

toMaia^orda ■'■00 

to Matao-orda 601 

to New Orleans 497 

to Port Lavacca 602 

to Washi.io-ton 499 

Gunter's Landing, Ala., to Jasper 465 

Houston, Tex., to Goliad 509 

Jackson, Miss., to Columbus 472 

to Dp Kail) 471 

to Grand Gulf 469 

- — to Natchez 470 

to Vicksburj 4'-.3 

to Yazoo City 473 

Knoxville, Tenn., to Ashville 442 

— to Blounlsville 437 

to Cumberland Gap 440 

to Raleigh 441 

to Savannah 443 

to .Sulphur Spa 436 

to Warm Spruigs 442 

Little Rock, Ark., to Boston 480 

to Fort Gibson 478 

to Fort Gibson 479 

to Fort Towson 481 

to Hot Sprmgs 483 

to Memphis 484 

to Montgomery's Point. 477 

to New Orleans 476 

—— to St. Louis 4So 



No. of 

Route. 
Little Rock, Ark., to Shreveport 482 

Matafforda, Tex., to Washington 510 

Mobile, Ala., ro Columbus 453 

to Montgomery 44o 

to Montoromery 447 

to New Orleans 451 

to Selma 419 

to Tuscaloosa 443 

Montgomery, Ala., to Atlanta 452 

to Atlanta 453 

to Columbus, Ga 453 

to Columbus, Miss 454 

to Rome 457 

to Tuscaloosa 455 

to Tuscaloosa 456 

Nacog-doches, Tex., to Boston 511 

Nashvdle, Tenn., to Charleston 439 

to Columbus 429 

to Hickman 423 

to HoUv Sprni!?s 4£o 

to Huntsviile 431 

to HuntsviU^ 432 

to Jackson 427 

to Knoxville 435 

to McMmnsviUe 433 

to Memphis 424 

to Memphis 425 

to Savannah 43s 

to Sparta 434 

to Tuscumbia 430 

New Orleans, La., to Cincinnati 492 

to Furl Gibson 495 

I.Galveston 490 

Jo Pitisburg 493 

toSi.Louil 491 

to Shreveport 494 

St. Franc isville. La., to Natchez 496 

Selma, Ala., to Huntsville 459 

Sparia, Tenn., to Huntsville 444 

J— to Moniicello 445 

Tuscaloosa, Ala., to Columbus 460 

to Court land 462 

to Florence 463 

to Huntsville 461 

Tuscumbia, Ala., to Columbus 467 

(o Huntsville 465 

Vicksburo-, Miss., to Memphis 474 



NORTH-WESTERN STATES 



Adrian, Mich., to Toledo. 



No. of 
Route. 

571 

to Ypsilanti 572 

Ashtabula, Ohio, toWellsviUe 543 

Baltlecreek, Mich., to Grand Rapids..58I 
Bloomington, la to La Fevgtie 616 



No. of 
Route. 

BowlinH- Green, Ky., to Columbus 681 

[0 Glasgow 680 

Brookville, la., to Cambridge 603 

Bucvrus, O., to Mansfield 558 

Buffalo, N. Y., to New York 557 

Burlingtou, Iowa, to Fort des Moines.. 70i 



INDEX TO THE ROUTES. 



Burling-ton, Iowa, to Muscatine 709 

Cairo, III., to Si. Louis 645 

Chica»-o, 111., to Buffalo 660 

Ill Detroit 659 

to Dixon 664 

^— to Galena fi6I 

to Milwaukee 662 

10 Ouawa 663 

Chilicotlip, O., to Marietta 541 

10 Maysville 542 

to Pouu Pleasant 640 

Cuiciiinati, O., to Cliilicothe 523 

to Columbus 527 

to Dayton 521 

to Davton ."^28 

to Katon £25 

to li'dianapolis , 616 

to New Orleans 515 

to Pittsburg 513 

10 Pittsburg- 518 

to St. Louis 514 

to St. Louis 517 

to Sandusky Ciiy .520 

to Sidney. 526 

to Zaiiesville 524 

Cleveland, O., to Buli'alo .54t< 

to Biilialo * S49 

to Piiisburg 547 

to Toledo .550 

to Warren 551 

to Wheeling- 546 

Columbus, O., to Cleveland 533 

to Indianapolis 529 

to Lancaster .•^34 

to Lower Sandusky 5:i0 

to Portsmouth 5.32 

to Sandusky City 531 

10 Wheeling- 528 

Council BUill's to Great Salt Lake Ciiy.733 

Davenport, Iowa, to Du Buque 711 

to Du Buque 712 

Dcti ou, Mich., to Buffalo 586 

lo Chicag-o 587 

to Fort Wilkins - 588 

to Lansing- 563 

to Lan-ing .564 

• to New Buffalo 561 

to Pontiac 566 

to Port Huron 665 

to Saginaw 567 

to Toledo 562 

Dixon, 111., to Beloit 665 

Dunkirk, N. ¥.,10 New York 658 

Edinburg, la., to Rushville 613 

EvansviUe, la., to Terre Haute 618 



Fort Leavenworth to San Diego 730 

Fort Madison, Iowa, to Farinington...7u7 

Fori Wayne, la., to Cincinnati 622 

Fianktorl, Ky., to Cincinnati 677 

— - to Madison 678 

Glasgow, Mo., to Fort Leavenworth. .701 
— to Hannibal 7U2 



Grand Haven, Mich. 



No. of 

Route. 

to Milwat'ikee...589 



Hopkinsville. Ky., to Nashville 684 

. loPaducah 685 

Independence, Mo., to Oregon City. .732 

to Sarramenio City 731 

Indianapolis, la., to Cincinnati 591 

to Cincinnati 692 

to Columbus 607 

to Covington 601 

to Fredoiiia 595 

to Green vdle 606 

to La Fayeite 603 

to La Fayette fi04 

to Louisville 594 

to Madison 593 

to Montezuma 600 

to Niles 605 

to St. Louis 598 

to Springfield 599 

to Terre Hauie 597 

to Washingion 596 

to Wiiliamsport 608 

Iowa City, Iowa, to Keokuck 704 

to Muscatine 70S 

Jackson, Mich., to Jonesville. 678 

to Toledo 577 

Jaiiesville, Wis., to Fond du Lac 725 

Janesville, Wis., lo Galena 726 

Jefferson City, Mo., to Cape Girardeau 700 

to fori Lea'enwonh 698 

to Fort Sinuh 699 

to Independence 697 

Kalamazoo, Mich., to Mottville 583 

to Si. Joseph SS4 

to Saugatuck 583 

Keokuck, Iowa, lo Burlington 706 

Lancaster, O., to Mount Vernon 539 

Lansing, Mich., to Dexter 574 

to Grand Haven... 573 

to Jackson 576 

to Poniiac 575 

La Porte, la., to Joliet 623 

Lawrenceburg, la., to Madison 609 

Lexington, Ky., to Cincinnati 673 

to Kjioxville 675 

to Maysville ()73 

to Nashville 676 

to Owingsvjlle 674 

Loganspori, la., lo Toledo t:21 

Louisville, Ky., to Cairo 6p7 

to Cincinnati 66S 

to Harrodsbuig 669 

to Lexington 671 

to Nashville 658 

to Orleans 612 

to Shawiieetown 670 

to Viucennes 611 

Madison, Wis., to Galena 713 

to Green Bay 716 

Madison, la., to Indianapolis 614 

to Louisville 610 

Madison, Wis., to Milwaukee... .....715 



INDEX TO THE ROUTES. 



No. of 
Rome. 

Madison, Wis., to Rockfonl TU 

Madi.o.i, la., loTerie Hauie 615 

Mar..rnec, Mo., to Springfield 703 

Marsli.tll, Mich., to Cemreviile 5S0 

to Cold water 579 

Micliiuraii Ciiv, la., to Indianapolis. . .6:il 
Milwaukee, Wis., to Chicago 717 

to Fund du Lac 720 

to JnnesviUe 718 

to Shel)oyg-?.n 721 

10 Shebovg-an 722 

to While" Water 719 

Mo.ii-oe, Mich., to Ann Arbor 570 

to Cliicag^o 569 

Muuiii Cannel, III., lo Fairfield 639 

Muiiih 01 Wabash River to La Fayette 617 
Muscatine, lowu, to Davenport 710 

New Buffalo, Mich., to Chicasro 590 

Niles, Mich.,10 St. Joseph. ..' 58.i 



Ottawa, 111., to St. Charle 



.658 



Paducah, Kv., to Floren-e 686 

Painesville, O., to Beaver 5-15 

to Canton 5AA 

Paris, Kv., to Cincinnati 679 

Peoria, HI., to Albany 65^ 

10 B.iilinalon G53 

to Chicag:o 655 

lo Covinarion 652 

Pern, 111., (o Galena 657 

to St. Louis 656 

Piltsburg-, Pa., to P hiladelphia 5d0 

Pontiac, Mich., to Owasso 568 

Quincv, 111., to Galena 651 

to Jacksonville 647 

to Keokuck 650 

to Knoxville 649 

to Peoria 648 

Racine, Wis., to Janesville 72.3 

Riissellville, Kv., to Clarksville 663 

10 Nashville 6!52 

8t. Lonis, Mo., to Council BlutTs 69C 

u> Falls of St. Anthony 689 

:i fort Leavenworth 694 



XI 

No. of 
Route. 

645 

695 



St Lonis, Mo., to Jacksonville 

to Jelfer.-on Ciiv 

to Jefferson City 695 

to Keokuck... .' 691 

to Little Rock 698 

to New Madrid 693 

to New Orleans 688 

St. P ani. Mm., to Falls uCSi. Anthonv 729 

10 New Orleans .'.728 

Salem, 111., to Carmi 640 

to Chester 641 

Sandusky Citv, O., to Beaver 554 

to Buffalo 556 

to Chicaofo 555 

to Ciiu-iiinan 553 

Shawnee'own, 111., to Cape Girardfau.643 

to St. Luuis 643 

to Vaiidalia 644 

Sheb. vg-an, Wis., to Neenah 727 

SinnhJand, Kv., lo Nashville 687 

Sonthpon, Wis., to Bfloit 724 

Spnngtield, 111., to Burlington 631 

to Chicago 633 

to Cincinnati 625 

to Covington 634 

to Golcoi'ida 625 

to Keokuck 630 

to Opwisiown 6.3S 

to Naples 628 

to Quincy 629 

to St. Louis 627 

Terre Haute, la , to Crawfordsville. ..620 

to Logansport 619 

Vincennes, la., to Alton 637 

to Ciiicago 633 

to Si. Louis 635 

to Sliawneetown 635 



Wheeling, Va., to Baltimore. 

to New York 

to Philadelphia 

Woostir, O., to Warren 



Zanesville, O., to Marietta 536 

to MayBville US 

ta Woosier iif 



xm 



A 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



The United States, now comprising 31 states and several territorial 
appendages, occupies by far the most valuable and temperate portion of 
North America, Confined originally to the shores of the Atlantic ocean, 
this gi-eat confederacy of republics has extended its empire over the 
whole region spreading westward to the Pacific, and from the great 
lakes on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. In breadth it 
measuj-es 2,800 miles, and in depth 1,700 miles, with an area of 3,221,595 
square miles. The frontier line is estimated at 10,000 mUes — 5,120 miles 
of which are sea coast, and about 1,400 miles lake coast. 

The colonies planted by England at Jamestown in 1607, and in Ne\r 
England a few years later, formed the nucleus of these states. The 
French, Dutch, Swedes, &c., also planted colonies, but these were at an 
early period relinquished to the British, and at the period of the Revolution 
the whole country east of the Mississippi river, and as far south as Florida 
and Louisiana, belonged to that nation. The oppressions of the mother- 
country now produced a resistance, and ultimately resulted in the forma- 
tion of the United States, and the acknowledgment of their indepen- 
dence. At this period the United States consisted only of thirteen 
constituents. Louisiana, including all the territory between the Missis- 
sippi river and the Rocky Mountains; Florida; Oregon; Texas; New 
Mexico, and California are acquisitions of the present century. 
The political constituents of the present United States are as follows : 

I. JVezo England States. — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut 6 

II. Middle States.— Hevf York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, and Maryland, (and the D (strict of Columbia,) 5 

III. Southern .Atlantic States. — Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida 5 

IV. South-western States.— Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- 
»na, Texas, and Arkansas, (and the Indian Territory,) Q 

V. J^orth-westem States.— Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Ken- 



XIV GENERAL DESCRIPTION". 

tiicky, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, (and the territories of Minesota, 
Missouri, and Nebraska,) 8 

V[. Pacific States. — California, (and the territories of New Mexico, 
Utah, and Oregon.) 1 

Each of these states has distinct limits and a separate independent 
government, with a constitution and laws of its own. llie territories 
belong to the United States, and until admitted as states into the Union, 
are under the direct surveillance of the federal authorities. These will 
be described separa<f l3^ 

The government of the United States is based on the constitution of 
1787, and has only such powers as have been surrendered by the states 
individually for the benefit of the whole. Its formation was a political 
necessity — necessary for the protection and welfare of each and all the 
constituent states. Its authority, however, does not interfere with the 
internal affairs of individual states, nor has one state any power or right 
•of supremacy over another. The powei-s of government are divided into 
executive, le.gislalive, and judicial. The chief of the executive depart- 
ment is styled the President of the United States, whose duty it is to 
supervise the execution of the laws, &c. The legislative department is 
styled the Congress of the United States, and consists of a Senate and a 
House of Repiesentatives. The President is so far a component of the 
Legislature as having a qualified veto on all the acts of Congress. The 
Senate is composed of two members from each state, chosen by the 
Legislatures thereof; and the House of Representatives consists of mem- 
bers elected by the people of each state in number according to popula- 
tion, and of one delegate from each organized territory. The present 
number of members is 233. The judiciaiy consists of a Supreme Court 
with a Chief Justice and eight associate justices, which meets at the seat 
of government annually in December ; of Circuit Courts, held twice a 
year in each judicial district by a judge of the Supreme Court and a 
district judge ; and of District Courts. The judges are appointed by the 
President for life, and are perfectly independent of the other depart- 
ments of government. The powers of the I'nited States' Courts extend 
to all questions arising mider the constitution; to international causes ; 
cases in admimJty, &c. All while male citizens of the United States, of 
the age of 21 years and upwards, are eligible to vote at elections for 
President and for members of the House of Representatives, and to hold 
any office by appointment or election; but none except native born citi- 
zens are eligible to hold the offices of President and Vice-President. 

The population of the United States was— in 1790, 3,929,827 ; in 
1800, 5,305,941— nicrease 35*01 per centum ; hi 1810, 7,239,814— incrccse 
3645 per centum ; in 1820, 9,038,191 — increase 33-12 per centum ; in 
1830, 12,866,020 -ijicreose 33-48 per centum; in 1840, 17,069,453— m- 
crease 32-67 per centum; and in 1850, 23,257,723 — increase d6'25 per 
centum. 



THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 



The section of the United States to w fiich the name of " New England ^ 
has been applied, comprises the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. From their posi- 
tion in rey:ard to the other States, they have also been termed the 
" Eastern States." New England is bounded W. by New York ; N. by 
the British Provinces; E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. by 
the Atlantic and Long Island Sound, and is geographically situated be- 
tween the latitudes of 41° 2' and 47° 20' N., and the longitudes of 66° 49' 
and 73° 15' VV. from Greenwich. The aggregate superficies is 59,326 
square miles. 

The physical aspect of New England is extremely vai-ied. In the N. 
it is traversed by the White Mountains ; and a number of isolated hills 
are found in various parts. The central portions are less elevated, but 
consist chiefly of a succession of hills and vales, and several ranges of 
well-defined elevations from which the principal rivers have their 
sources. Many beautiful lakes are embosomed in the landscape. Near 
the sea the surface is low and marshy, and intersected by coves and 
creeks. The coasts are almost everywhere lined by a multitude of small 
islands which protect the harbors, but render navigation somewhat diffi- 
cult. The substratum is generally granitic: the geological character of 
the country, however, is not uniform. Many valuable minerals abound, 
such as iron, copper, coal, &c., and mai'bles of fine texture are foimd in 
vast quarries. The natural growths are oaks, pines, maples, &c., which 
clothe the mountains and line the margins of the lakes and rivers. The 
scenery, in many instances, is peculiarly sublime, and perhaps no part of 
America presents such magnificent prospects as those seen from Mount 
Washington, in New Hampshire, and Mount Holyoke, in Massachusetts, 
The climate is generally one of extremes, but the atmosphere is buoyant 
and salubrious. 

Every department of national industry is profitably pursued in these 
States. In the three more northern, agriculture, grazing, and sheep- 
farming, employ a majority of the people; while in the States of Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, manufactm-es, especially those 
of wool and cotton, engage almost universal attention. These States 
form indeed the great manufacturing district of the Union. Commerce 
is also extensively engaged in, and a lai-ge internal trade is carried on 



2 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

ty means of the network of railroads that covers the land. Tlie fisberieB 
contribute also to the wealth of the country, and more whale-ships sail 
from the ports of Massachusetts than from all other ports ©f the United 
States together. 

Nowhere, more than in New England, has education been so zealously 
attended to, and nowhere else does the religion of the Gospel exert its 
benign influence so powerfully and imiversally. The people are moral 
and inteWigent, and have long been considered, par excellence^ the con- 
servators of constitutional Uberty. Their social condition is pre-emmently 
a happy one. 

The fii-st permanent settlere in these States were the Puritans from 
England, who arrived at Plymouth on the 22d December, 1620. The 
present inhabitants, though considerably mixed with more recent emi- 
grations, are chiefly descendants from this stock, and still retain the 
many virtues for which their progenitors were so justly famed. The 
population in 1850* was 2,727,597. 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 

Area 30,000 Square Miles.— Population 583,188. 

Maine, the north-eastei-nmost of the United States, lies between 43° 5 
and 470 20' N. lat., and between 66° 49' and 71° 4' W. long. : and is 
bounded N. W. and N. by Canada ; E. by New Brunswick and the river 
St. Croix ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and \V. by the State of New Hamp- 
Bhire. 

The surface of IMaine is generally uneven, but not mountainous. In 
the west and north there are some irreguhu- elevations, and Mars Hill, 
the eastern termination of the range has an altitude of 1683 feet. There 
are also several detached mountains, of which Mount Katahdm, 5300 
feet above the sea-level, is the highest. The rest of Maine is hilly, except 
near the coast, where the land lies low and consists of sandy gravel, little 
fit for cuUivation. The soil, however, improves on receding from the 
coast, 3nd in the interior is most fertile. A large amount of the land is 
yet c<>vered with its primeval forests. The State is well adapted to 
gi-azinf; and sheep-farming. Tiie crops are in general abundant and 
excehent, but the shortness of the summer is somewhat prejudicial. 
Among the fruits, apples, peai-s, plums, and melons succeed well. The 
fam)T3 are prosperous, and cultivate their lands with skiU and industry. 

y.a'me has a seacoast of two hundred and thirty miles, which is ia- 

VH« is the census for 1850. Where not otherwise specified, the population of States and 
tit*. Jjiougheut this yioit must bs considered as estimated for the lame year. 



THE STATE OF MAINE. 3 

dented by several large bays. Perhaps no State in the Union has so many 
fine harbors. Its rivers are generally navigable, and many supply valua- 
ble water-power. In some instances their courses are through the most 
magnificent scenery. The Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, and 
Saco are the principal. In the interior there are many lakes and ponds, 
of which Moosehead, thirty-five miles long and from ten to twelve broad, 
is the largest. The Schoodic Lakes in the east, and Sebago Pond in 
the southwest, are also considerable bodies of water. The principal 
bays are those of Penobscot and Casco. Numberless islets lie withii a 
short distance off the coast, and land-lock many of the fine harbors for 
which this State is so celebrated. 

Agriculture employs about four-fifths of the people, and about thirty 
thousand persons are engaged in manufactures. There are in the State 
thirty-six woollen factories, and a third that number of cotton 
mills. Shipbuilding is also extensively carried on : more ships, indeed, 
are built in Maine than in any other single State. Mining contributes 
little to the employment of the people ; but the fisheries are a principal 
source of wealth to the seaboard districts. Commerce is very floui-ishing, 
and the coasting trade, especially, employs a large tonnage. The trade 
in lumber is veiy great, and internal trade generally is extending its 
ramifications with the progress of internal improvements. There are in 
Maine 501 miles of canal, and the railroads now completed have an 
aggregate length of 42G miles. Thei-e are also several in progress, and 
others proposed and settled upon. Portland is the centre of the rail- 
roads of the State. 

The principal collegiate institutions are Bowdoin College, at Bnms- 
wick, to which is attached a medical school, and VVaterville College, at 
Waterville. There are Theological Seminaries at Bangor and Redfield ; 
and about ninety academies in various parts of the Stale. The number 
of common schools is between 4,000 and 4,200, which are supported by 
the districts in which they are located. Education is general, and few 
persons are unable to read and write. 

The State is divided into thirteen counties. The principal cities and 
towns are Augusta, Portland, Bath, Bangor, &c. 

Augusta, the capital, lies on both sides of the Kennebec river, forty- 
three miles from its month, and at the head of sloop navigation. A 
handsome stone bridge connects the two sections. The State House and 
Lunatic Asylum are substantial structures ; and the United States' arsenal 
situated here is a commodious building. The " Kennebec, Bath, and 
Portland Railroad "terminates here. Population 8,231. Gardiner City, 
six miles south of Augusta, has several extensive manufacturing estab- 
lishments, and has lately made great progress in population and wealth. 

Portland City is situated on an elevated peninsula projecting into 
Caaco bay. It is the largest and most commercial city in the State, and 



4 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

the chief centre of railroad travel. It is well laid out, and has seTeral 
fine buildings. The harbor is deep, safe, and capacious. Population 
20,819. Railroads extend hence to Boston, to Montreal, to Bangor, ani 
to Augusta. 

Ba.ngor City, at the head of navigation on the Penobscot river, sixty- 
three miles from its mouth, contains a population of 14,441. The Ken- 
duskeag river, which affords consmerable water-power, passes through 
the city. The Penobscot is here spanned by a fine bridge one thousand 
three liundred and twenty-two feet long. Bangor is one of the most 
elegantly built places in the Union. Its trade in lumber is immense. 
Railroads unite it with Oldt'^wn, and also with fVatercille, Danville^ 
and Portland. 

Bath is situated on the left bank of the Keimebec river, twelve miles 
from the sea, and is one of the principal commercial places in ISlaine. 
The river is here a mile wide, and the hai-bor excellent. Shipbuild- 
ing is extensively carried on. The town is built on a declivity, and 
extends a mile and a half along the river. Population 8,002. 

Saco, on the river of the same name, and at the falls, which have a 
descent of forty-two feet, has a population of 5.704. York and Wells 
are seaboard towns, and contain each about 3,000 inhabitants. Bru.ns 
WICK, on the Androscoggin, has a population of 4,976. VViscasset and 
Thomastox, are fine ports, between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers. 
Camden, Belfast, Frankfort. Oromo, and Oldtown, on the west, 
and Castine, Bucksport, Orrington, and Brewer, on the east 
of the Penobscot, are flourishing towns of 1,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. 
Ellsworth, jMachias, Lubec, Eastport, Calais, &c., are towns 
facing on the Atlantic, between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. 
Many of these towns are of considerable note, either for their enterprise 
or the amount of traffic that centres in them. Thomaston is noted for 
its lime, and Hallowell for its beautiful granite ; while Castine boasts of 
its fine military position and the excellence of its harbor. 

The first permanent settlements were made by the English in 1635, 
from which time it was successively under a propiietary government, 
and the government of Massachusetts, until the 2d March, 1820, when 
it was admitted as a State of the Union. Its boundary on the Canada 
line, long a matter of dispute and cause of a great deal of ill feeling, was 
not determined until 1842. In that year, a ti-eaty for the settlement of 
the question was concluded at Washington, between Lord Ashbiuton, 
Special Envoy from Great Britain, and the Hon. Daniel Webster, then 
United Stales' Secretary of State. Since this period the State has rapidly 
progressed in all that contributes to material wealth, and its inhabitants 
are evincing a determination to lead rather than follow in the march of 
modern improvement. Maine derives its name from Maine in France, 
of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, was proprietor. 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



THE STATE OP NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Area 9,280 square miles. — Population 317,964. 

New Hampshire adjoins Maine on the west, and lies between 42^ 41' 
and 45° 11' N. lat., and between 70° 40' and 72° 28' VV. long.: and is 
bounded N. by I,ower Canada ; S. E. by the A tlantic ocean ; S. by Massa 
chusetts, and W. by Vermont, from which it is sepai-ated by the Con- 
necticut river. 

The Atlantic shore of New Hampshire is but little more than a sandy 
beach, bordered by salt marshes and indented by numerous creeks and 
coves; but with the exception of Portsmouth, near the mouth of the 
Piscataqua river, there is no harbor sufficiently capacious for merchant 
ships. For 20 or 30 miles from the coast, the comitry is little varie- 
gated ; beyond this, however, the land gradually rises into hihs, 
and in many parts of the state swells into Jotty mountains, particidaj-ly 
in the north, and along the "lieight of land" between the Merrimack 
and Connecticut rivers. The highest summits between these aj-e Grand 
Monadnock, Simapee Mountain, and Mooseheloc. But the White Moun- 
tains are the grand feature of the state, and with the exception of the 
Rocky Mountains, are the loftiest in the United States. Mount \Vash- 
ington, the highest summit of the range, is 6,428 feet in height. Though 
not a continuous chain, these mountains are sometimes regarded as a 
continuation of the Alleghanies. Tlie "Notch," a celebrated pass, 
through which there is a good road, is situated amid the wildest and 
grandest scenery, and has ever been an object of attraction to the sum- 
mer tourist. In some places it is not more than 22 feet wide, and pre- 
sents the appearance of a vast chasm bounded on both sides by lofty 
and rugged precipices. The general scenery of the state is impressive 
and in many parts magnificent, and this is especially so from Mount 
Washington. After climbing its acclivities for some distance, the forest 
trees begin to diminish in height, till at the elevation of 4000 feet, a 
region of dwarfish evergreens surrounds the mountain with a foi-midable 
collar, and above this the bald part of the summit, which is very steep 
and consists oi' naked rocks, presents a scene of desolation ; but th© 
labors of the aspirant aj*e fully recompensed, if the sky be clear, by a 
most noble and extensive prospect. On the S. E. the Atlantic, 05 miles 
distant, opens on the view ; on the S., the bright waters of Lake Win- 
nipiseogee ; on the E., the lofty summit of Mooseheloc, and tar away on 
the verge of the horizon is seen the Grand Monadnock. The barren 
rocks which extend a great distance from the summit, give a melancholy 
cast to the grandeui' of the scene ; and the whole, m many respects^ 
reminds the visiter of the sublime and ever-varying landscape of Swit- 
zerland. 

1* 



6 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

About 110,000 acres are estimated to be covered -with water. The 
principal rivers are the Connecticut, the Merrimack, and the Piscataqua ; 
and several of the rivers which disembogue in Maine have their rise 
in the lakes and mountains of this state. Among the lakes are Lake 
Umbagog on the E. state line, and Lake Winnipiseogee near the cen- 
ter. The latter is a highly pictm-esque body of water, containing many 
romantic islets. The country ai-ound is mountamous, and abouuds in 
the most charming scenery. Squam Lake hes a httle northward, and 
Lake Sinopee to the S. W., between the Merrimack and Connecticut. 
New Hampshire has but 18 miles of sea-coast. The Isle of Shoals, a 
gi'oup of eight islets, lies in the ocean 11 miles S, E. of Portsmouth. 
They consist of bai'ren rocks, and are inhabited by a few fishermen. 

New Hampshire is naturally an agricultm-al country. The soil on the 
hills is rich and productive of the finest pastuies. The crops, however, 
frequently suifer from the shortness of the summers, and the climate 
requijes, from its severity, the early housing of cattle. From November 
to May, the country is clothed in a thick mantle of snow, and the rivere 
are frozen up from then sources. The season of vegetation is necessarily 
brief. The natural growths are oaks, elms, birch, maples, pines, and 
hemlocks. A great quantit}' of sugar is manufactured from the juice of 
the hard maple-tree. Few wild animals now exist, but still the bear, 
wolf, and moose are frequently met with in the solitudes. Gianite and 
other building materials are abundant, and copper and iron have been 
discovered in some localities. 

The people are actively engaged in every department of productive 
industiy. Agriculture employs a large majority, and is the most flour- 
ishing in the hilly regions, where large stocks of cattle and sheep are 
raised. The wool of this state is excellent. Manufactures are rapidly 
extending their sphere, and the maimfacture of cotton goods especially, 
has of late years been greatly increased. Much of the products of New 
Hampshii-e is exported, but dii-ect Ibi'eign commerce is compaj-atively 
smaU, the business of the state being mostly conducted at the ports of 
other states. Internal trade, carried on by means of raihoads, is exten- 
sive. There ai-e about 12 miles of canal in the state, designed chiefly 
to overcome falls and rapids in the rivers ; and the railroads now com- 
pleted have an aggregate length of 488 miles. There are also several in 
process of construction. 

Dartmouth College, at Hanover, is the oldest literaiy institution in the 
state. Attached to this establishment is the New Hampshire ISIedical 
School. There are Theological Seminaries at Gilmanton, Concord, and 
New Hampton ; and in various parts of the state, academies to the num- 
ber of 60 or 70. There are also 2,400 common schools. The number of 
persons above 20 years of age unable to read and write is very small, 
being only one-fifth of one per cent, of the population. 



THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 7 

New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties. The. principal cities and 
towns are Concord, Portsmouth, Nashua, INlanchester, &.c. 

Concord, the capital, lies on both sides the Merrimack river, which 
is spajined by two bridges. The city lies chietly on two streets, one of 
which extends nearly two miles in length. The public buildings are the 
State House, a Court House, and the State Prison. The State House is a 
granite building, 126 feet long and 41) feet wide, with a projection on 
t-ach front, and sm-mounted by a fine cupola. The falls of the Meni- 
mack at this place, afford the most valuable water-power. Population 
8,584, Concord is the centre of a great railroad traffic. 

Portsmouth, neai- the mouth of the Piscataqua river, is the most 
commercial town in the state. Its htu-bor is excellent. The town is 
neatly built, and has about 9,739 inhabitants, who csluj on the coasting 
trade and fisheries with some activity, and prosecute some branches of 
manufactujes. The United States' Navy-yai-d at Kittery is on the oppo- 
site shore. Portsmouth was first settled in 1633, but has several times 
biuce been destroyed by fire. The city is connected with Grand Island 
by a bi-idge, and with Kittery by two bridges, one of which is 1,750 
feet long, and the other 480 feet. Water lor the supply of the inhabit- 
ants is bi-ought irom a distance of three miles. Portsmouth communi- 
tatcs with Portland on the JV., with Boston on the S., ajid Concord on the 
JV., by railroad. 

Manchester is a new town on the E. side of the Merrimack river, 
and on the line of the " Concord Railroad." It is a remarkable instance 
of the advantages of a right location. Though not counting ten years 
since its foundation, it has already a population of 18,933, chiefly em- 
ployed in the cotton business. It is destined to compete in the markets 
with its great prototype of England. Nashua and Amherst are also 
thriving towns. The tbrmer is happily situated with regard to means of 
transport, and must eventually become, as it now is to a certain degree, 
an importarit station. 

Other places of note are Exeter, Dover, Somersworth, Keene, Walpole, 
Peterboro', Clareuiont, Gilmanton, Meredith, Hanover, Haverhill, iltc. 

The first settlements were made at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623. 
In 1641 New Hampshire was annexed to Massachusetts, but in 1679 it 
again became a separate province. For the three succeeding years it 
formed a part of the government of Sir Edmund Andj-os. In 1689, the 
union with Massachusetts was revived, but another sepai-ation took 
place in 1692. From 1099 it was united with Massachusetts and New 
York, and in 1702 to the former alone. A final separation from Massa- 
chusetts was effected in 1741. The English authority was extinguished 
in 1775, and in the following year a temporary government was estab- 
lished, a president being elected annually. In 1792 its present constitu- 
tion was adopted. 



8 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

THE STATE OF VERMOXT. 

,^rea 10,212 square miles. — Popvlation 313,611. 

Vermont occupies the northwest portion of New England, anf' is situ- 
ated between 42° 44' and 45° N. lat., and between 71° 33' and 73° 25 
W. long. It is boimded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by New Hampshire, 
from which it is divided by the Connecticut river ; S. by Massachusetts, 
and W. by New York, from which it is separated chiefly by Lake 
Champlain. 

Vermont is a country of mountains. The Green l\Iountains, from 
which it derives its name, stretch through the state, traversing it 
from north to south. The loftiest culminations ai-e Killington Peak, 
Camel's Rump, and Mansfield R'ountain. Ascutuey is a single 
mountain, five miles south of Windsor, 3,320 feet high. From every 
elevation the scenery is grand ; mountains, hills, and valleys, enam- 
elled with verdure, present a coup cCcbU truly sublime. The moun- 
tains are one great pasture, where thousands of ca-ttle and sheep 
find a plentiful subsistence. The climate assimilates that of New 
Hampshire, and its azure skies and elastic atmosphere have an invigor- 
ating eflect over the residents, who are generally tall and powerful, and 
Indicate in their countenances the best of health. Lake Champlain lies 
on its western borders, and has several good harbors, fi-om which the 
chief produce of the land is exported. The principal rivers are the Pas- 
sumsic, the White, the West, and the Queechy, which fall into the 
Connecticut. Several streams also fall into Lake Champlain. None of 
these are navigable, but present many excellent mill-sites. 

Agricultm-e is the principal branch of industry. Manufiictures consist 
chiefly of dojnestic or home-made goods, such as are produced by every 
farmer's family. The foreign trade ofVennont iscoufined almost wholly 
with Canada, but a considerable connection is maintained with the cities 
of Xew York and Boston. Beef, pork, cheese, live-stock, and pot and 
pearl ashes are the great export staples. There are some short canals in 
the state, designed to overcome falls in the Connecticut, White, and 
Queechy rivers; and the aggregate length of railroads completed is 426 
miles. Others are progressing to completion. The "Atlantic and St. 
Lawrence Railroad" will pass through the northei-n section of this state. 

The oldest literary institution is the University, at Burlington, which 
was founded in 1791. Middlebuiy College was founded in 1800, and 
Norwich University in 1834. These are all in a prosperous condition. 
The Vermont Medical School at Woodstock, was founded in 1835. Be- 
sides these, a number of academies are distributed through the state, 
and there are about 2,600 common-schools. Literai-y societies for the 



THE STATE OF VERMONT. 9 

general improvement of the people are ntunerous. The Vermont Asy- 
lum for the Insane, located at Brattleboro', is a noble institution, and is 
sufficiently extensive to accommodate 300 patients. 

Vermont is divided into 14 counties. The chief cities and towns are 
Montpelier, Burllnj^'ton, Brattleboro', Rutland, &c. 

IMoNTPELiER, the state capital, is situated at the junction of the 
branches of the Onion or Winooski river, on a plain of moderate extent, 
sm-rounded by hills. It is a great thoroughfai-e, being on the roads lead- 
ing from Boston to Burlington. It contains the State House, a Court 
House, and sevei-al elegant chui-ch buildings. Population 2,ol0. 

Burlington, on Lake Champlain, is the largest city in the state. It 
is built on a line bay, which sets up between two points, on the E. side 
of the lake, and forms a regular curve. Near the center of the city is the 
public squai-e on which the Coui't House is buiit, and which is surrounded 
by brick stores and the principal hotels. Some of the public buildings 
are elegant and spacious — the chui-ches especially are beautiful in design. 
The hai-bor is the best on the lake, and is of easy access. It has been 
much impi-aved, and a breakwater has been erected to protect it from 
the W. winds. Steamboats stop here daily to take up passengers for 
Whitehall and St. John's ; and a steam ferry-boat plies between here and 
Port Kent. The University of Vermont is located here. About a mile 
and a half N. E. is the flourishing village of Winooski, on Onion river, 
which has hei'e an almost pei-pendicular fall of 20 feet, and affords great 
water-power, easily available. The first settlement in Biulington was 
made after the peace of 1783. Population 7,535. 

The other principal towns are St. Albans, Swanton, and Ver- 
GENNES, on Lake Champlain; Middlebury, on the line of the "Rut- 
land Raihoad," and the seat of a College ; Pittsford, Manchester, 
Bennington, and Newbury; Brattleboro', on the line of the "Ver- 
mont and Massachusetts Railroad," and the location of the State Lmiatic 
Asylum, and of late yeai's celebrated for its successfid water-cure estab- 
lishment; Rockingham, Windsor, Bellow's Falls, and Woodstock; 
Norwich, the seat of a University, and Danville. 

Fort Dummer was the site of the first settlement in Vermont. From 
1741 to 1764, New Hampshire claimed the territory, and made several 
grants of land therein. New York also laid claim to it, and obtained it 
from Parliament in 17G4. At the commencement of the revolution, Ver- 
mont declared itself independent; yet on account of the conflicting 
claims of New York and New Hampshire, the old Congress declined to 
admit its separate representation in the National council. In this condi- 
tion Vermont remained neutral, and, as a consequence, suflfei-ed little in 
the war, — the British hoping to detach it from the revolting states; but 
neither coercion nor persuasion could tempt the " Green Mountain Boys" 
into allegiance to the Crown. They remained true to themselves. Lu 



10 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

1790 New York relinquished all claim to the territoiy, and in the follow- 
ing year, all matters being settled, Vermont was admitted as a state into 
the Union. 



THE STATE OF ]iIASSACHUSETTS. 

Area 7,800 square miles. — Population 994,499. 

AIassachusetts, the parent state of New England, and the chief 
raanufucturing district of the United States, lies immediately S. of New 
Hampshire and Vermont, between 41° 23' and 42° 52' N. lat., and be- 
tween 690 50' and 73° 30' VV. long. ; and is bounded E. and S. E. by the 
Atlantic ; S. by the Atlantic, and the states of Rhode Island and Con- 
necticut, and VV. by New York. 

Several ranges of moimtauis, continued from Vermont and New Hamp- 
shire, pass through tiiis state from N. to S., into Connecticut. The 
Taghkanic range occupies the extreme west of the state, and divides 
the streams which flow into the Hudson from those which empty into 
the Housatonic river. The Green Mountain range is continued S. be- 
tween the Housatonic and Connecticut. Other ranges, known as the 
Mount Tom range and the Lyme range, commence in New Hampshire, 
in a single chain, and divide a few miles S, of Northampton. The first 
then crosses the Connecticut, and proceeds in a southerly course on the 
VV. of that river, and the other continues its course on the E. side. The 
pai-t of the state E. of these mountains is hilly, except in the S. E. coun- 
ties, where the surface is level and sandy, and the soil generally poor. 
Otherwise, Massachusetts has a soil of medium fertility, which, by in- 
dustry, is made to produce abundant crops. The improvements in agri- 
culture have, of late years, been great, and the farms around Boston ai'e 
in the very highest state of cultivation, and supply that city with an 
exuberance of vegetables and fruits. Among the mineral products are 
iron, marble, and granite. The greatest elevations are Saddle JMouutaiu, 
Mount Holyoke, and VVachusetts Mountain. 

The Peninsula of Cape Cod is sandy and barren, and in many places 
wholly destitute of vegetation ; yet it is populous, the inhabitajits deriv- 
ing their support chiefly from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies S. of 
Cape Cod, and has a light and sandy soil. To the S. E. of this island 
are the Nantucket Shoals, on which many vessels have been wrecked. 
They extend about 50 miles in length, and 45 in breadth. Martha's 
Vineyard lies S. W. of Nantucket, and has a spacious hai'bor called 
Holmes' Hole. Several other lai-ge islands lie off the coast. 

Massachusetts has an extensive sea-board facing on the E. and S. E., 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 

tvflich is indented by many fine bays and estuaries. Massachusetts Bay, 
which gives Its name to the state, extends from Cape Ann on the N., to 
Cape Cod on the S., and includes Boston Bay, and Cape Cod Bay. Buz- 
zard's Bay, on the S. shore, is 30 miles in length, and includes the fine 
httrbor of New Bedford. The principid rivers are the Connecticut, the 
Merrimack, Charles, Neponset, Taunton, *^c. All these streams afiford 
immense water-power, and their banks are occupied by numerous 
thriving manufacturing towns and villages. 

Massachusetts claims pre-eminence as a manufacturing state. In 1845 
it possessed 302 cotton and 178 woollen factories. Calico printing and 
bleaching are also largely carried on. Carpets were made in 17 mills, 
and 11 establishments manufactured mixed goods. Besides these, which 
constitute the staples of the state, large houses were engaged in the 
various mechanic aits, and in the manufacture of vast quantities of 
useful articles, for domestic use and export. There were also in the 
state 30 rolling-mills, 152 forges, 4 furnaces for pig-iron, and 91 for cast- 
ings, 114 machine-shops, &c. Ship-building employs about 1,100 hands. 
The commerce of Massachusetts centers chiefly at Boston, but no incon- 
siderable amount of business is transacted at other ports. New Bedford, 
Salem, Nantucket, &c., are largely engaged in the whale fisheries, and 
employ an aggregate of 479 vessels in that branch of industry. There 
are about 100 miles of canal in this state, (now mainly in disuse ;) and 
the aggregate length of railroads is 1,357 miles. 

Harvard University is the oldest and best-endowed school in the 
United States. William's College and Amherst College are also respect- 
able establishments. At Andovcr, Cambiidge, and Newton, thei-e are 
Protestant Theological Serainai'ies, and the Roman Catholics have a col- 
lege at Worcester. Attached to Harvai'd are schools of law, medicine, 
and divinity. Academies and common schools, free to every child, are 
very numerous, and conducted on the most approved systems of educa- 
tion. Every village has its school-house. 

The state is divided into 14 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Boston, Salem, Lowell, Lawrence, Springfield, Fall River, Taimton, 
Worces'er, Northampton, Greenfield, Pittsfield, Adams, &c. 

Bo?! ON, the principal sea-port and capital of the state, is beautifully 
Bituat>-J. principally on a peninsula on Massachusetts Bay, and had in 
1850 a population of 136,871 The city consists of three parts,— Old 
Boston, South Boston, and East Boston. The isthmus that connects it 
with the main land, is about a mile long, and was originally very narrow, 
but has been much iraprov ?d, and now forms the main avenue from 
the city. Bridges are also constructed to connect with Charlestown, 
Cambridge, &c., and a solid causeway leads to Brookline. The State 
House is the principal public building. The Merchants' Exchange, Cus- 
tom House, Athenaeum, Faneuil Hall, &c., are also splendid structures. 



12 KEW ENGLAND STATES. 

Tlie most imposing of tliese, perhaps on account of its associations, is 
Faneuil Hall, so celebrated in re\olutionary history. It is appropriately 
termed the " Cradle of Liberty," and is had in almost sacred veneration. 
Bimker Hill Monument is also an object of great atti-action. As a com- 
mercial city, Boston is only second in rank to New York. The foreign 
trade is immense, but the trade by coasters is three or four times as 
large. The real and personal property in the city was assessed in 1849, 
at $174,108,900. Boston is the chief center of the New England raihoad 
Bystem, and from it the iron band diverges to all pai-ts. The city is sup- 
plied with excellent water from Cochituate Lake, 20 miles to the west. 

Cambridge, four miles from Boston, is the seat of Harvard Univer- 
sity, — population 15,215; and about a mile further is the beautiful ceme- 
tery of Mount Auburn, in a lovely and picturesque situation, and in which 
rest many of the gi-eat and vuluous sons of New England. 

Lawrence is a new citj^, 26 miles N. of Boston, with which it is con- 
nected by a railroad. It is a very floiuishing place, and chiefly engaged 
in the cotton business. From the numerous facilities, natural and ai-ti- 
ficial, which it enjoys, it will eventually become one of the largest manu- 
facturing places in the state. Population 8,233. 

Lowell is justly entitled the "Manchester of America." The city is 
situated on the S. side of the Merrimack, below Pawtucket Falls, and 
the mills are supplied with water from that river, thiough a canal a 
mile and a half long. The factories employ about 10,000 females, many 
of whom have devoted their leisure to literature, music, and the fine 
aits. Population 33,383. Lowell is connected by railroad with the towns 
in every direction. 

Springfield is also a veiy important manufacturing place, and in 
connection with the village of Chicopee, forms one of the great cotton 
business districts of the state. It is well known as the seat of the U. S. 
Armory. Population 11,7G6. Sprmgfield is very important as a railroad 
center. 

Worcester, 45 miles W. from Boston, has many lai-ge manufacturing 
establishments, and contains the State Lunatic Asylum and the Ameri- 
can Antiquarian Society's rooms. It is connected with the capital, 
Pro^^dence, &c., by railroads. Population 17,049. 

FiTCHBURG is a tillage on a branch of the Nashua river, and has of 
late assumed some importimce in connection with raihoad travel. In its 
"vicinity are large granite quarries. Population 120. 

Lynn is a sea-port town, and celebrated for its shoe manufacturing 
establishments. Population 14,257. Nahant, a part of this town, is situ- 
ated on a peninsula extending into Massachusetts Bay, and is a cele- 
brated place of summer resort. New Bedford, on Buzziu-d's Bay, is a 
handsome town, and largely engaged in the whale fisheries, employuig 
•bout 96,000 tons of shipping h\ that branch alone. Population 16,464. 



THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 13 

Plymouth, on the coast, 3G miles S. E. of Boston, is memorable.' as tho 
spot where the exiled Independents of Yorkshire, usually called the 
** Pilgrim Fathers," founded the first settlement in New England. Popu- 
lation 5,717. Most of these are connected with the capital by railroad. 

Salem Is an important city and has several excellent hterai-y institu- 
tions. The ftluseuni of the East India Marine Society contains many 
valuable Indian curiosities. The shipping belonging to the port in 1849 
was 37,523 tons, and the assessed value of property $9,581,895. Popula- 
tion 20,264. 

Newburyport is a pleasant town situated at the mouth of the Mer- 
rimack. The Custom House and several other fine edifices are built of 
granite. The celebrated preacher, Whitfield, was bui-ied here. The in- 
habitants are much interested in the fisheries. Population 9^572. 

Andover, incorporated in 1645, is situated S. of the JMerrimack, and has 
extensive water-power. It is the seat of several large raanuiiicturuig 
establishments. There ai'e also in the town a Theological Seminaiy, the 
oldest and best endowed in the Union, and a highly celebrated academy 
founded in 1788. Population 0,945. 

Dedham is one of the most pleasant villages in New England. The 
streets are lined with elms, which render them cool and shady in the 
summer season. The Court House, built of granite, is of remarkably 
pure architectui-e : there are also several elegant churches and other 
public buildings. Manufactures occupy most of the inhabitants. It ia 
connected with Boston by railroad. Population 4,447. 

Fall River Village, formerly Troy, is situated at the i.inion of the Fall 
and Taunton rivers, and enjoys the benefit of great water-power. Lai-ge 
factories are estabiished here. Population 11,805. Taunton is also a 
large manufacturing viUage. Population 10,441. Both places ai'e con- 
nected with Boston by j-ailru;.d. 

The piesent slate of Ma.ssaclmsetts, for several years after its fii-st set- 
tlement, comprised two colonies, styled Plymouth Colony and the Colony 
of Massachusetts Bay. The lirst dates from the landing of the Pilgrims, 
on the 22d December, 1620, and the last was commenced at Salem, in 
1623. The two colonies remained separate mitil 1685-6, when they 
were deprived of their chajler, and placed under the government of 
Dudley, and afterwards under that of Sir Edmund Andros. In 1692 they 
were united, and a new chaiter granted. On the breaking out of the 
revolution, in 1774, a Provisional Congi'ess assumed the government, 
and in 1775, counsellors were elected. The constitution was framed 
in 1780, and as amended in 1811, is yet the political basis of the state 
goyeiTunent. 



14 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. 

drea 1,360 square miles.— Population 147,544. 

Rhode Island, the smallest state of the Union, hes between 41° 22* 
and 420 03' N. lat., and between 71° 06' and 71° 38' VV. long. It is 
bounded N. and E. by the state of Massachusetts ; S. by the Atlantic 
ocean, and W. by the state of Connecticut. 

Rhode Island, from which the state takes its name, is situated in 
Narragansett Bay. This pleasant island has a beautiful climate, and is 
the resort of invalids. Travellers call it the '■•Eden of America." Ca- 
nonicut and Block Island lie to the VV. The continental pai't of the 
state is somewhat hilly and broken in the N., but iu the S. is generally 
level. The soil is indiflerentiy fertile ; but on the ishmds and country 
bordering on the bay, the products are very abundant and of the best 
qualities. The southern part is an excellent grazing country. 

About one-tenth of the state is covered with the waters of Narragan- 
sett Bay. The principal rivers are the Pawtucket, which, after its imion 
with Providence river, is called Seekonk ; the Pawtuxet, and the Paw- 
catuck. All these rivers have falls and rapids, and ai-e well suited 
for manufacturing piu-poses. Narragansett Bay is a fine sheet of water, 
dividing the state into two unequal parts. It is 30 miles long and 15 
broad, embosoming the islands above referred to. The northeastern 
arm is called Mount Hope Bay, the northwestern arm Greenwich Bay, 
and the northern arm Providence Bay. Into these the rivers disem- 
bogue. The climate is similar to, but somewhat milder than that of 
Massachusetts, and is foimd congenial to those suffering from pulmonic 
affect'.ons. 

Rhode Island is a gi-eat manufacturing state, and in proportion to its 
size, has a larger number of cotton and woollen-mills than any other. 
It has also a number of fm-naces, tanneries, paper-mills, and other 
similar establishments. The foreign commerce employs about 43,000 
tons of shipping, and the domestic trade is also vei-y extensive. Tlie 
fisheries are carried on with great spirit. Rhode Island has about six 
miles of canal, and 65 miles of completed railroad. 

Brown University, at Providence, is the chief educational institution. 
There is also an Athenaeum at Providence. The number of academies 
in 1850, was 5-2, and of common schools 334, educating together 27,000 
scholars. Liberal provision is made for the Lisane, Blind, and other 
unfortunates. 

The state is divided into 5 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Providence, Newport, Bristol, &c. 

Providence and Newport are the capitals of the state, each serving as 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 15 

Buch for one year alternately. Providence has an area of nine miles 
Bquai-e, and is divided by the river of the same name. The public 
buildings are elegant, especially the State House, University, and Athe- 
naeura. Its harbor, at the head of Narragansett Bay, is excellent, and 
important to commerce. Population 41,513. Newport, near the tS. \V, 
extremity of the island of Rhode Island, has about 9.563 inhabitants. Its 
hai-bor is one of the best in the United States, but its commerce is lim- 
ited, the principal part of its wealth being invested in the fisheries. The 
town is beautifully located, rising gently from the shoi-e, and presenting 
from the bay a most pleasing aspect. The State House is a handsome 
building, situated on Washington Square. This town has, of late years, 
become a place of fashionable resort in the summer season. 

Bristol, on Warren river, a creek of Providence Bay, is a neat and 
commercial town, and distinguished for its commerce, coasting trade, and 
the spirit of its people in the pm-suit of the fisheries. Population 4,G16. 
Kingston and Greenwich are also towns of some note. 

Rhode Island was first settled in 1636, by Roger Williams, who located 
with a small colony at Providencea; nd, in 1638, William Coddington, 
having fled with 17 others from Massachusetts, settled at Newport. The 
two colonies were united by Charles II., who granted a charter to the 
"Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." This charter was retained 
as the basis of the state government imtil 1841, in which yeai- a consti- 
tution, better adapted to the altered wants of the people, was foi-med ; 
but not before a serious rebellion had broken out against the "old 
establishment." 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 

jirea 4,674 square miles. — Population 370,791. 

Connecticut lies between 41° and 42° 02' N. Lit., and between 7I0 
20' and 73° 15' W. long. It is bounded N. by Massachusetts; E. by 
Rhode Island ; S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by the state of New 
York. 

The surface, though not mountainous, is traversed by several consider- 
able hills from Massachusetts. The Blue Hills, in the Mount Tom 
range, have an elevation of 1,000 feet, and are the highest culminations 
in the state. The soil is generally excellent, and the intervale lands 
especially are very fertile. In some parts of the state, however, the 
■oil is comparatively thin and barren. 

Few slates are so well provided with good harbors ; and the rivers 



16 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

which disembogue in the Sound, ai-e many of thera deep and navigable. 
The principal are the Housatonic, the Connecticut, and the Thames. All 
these rivers are celebrated for their shad tisheries. The state is abun- 
dantly supplied with smaller streams, which afford extensive water-power, 
and is everywhere watered by brooks and springs of the pui-est water. 

Connecticut produces some valuable minerals. Iron ore is very plen- 
tiful, and copper is foimd in several places. "■ Verde antique " marble 
is found at Milford, and freestone almost everywhere. At Stafford and 
Suffield there are valuable mineral springs, which are frequented by in- 
valids and summer visiters. The climate is generally healthy, but near 
the coast liable to sudden changes. Snow lies on the gi-ound for 3 or 4 
months in the winter, and the spring is often backwai'd. Siunmer and 
autumn, however, are delightful. 

Agriculture employs about one-half the total population. Manufac- 
tures are carried on with gi-eat spirit, especially those of woollen and 
cotton. The iron business is likewise very flourishing. Com)ecticut ia 
also celebrated for the lai-ge amount of small wares manufactured within 
its borders, and which are distributed throughout the states by hundreds 
of pedlers. In point of commercial importance, this state stands third 
among those of New England. The principal exports ai-e horses, cattle, 
and farm produce. The coasting trade, chiefly carried on with the 
southern states, is very valuable, and the fisheries are extensively en- 
gaged in. There are about 647 mUes of railroad in working order in 
the state. 

Education, in Connecticut, is universal. The principal literary insti- 
tutions are Yale CoUege, at New Haven, one of the oldest establishments 
in the Union ; Trinity College, at Hartford, and the VVesleyan Univer- 
sity, at Middletown. The number of common school districts is 1,650, 
and there is a normal school at Hartford. The Retreat for the Insane 
and the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, are valuable institu- 
tions, both at Hartford. The State Prison, at Wethersfield, is self-sup- 
porting, and is a remarkably well-conducted establishment, in which the 
"reforming principle" is well carried out. The inhabitants of this 
state are the best educated and most enlightened in the Union. 

Connecticut is divided into 8 counties. There are sLx cities in the 
state, viz.. New Haven, Hartford, New London, Noi-wich, Middletown, 
and Bridgeport ; and a large number of towns and villages, with popida- 
tions of from 300 to 2,000 or 3,000. 

New Haven and Hartford are alternate capitals of the state. New 
Haven lies on the sea-coast, and is a place of considerable commercial 
and manufacturing importance. It consists of two parts— the old town 
and the new township. The streets are laid out rectangidarly. It con- 
tains a number of beautiful public edifices, among which are Yale Col- 
lege, the State House, General Hospital, and othei-s. There are also 



THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 1*7 

upwards of 20 churches, most of which are built with strict regard to 
taste and elegance. Population 20,345. Hartford is situated on the 
Connecticut river, 50 miles from its mouth. The city is beautifully 
located, but not very regularly built. Hartford has considerable com- 
merce, and the people are engaged to some amount in manufactu- 
ring. The State House, Trinity College, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 
and the Asylum for the Insane, are the chief public buildings of note. 
Hartford has 13 churches and a largo number of school-houses, all wor- 
thy of attention. The "Old Charter Oak," so celebrated in history, is 
Btill standing, and is an object of interest to the traveller. The trunk of 
this venerable relic of colonial times, now measures 24 feet in circum- 
ference. "• The JVew Haven and Springfield Railroad'''' passes through 
the city, and a railroad has been lately opened to JVillimantic, and will be 
carried on to Providence on the E., and to Fishldll on the Hudson river. 
Population lo,555. 

New London, with its fine harbor, is situated at the mouth of the 
Thames river, and is lai-gely engaged in the fisheries. Stonington is 
also a great dep.,t for whale-ships. Norwich, at the head of steam navi- 
gation on the Thames, is a manufactm-ing town, and well supplied with 
water-power. IVIiddletown is a veiy handsome city, and is the seat of 
the Wesleyan University; and Bridgeport, near the mouth of the 
Housatonic river, has a good harbor, and a flourishing commerce. 
Steamboats ply to and from New York, daily, to New London, Norwich, 
Stonington, New Haven, Hart.brd, and Norwalk, which are all connected 
with the interior and Boston by railroad. 

This state comprises the two original colonies of New Haven and 
Connecticut. The Connecticut colony was first settled at Hartford, by 
emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1635; and New Haven colony, by 
emigrants from England, in 1638. In 1665 the two wei-e united on the 
acceptance of a charter from Charles II. This charter was suspended by 
Sir Edmund Andros, in 1687 ; but was restored in the succeeding year, 
and formed the basis of the state government until 1818, in which year 
the present constitution was framed. 



18 MIDDLE STATES. 



THE MIDDLE STATES. 



This section of the United States comprises the states of New York, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland; and the District of 
Columbia. Their geographical position has determined their nomen- 
clatiu-e. The Middle States are bounded N. by the Great Lakes, the St. 
Lawrence river, and the Provinces of Canada ; E. by the states of New 
England and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by Virginia, and W. by Virginia and 
Ohio. They are situated between 38^ and 45° N. lat., and between 71° 
56' and' 80° 34' W. long. ; and contain an aggregate superficies of 111,856 
square miles. 

The physical conformation of this region is highly favorable to its pro- 
gress in all dep;u-tments of industry. Its mountains, valleys, plains, 
rivers, and lakes, indicate its luu-ivaled capacities. Running from N. E. 
to S. W. are the Alleghanies— a mine of mexhaustible wealth, producing 
ii-on, coal, and other useful minerals. On the N., the great lakes and the 
St. Lawrence form outlets for commerce ; and the rivers flowing S. to 
the Atlantic, convey to the coast the productions of the interior, which 
are thence transported from the magnificent harbors which indent the 
shores, to supply the commerce of the world with the varied wealth of 
this fine region. These natural advantages have conduced much to the 
prosperity and imi)orlance of the region, and elevated the states com- 
prised within its borders to a proud pre-eminence. 

With some exceptions, this territory was formerly known as the 
"Nieuw Niederiands," and was first settled by the Dutch. On one side 
was New England, and on the other Virginia, the latter then co-extensive 
with what are now termed the Southern States. Thus centrally dividing 
these two great English colonies, and occupied by a nation not always 
at peace with Great Britain, the interests of the English settlers became 
identified with the occupation by them of the whole; and as a conse- 
quence, it was not long before that government determined on taking 
possession of the countiy, and destroying a competitor and enemy at one 
and the same time. This act was consummated in 1664, from which 
period to the Revolution, the whole Atlantic region remained in the 
imdistm-bed possession of the "mother of nations." 

The progress which the people have made in everj' depai-tment of 
life, and the increase of theu- numbers, has been rapid and astonishing. 
The few who first settled on Manhattan Island, at the conamoncement of 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 19 

the 17th centurj', and at Philadelphia and other places, at a later period, 
have extended tt)eir limits to their present dimensions, and increased to 
a population of about 0,624,992 souls. They have rapidly pas'^ed from 
the hardships of settlement and colonial servitude, and are now enjoying 
all the facilities and conveniences of older nations ; and have in pi'ospect 
all the glories which are suj-e to attend the progress of a people devoted 
to liberty, to virtue, and a reciprocal communion with the world at large. 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 

Jlrea 46,000 square miles. — Papulation 3,097,394. 

New York, the most populous and important of the United States, 
occupies the northern portion of the Middle States, and, including Long 
Island, lies between 40° 30' and 45° N. lat., and between 71° 56' and 
79° 56' VV. long. It is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence 
river, and Canada East ; E. by Vermont, ]\Iassachusetts, and Connecti- 
cut; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and the states of New Jersey and Penn- 
sylvania, and W. by Permsylvania, Lake Erie, and Canada West. 

In a region so extensive, the physical aspect, soil, climate, and produc- 
tions are necessarily diverse. Tlie whole eastern portion is momUainous. 
The S. E. angle of the state is traversed by several ridges, one of which 
crosses the Hudson at the Highlands, presenting a bold and lofty front 
on both sides of the river. The Catskill Mountains, further N., are the 
most elevated, and have several culminations, as Round Top, &c., which 
attain to the height of 3,000 feet ; but the greatest elevation in the state ia 
Moimt Marcy, in the Adirondack group, which rises 5,467 feet above 
the sea. The counti-y of Lake ChampVain is hilly, and becomes moun- 
tainous on approaching the highlands, which form the watersheds be- 
tween the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. The western part of the 
state is generally level, and a great portion of it has, in former times, 
been covered with the waters of Lakes Ontai-io and Erie. 

Besides the great lakes on the N., and Lakes Champlain and George 
on the E., there are numerous smaller lakes in the western parts of the 
state, which discharge their waters mto Lake Ontario, either directly or 
indirectly through the Seneca and Oswego rivers, and being connected by 
canals and railroads, afford peculiar facilities to internal commerce. The 
principal of these are the lakes Oneida, Skeneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, 
Seneca, Crooked, Canandaigua, and Chautauque. In the N. are the Ful- 
ton chain of lakes and others, which form the sources of the Mo- 
hawk and Hudson rivers. The principal rivers are the Mohawk and the 
Hudson on the E. ; and the Genesee, the Oswego, and the Black, which 



20 MIDDLE STATES. 

discharge into Lake Ontario. Feveral large streams also fall into the St. 
Lawrence ; and the Alleghany, the Susquehannah, and Delaware have 
their sources within this state. The Niagiira connects lakes Ontario 
and Erie, and separates the northwestern corner of the siate from Ca- 
nada. The falls of this river, about half-way between these lakes, are 
perhaps the greatest physical wonder of the world. The waters here 
have a perpendicular fall of 17G feet, and their roar may be heard many 
miles, while the vapor which continually rises in clouds fi-om tliC abyss, 
refracts the sunlight in all the colors of the rainbow. The view from the 
suspension bridge is magnificent. In the Mohawk, about two miles 
from its junction with the Hudson, are Cohoes Falls, second only to 
those of Niagara, and surrounded by the most enchanting scenery. A 
httle below, a bridge has been thrown across the river, from which the 
view of the falls is inexpressibly grand. The falls of the Genesee, 
and Ti'enton Falls are also of considerable magnitude. 

New York abomids in mineral springs. Those of Saratoga and Balls- 
ton are the most celebrated in America, and during the summer months, 
ai'e the resort of the gay and fashionable, as well as invalids from all 
parts of the Union. The waters, which contain considerable quantities 
of iodine, afford relief in many chronic diseases. The warm springs of 
New Jiebauon, S. E. of Albany, are also much frequented. At Salina, &c., 
ai-e the celebrated salt springs, owned by the state, and which supply 
sufficient fine salt for the Western States and the Canadas. 

The climate is much modified by local circumstances. In the S., the 
influence of the ocean is perceptible, and the weather is changeable; 
but the annual range of temperature is not so great as in the N. and N. E., 
nor are either heat or cold so intense. The counties E. of the Hudson 
river assimilate that of the adjoining New England States. In the W., 
again the climate is modified by proximity to the great lakes, and is in 
some degree similar to that of the Atlantic region. As a general result, 
however, the climate is found to be highly salubrious, and with a few 
local exceptions, free from endemic diseases. 

The agricultural resources of New York are immense. A rich soU, 
adapted alike for grazing and corn-growing, invites the industry of the 
farmer. Immense flocks and herds are pastured in the western part of 
the state ; and the production of wool, hides, cheese, butter, and other 
animal staples is abundant. The grain crops consist of wheat, Indian com, 
rye, oats, buckwheat, and barley, and a considerable amount of flax and 
hemp is raised. Fruits of all sorts are cultivated everywhere. Lumber, 
pot and pearl ashes, tar, pitch, turpentine, &.C., are largely produced, 
and about 10,000,000 lbs. of maple sugar are annually drawn from the 
hard maple. About two-fifths of the whole state is devoted to cereal 
agriculture. Manufactures employ about 200,000 persons, lu the state 
there are 118 cotton and 345 woollen factories, and several silk-miUSt 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 21 

the number of iron -works in 1850, was 502; tanneries 1,414, and ash- 
eries 7:58. Distilleries, glass-factories, dye and print works, paper mills, 
and breweries are very numerous. As a commercial state. New York 
surpasses all others of the Union, and the internal trade is equally ex- 
tensive. The foreign trade alone employs 4,450,000 tons of shipjiing. 
The canals and railroads are on a grand scale. The Hudson river and 
Erie Canal form one uninterrupted water communication trom the ocean 
to the northern lakes, and the central line is connected by latei-al cianals 
southwtu-d with the Alleghany, Susquehannah, and Delaware rivei-s, and 
on the N. with Lakes Ontario and Champlain. The railroads traverse 
over nearly the same lines, and are especially useful when the canals 
are closed in the winter season. The total length of canal is 991 miles, 
and the aggregate length of completed railroad 2,129 miles. Thei-e ai-e 
also several hundreds of miles of railroad now in progs-ess. The tolia 
received on the canals amount annually to more than $3,500,000 

In 1850, there were in New York 10 colleges, 163 academies, 55 female 
seminaries, and 22 other institutions of a higher grade. The slate also 
supports two normal schools, and 13,811 common schools. There were 
besides, at the same date, 1,569 private schools The funds set apart 
for educational purposes amounted to $6,145,662, yielding a revenue of 
$411,202. The wliule amount of public moneys expended on common 
schools in the year 1850 was $1,035,854 85, The principal colleges are 
the Columbia College and tiie University, at New York, and Union 
College at Schenectady. A free academy has been established at New 
York, and there are also many evening schools in the large cities. 
Mechanics' Institutes, Lyceums, Libraries, &c., are open to all. 

New York is divided into 59 counties; 843 townships; 12 cities, 
(New York, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Hudson, Albany, Troy, iSchenec- 
tady, [Syracuse, Oswego, Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo) ; 160 incorpo- 
rated villages, and between 700 and 800 villages not incorpoiated. 
Many of the incorporated villages are places of extensive trade and com- 
mercial importance, especially those on the Hudson river and the lakes, 
and on the lines of the railroads and canals. 

New York, the commercial capital of the United States, is located in 
the southern pai-t of the state, on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of 
the Hudson and East rivers. The city is co-extensive with the island, 
and is 13^ miles long with an average breadth of one mile and three 
quarters, having an area of 14,200 acres. There are several small islands 
belonging to the city in the bay and East River. 

The population in 1850 amounted to 515,507 souls: in 1840 it was 
312,714, and in 1845, 371,102. 

The bay and harboi- of New York is one of the most beautiful and 
safe in the world, and the surrounding scenery magnificent. Shipping 
from every maritime nation, and merchantmen of every size, line the 



22 MIDDLE STATES. 

wharves of the city on both sides, for a distance of three miles, pro* 
Benting a continuous forest of masts and cordage, mingled with the 
chimneys of numerous steam-vessels. Upwards of 1,000 sail-vessela, 
80 steamers, 70 or 80 steam-tugs, and 200 canal-boats may usually be 
seen in the harbor. In the coldest weather the bay is never obstructed, 
with ice. 

The dense and populous part of the city has a circumference of 9 or 
10 miles. The lower part of the old city is irregularly laid out, but the 
streets in the upper or new portion intersect each other at right angles. 
The public buildings, which are generally of a costly natuj-e, are numer- 
ous. The City Hall and the U. S. Courts, in the Park ; the City Prison, 
facmg on Centre-street ; the Custom House, the Merchants' Exchange, 
and biuik bmidings, in Wall-street, &c., are the most conspicuous. Of 
the churches, many ai-e superb specimens of architectural taste. Trinity 
Chm-ch, in Braidway, at the head of Wall-street; Grace Church, on 
Broadway, corner of 10th street, three miles up from the Battery, and 
sevej-al others, are magnificent structures. The whole number of 
chm-ches is not f;xr from 240. The public grounds are the Battery, facing 
on the bay, and from which the view is extensive and animated; 
the Bowling Green, the Park, St. John's Park, Washington Square, 
Tompkin.s' Square, Gramercy Park, and Union Pai-k: all these are 
adorned with ornomeutal trees and shrubbery, and some with splendid 
fountains. The city is well supplied with water, wliich is conducted 
through a magnificent aqueduct from the Croton river, in Westchester 
county, a distance of 40 miles. 

New York has numerous scientific, literary, and benevolent institu- 
tions. It has also several well-regulated theatres, tlie principal of which 
ai-e the Broadway Theatre, Niblo's Garden, the Bowery Theatre, and the 
Aster Place Opera House. The Park Theatre, the oldest and most sub- 
stantial ever established in New York, was burned down in 1848, and 
has not since been rebuilt. The American I\luseum, in Broadway, is also 
a jfiace of great resoit, and duiing the summer season. Castle Garden is 
used for concerts, &c. 

New York, in short, may be considered as a world within itself. Peo- 
ple of every nation, kindred, and tongue, and exercising every ai-t and 
profession known to man, are its inhabitants. Churches of every per- 
suasion—people of all creeds — institutions of every imaginable shade, 
and man in all his phases and in every condition, are agglomerated 
within the circuit of this, the Empu-e City of the western world, and 
form a most heterogeneous compound of all that is extreme. New 
Y^ork has suffered much from fire: the great fires of 1835 nnd 1845 
are matters of history. The hotels of New Y''ork are very large, and 
well conducted. 

The value of real and personal estate in the city, in 1850, was assessed 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 23 

at $286,061,816, and the amount of tax levied .$3,230,085, equal to 113 
cents on the $100. The city debt, contracted chietly for the Croton 
water-worlvs, amounts to $14,646,783, less the sinlving fund $3,025,550. 

Brooklyn may be considered as a suburb of New York, and next to 
that place, is the most populous city in the state. The population, in 
1845, was 59,566, but in 1850 it had increased to 96.838. 

Brooklyn is situated immediately opposite New York, on Long Ishmd, 
and has constant communication by means of five ferries. The East 
river is here only three-quarters of a mile wide, and, as a consequence, 
the business of the two cities is much blended. Brooklyn, however, has 
an extensive commerce of its own, and good wharfage for shipping of 
the largest class. The Atlantic Dock is a work of great importance to 
the city. The United States' Navy-yard at the Wallabout, is a large 
establishment, and from this place many of our largest battle ships have 
been launched. The new Dry Dock at this station is perhaps superior to 
any similar work in the world. Greenwood Cemetery, one of the most 
beautiful burial-places in the Union, is situated in the southern section 
of the city, a short distance from the bay, and contains an area of 200 
acres, diversified by hill and dale, woods, plains, and lakes. There are 
about 50 churches, and many fine dwellings, chieily inhabited by the 
merchant princes of the commercial emporium. The City HaU is a 
beautiful structui-e, and an ornament to the city. From Brookljn Heights 
and Fort Greene the view is extensive and grand. 
• Many handsome villages are within a short distance from Nev,- York 
and may be reached by ferry-boats that are constantly plying. The prin- 
cipal of these are Richmond, Stapleton, &c., on Staten Island ; Fort 
Hamilton, at the Narrows ; Astoria and Ravenswood, N. E. of Brooklyn ; 
Williamsburgh, adjoming Brooklj'B, with a population of 30,786 ; and 
Jersey City, Hoboken, &c., on the Jersey shore. There ai-e also many 
others in the upper parts of the island, and in Westchester county. 

New York is a principal center of raih-oad and steamboat travel. The 
Long Island R. /?., and the JV. I', and JV. Haven R. R., accommodate the 
travel to Boston, S,-c. ; and the JV. Y. and Harlaem R. R. and the Hudson 
river R. i?., extend JV. on the east side of the Hudson river. The JVeio Jer- 
sey R. K. to Philadelphia, and the Ramapo, and Patcrson and Hudson R. R. 
commence at Jerseij city, opposite to J\''ew York. The JV. Y. and Erie R. 
R., which has its eastern terminus at Piermont, on the Hudson river, is 
reached from JVew York by steamboat. A railroad also extends from 
South .^mboy to Philadelphia, to and from which place passengers are car- 
ried by steamboats. Steamboats travel regularly to and from all the ports 
on Long Island Sound as far as Stonington; and up the JVorth river 
several times a day to Albany and Troy, stopping at the intermediate 
places. 

Albany is the political capital and seat of the state government. It 



24 MIDDLE STATES. 

is situated on the W. bank of the Hudson, 145 miles N. of New York^on 
a gentle rise of ground, and presents with its gilded domes, an imposing 
appearance from the river. The Capitol, the City Hall, and the State 
Ho'Use, are splendid structures, located on the summit of the ascent over- 
looking the city. Besides these there ai-e several other public buildings, 
as the Exchange, State Geological Museum, the Medical College, acade- 
mies, churches, &c. Albany enjoys a large commerce, and is the entre- 
pAt between the west and the port of New York. Its manufacturing 
establishments consist of founderies, breweries, &c., and are very exten- 
sive. Two ferries cross the river : one to East Albany, for the accom- 
modation of ihe railroads terminating there, and the other to Greenbush ; 
and numerous steamboats, the largest and most splendid river boats in 
the world, and an endless array of steam tow-boats ply between this city, 
New York, and the intermediate places. The average speed of the first- 
class steamboats is about 16 miles an hour. The steamboat Alida made 
the passage from New York to Albany on the 1st December, 1849, in 7 
hours and 54 minutes, including 13 landings which occupied 48 minutes, 
— the fastest trip on record, being sometliing over 21 miles per hour. 
The Erie canal and a chain of railroads extend from Albany to the lakes, 
and lateral branches of both diverge to the north and south from the 
main stem, so as to draw to a focus the whole wealth of the adjacent 
counties. The transportation and travel on these lines are immense. 
Railroads also connect it with Boston and the whole of New England ; 
and the city of New York is reached by the Housatonic Railroad, via 
Bridgeport. The Hudson River Railroad and the N. Y. and Harlaem 
Railroad will also be extended so as to coimect with this city. Popula- 
tion in 1850, 50,703. 

Troy lies on the E. bank of the Hudson, 6 miles above Albany. It ia 
a thriving city, and even now rivals Albany in business and enterprise. 
Several railroads center here, connecting with Albany and the N. and W., 
and also with Boston and New York. Steamboats ply regularly between 
this and Nevf York, on the Hudson. The State Dam, at the head of 
Bteam navigation, is a noble work, and ensures sloop navigaSon for a 
number of miles further up the river. About one-third of the people 
are employed in the various manufactories. The city is well built, chiefly 
of brick, and the streets are lined with stores, in many instances, equal- 
ing those of New York in splendor. The Court House, the Episcopal 
church, and the Lyceum are handsome structm-es, but otheiwise the city 
cai boast of no buildings which require especial notice. Tlie hotels 
are, in general, large and well-conducted establishments. Popula- 
tion in 1850, 28,785. 

Hudson, at the head of ship navigation, on the river of the same 
name, is beautifully situated, and the streets regularly laid out. It has 
a Court House and several other pubUc buildings. The city is supplied 



THE STATE OF KEW YORK. 25 

with water from Becraft'a mountain, two miles distant. Population 6,2S9. 
It ia on the luie of the Hudson River Railroad, and the steamboats 
which ply between Troy and Albany, and New York, stop here. The 
Hudson and Berkshire Railroad connects it with New England. 

Schenectady is about 17 miles VV. of Albany, and is pleasantly situ- 
ated on tlie Mohawk river. It is a great thoroughfare, being the center 
of railroads to Albany, Troy, Whitehall, and westward to the lakes. The 
Erie canal also passes through this city. About half a mile from the 
city. Union College, a celebrated institution, is situated. Schenectady 
was originally the head quarters of the Mohawk Indians, and in 1690, 
the French and Indians burnt the place and massacred most of the 
inliabitants. It was settled by the Dutch in 16'20. Population 8,<322. 

Syracuse is situated at the junction of the Erie and Oswego canals, 
and had its rise and retains its importance from this circumstance. It ia 
also celebrated for the manufacture of salt. Population 22,271. Oswego 
is situated at the mouth of the river of the same name, and also derives 
its importance from its location, being an entrepot between Lake Ontario 
and the canal system of the state. It has 16 flouring-mills, capable of 
ttirning out 9,000 barrels of flour per diem. Population 12,205. Utica, 
on the Mohawk, is a well-built city. Among the public edifices the 
State Liuiatic Asylum is the most conspicuous. The Erie canal passes 
through the city. It is also a depot on the gi-eat northern line oi' rail- 
roads. Population 17,642. Rochester, also on the line of the Erie 
canal and northern railroads, lies on both sides the Cenesee river near 
its mouth, and enjoys immense water-power, ci-eated by the falls, which 
have a descent of 215 feet in three successive saults of 90, 20, and 105 
feet. The mills on this river are some of the largest in the world. A 
splendid aqueduct 804 feet in length, has been constructed to carry the 
canal over the river. The city contains 24 churches, and several public 
buildings. Population 36,403. 

Buffalo is advantageously situated on Lake Erie, and is the western 
terminus of the canals and railroads of the state. Its lake commerce is 
immense, employing some 100 steamboats, which collect from the lake 
ports a vast amount of produce, which is conveyed eastward by canal. 
The city contains 22 churches, and other public buildings, and is laid 
out in a rectangular form. Buffalo was founded in 1801, but was de- 
stroyed by the British in the war of 1812. Its progress since that period 
has been rapid, and its prosperity is assured by peculiar advantages. 
Population 42,261. 

Among the larger villages may be mentioned Poughkeepaie, Newburg, 
Kingston, Catskill, Kmderhook, Lansingburg, Waterford, &c., on the 
Hudson river; Whitehall, the tenninus of the Washington and Saratoga 
Railroad, at the head of Lake Champlain; Plattsburg, on the same 
lake ; Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence river ; Little Falls, Herkimer, 
3 



26 MIDDLE STATES. 

Rome, Salina, Skeneateles, Auburn, Waterloo, Canandaigua, Genera, 
Palmyra. Batavia, Brockport, Lockport, Lewistown, &c., on the line of 
the great northern avenues ; Goshen, Binghamton, Owego, Elraira, Com- 
ing, Olean, Dunkirk, &c., on the line of the N. Y. and Erie Raih-oao.; 
and a number of others in the neighborhood of the central lakes, aa 
Ithaca, Penn-yan, &c. 

New York was discovered by Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, then 
in the service of the Dutch West India Company. He sailed up the 
river, which still bears his name, m 16G9, and subsequently sold his claim 
to the country to the Dutch government. A colony of that nation set- 
tled at Fort Orange, in 1613, and in the following year built some fortifi- 
cations on the southern part of Manhattan Island. The territorj- claimed 
by the Dutch extended from Fort Good Hope, on the Connecticut, to 
Fort Nassau, on the Delaware, and indefinitely northward. To this ter- 
ritory they gave the name of ''Nieuw Niederlands." The English also 
laid claim to these lands, and in 1664, Charles II. gi-anted the whole 
country to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, who dispatched 
an armament under Col. Nicholls to enforce a surrender and expel the 
Dutch. The name of Fort Orange was now changed to Albany, and that 
of Nieuw Amsterdam to New York, the whole territory also taking the 
latter name in honor of the proprietor. The colony was recaptmed in 
1673, and remained in the hands of the Dutch vmtil the ensuing year, 
when it was restored to the English. During the seven years' war, New 
iTork suffered severely from hostile incui-sions, and during the revolu- 
tionary war was the scene of warlike commotion, and of some of the 
most glorious \ictorics that American valor ever wrested from the foe. 
It was one of the " thuteen " that formed the original United States. 
New York city was held by the British, after the battle of Long Island, 
until the final evacuation of the country on the 25th November, 1783, a 
day which has ever since been annually celebrated as a national holiday 



THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 

Area 8,320 square miles. — Population 489,555. 

New^ Jersey, situated between the Delaware river and the Atlantic 
ocean, hes between 380 57' and 41° 2i' N. lat., and between 73° 58' and 
75° 29' W, long. : and is bounded N. by New York ; E. by New York and 
the Atlantic ocean ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by Delaware bay 
and river. 

The Blue Mountains and other elevations give a mountainous charac- 
ter to the northern section of the state ; but the intervales and slopes 



THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 27 

are well adapted to gi-azing, and the soil is more fertile than in the 
southern districts. These hills are highly metaliferous, and mining oper- 
ations are extensively carried on in almost every part. The central sec- 
tion has an imdulatuag, and in some localities a plane surface, but is 
agreeably diversified. In this portion several copper mines exist. The 
southern counties, including ail the coast from Sandy Hook to Cape May, 
are level, and principally of a bai-ren nature, producing little but scrub- 
oaks and yellow pines ; of late years, however, these, formerly considered 
as almost worthless, have come into use for steamboats and the supply of 
the glass-houses; and, as a consequence, the value of the country where 
they abound has been much increased. The Highlands of Navesink, 
near Sandy Hook, are the only elevations of note in this section, and are 
the first land seen by seamen approaching the coast. In this vicinity and 
at Cape May are several beautifully located watering-places, which attract 
during the hot summer mouths large numbers of visiters and invalids. 

The coast is lined with long, narrow islands, between which and the 
mainland ai-e shallow bays bordered by salt marshes and swamps ; but 
there is no good harbor between Saudy Hook and Cape May. The 
whole coast is very dangerous to navigation, and scarcely a year passes 
without the destruction of one or more ships. Several of the splendid 
packets from New York have been stranded in this vicinity. The prin- 
cipal rivers, besides the Delaware and Hudson, are the Raritan, the Pas- 
saic, and the Hackensack, none of which ai-e navigable for large ships, 
but are of inestimable value on account of the water-power they supply 
for manufacturing pm-poses. The climate is much similar to that of 
southern New York, but in many places where the land lies low, endemic 
diseases are prevalent. 

New Jersey is more an agricultiu*al and manufacturing than a com- 
mercial state. The farms are highly cultivated, and great care is taken 
in raising market crops. The cities of New York and Philadelphia re- 
ceive from this state a lai-ge proportion of their gi-een vegetables, fruits, 
&c. The manufactures are numerous, and consist of almost every kind 
of goods. Cotton and woollen-mills are established in many towns, and 
machinery, hai-dware, glass, paper, jewelry, &c., are largely produced. 
Leather articles are also manufactm'ed on a large scale: saddlery, boots 
and shoes, being staple exports. Among the minor articles ai-e earthen- 
wai-e, fire-brick, &c. The iron mines, in the northern part of the state, 
ai'e worked with great spirit. Foreign commerce is limited. The length 
of canal within New Jersey is 148 miles, and of railroad 857 miles. 

The principal literary institutions are the College of New Jersey, at 
Princeton, founded in 1738, and Rutger's College, at New Brunswick, 
founded in 1770, to both of which are attaclied Theological Seminaries, 
and to the latter a Law School. There are also 66 academies and 1,575 
common schools. 



28 MIDDLE STATES. 

The state is divided into 20 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Trenton, Newark, Paterson, New Brunswick, Morristown, &c. 

Trenton, the capital, is situated on tlie E. bank of the Delaware, at 
the head of steain navigation. The city is regulai-ly laid out. and con- 
tains many elegant stores and dwelUngs. The State House is a hand- 
Borae stone building, and there is a magnificent bridge of five arches 
thi-own over the river. It is connected with New York and Philadelphia 
by railroads, and a branch railroad connects it with Bordentown. ti miles 
S. Population 6,466. Bordentown is situated on an elevation over- 
looking the Delaware, and was the residence of Joseph Bonaparte while 
in the United Ftates. Population 2,769. 

Btrlington, 13 miles S. of Trenton, on the Delaware, contains six 
chiu-ches, and is the official residence of the Episcopal Bishop of the 
diocese. Population .5,398. Camden, 18 miles further south and oppo- 
site Philadelphia, is the terminus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. 
Population 9.479. A branch railroad extends hence to Woodbury, a 
village of 1,000 souls. 

Princeton, on Millstone river, 10 miles N. E. of Trenton, with which 
and New York it communicates by railroad, is noted for its college and 
theological seminary. It was the scene of one of Washington's victo- 
ries in 1777. Population 3,029. New Brunswick, on the Raritim river, 
16 miles further N. E., is an old town and seat of Rutger's College. It 
is connected with the Delaware, by a canal to Bordentown, 42 miles long, 
and is als» an important depot of the New Jersey Railroad. Population 
13,337 South Amboy, at the rnouth of the Raritan, is the E. terminus 
of the Camden and Amboy Raih-oad. Perth Amboy, on the N. or 
opposite bank of the river, has several manufactures, and is the seat of 
the Inventor's Institute. 

Elizabethtown, 35 miles N. E. of Trenton, and 5 miles S. of New- 
ark, is an ancient borough, and on the line of the New Jersey Raih-oad, 
and the railroad from Elizabethport to White House passes through it. 
Population 5,.5S3. Somerville, 24 miles W., is a flourishing place on 
the Central Railroad. Rah way, on the Rah way river, is 6 miles S. of 
Elizabethtown, and has considerable raanufactiu-es. Pop 8,306. 

Newark, on the W. bank of the Passaic river, is the most populous 
city in the stato, and is celebrated for its manufactures of machinery, 
carriages, saddlery, &c. Jewelry is also manufactm-ed on a large scale. 
The commerce of Newark is considerable. Population 3S,894. Morris- 
town, 23 miles W., is reached by the Mori-is and Essex Rjiilioad. 
Schooleifs Mountain, about 19 miles fuilher west, is reached by stage. 
Eight miles E. of Newark is Jersey City, opposite to New York, the E. 
terminus of the New Jersey Railroad and the Morris canal ; and also of 
the Paterson and Hudson RaOroad. It is the commencement of south 
ern ti'avel from New York. Two ferries connect it with that city. Jer 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 29 

Bey City is a place of some trade, and has a good water-front on the 
Hudson, which is deep enough to accommodate the largest ships. The 
Cunard line of steamships doclc here. Population 6,85fi. Pater son, 
below the falls of the Passaic river, is a flom'ishing city and chiefly en- 
gaged in raanufactiu-es, being highly favored with water-power and 
other local advantages. The Moiwis canal passes south of the city, and 
raih-oads connect it with New York, and northward with the line of the 
New York and Erie Raih-oad at Ramapo. Paterson contains a number 
of beautiful chmxhes, and in the subiu'bs are many elegant private resi- 
dences. The principal manufactures are cotton goods, machinery, car 
riages, paper, and firearms. Population ll,:3oS. There are a number of 
manufacturing villages in the neighborhood, as New Manchester, Pomp- 
ton, &c. The falls have a descent of 72 feet, and ai-e surrounded by the 
most magnificent scenery. 

New Jersey was originally a portion of the "Nieuw Niederlands," and 
mider Dutch governors, until the capture of New York, in 1664. It waa 
afterwai-ds included in the extensive grant to the Duke of York, and sub- 
sequently transferred by him to Lord Berkeley and Sir G. Carteret. In 
1665 Philip Carteret was appointed first governor, and in 1676 the prov- 
ince was divided into East and West Jersey; the former continuing 
under Carteret, and the latter being attached to tlie government of New 
York. In 168-2, East Jersey was transferred to William I'enn; and Ro- 
bert Bai-clay, the celebrated author of the "Apology for the Principles 
of the Quakers," was appointed governor. A reunion of the prov- 
inces was effected in 170-2, and the province, now styled New Jersey, 
■was placed under Lord Cornbury, the governor of New York: ; but in 
1738, this connection was dissolved, and a sepai-ate government insti- 
tuted, which lasted until the war of the Revolution. William Teuipie 
Franklin, a son of the celebrated philosopher, was the last royal 
governor of the province. 



THE STATE OF PENXSYLYANIA. 

Area 46,000 square miles.— Population 2,311,786. 

Pennsylvania, which derives its name from the celebrated William 
Penn, lies between 39° 43' and 4-io 12' N. lat., and between 74° 44' and 
80° 34' W. long. : and is bounded N. by New York and Lake Erie ; E. 
by New York and New Jersey ; S. by Delaware, Maryland, and Vir- 
ginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. The Delaware river forms the 
whole eastern boundaj-y. 

3* 



30 MIDDLE STATES. 

Few level tracts of any extent are found in this state, except in t&e 
N. W. The whole eastei-n and central parts are mountainous. In the 
S. E., however, the hills subside and the land becomes undulating. The 
AUeghanies traveree the state from N. E. to S. W. The Blue ISIoun- 
tains. Sideling Hill, Laurel Hill, &c., ai-e local names for the several 
ridges that run parallel with the main range. The eastern ascent of the 
AUeghanies is rugged and steep, but on the W. the elevations sink grad- 
ually and form an extensive table-land. The soil is well adapted to 
profitable agriculture. The richest lands occiu- in the S. E. of the moun- 
tains, extending from the Blue Ridge to the Delaware ; and the tract 
between Lake Erie and the Alleghany river is exceedingly fertile. Miner- 
als abound in the mountains ; anthracite coal and u'on-ore are in inex- 
haustible profusion. Of anthracite coal upwai-ds of 3,500,000 tons are 
annually produced. On the VV. of the mountains are vast fields of bitu- 
minous coal, which is used in Pittsburg and other places for manufao- 
tiu-hig purposes, and has lately come into extensive use for steamboats 
and locomotives. In this region salt springs also occur, which yield a 
strong brine. It is calculated that the anthracite beds of Pennsylvania 
cover an area of 975 squai'e miles, and in some places have a depth of 
60 or 70 feet. The area of the bituminous coal region is stated at 21,000 
square miles. Both species of coal are frequently foimd in juxtaposition : 
indeed the one is but the other decarbonized by volcanic action. 

Pennsylvania has no sea-coast; but the Delaware river, which forms 
its E. boundary, and is approached by the noble bay of the same name, 
affords every convenience that could be derived from an ocean front. 
Otherwise the state has many water facilities, which have been arti- 
ficially improved. The Delaware is navigable for ships to Philadelphia, 
and for steamboats to Trenton. The Susquehannah and the Alleghany 
are the other principal rivers. Pennsylvania has also an outlet on Lake 
Eri(^, which is comiected v/ith the interior by a noble system of canals. 
The total length of canal navigation is about 1,100 miles, and the length 
of r;:ilroad between 1400 and 1.500 miles. The climate is generally mild, 
but depends much on elevation and the direction of the winds. 

Pennsylvania is largely engaged in all the great branches of mdustry. 
Her mines are, next to those of England, the most productive in the 
world : and in the mining, reducing, and manufacturing of iron, an im 
mense capital is invested. Agriculture occupies about one-half of the 
population. The grain crops in the western portion of the state are veiy 
fine, and afford a sm-plus for export. Tobacco and flax are also grown. 
The annual dairy is valued at three or four miUions of doUai-s, and the 
amount of wool gathered is estimated at foiu- million pounds. I\'aple su- 
gar is extensively collected. Pennsylvania has many cotton and woollen- 
mills, and several in which silk and flax goods ai-e made. Leather, soap, 
paper, &c., are among the minor manufactures. The great staples, how- 



THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 31 

ever, are machinery, cutlery, firearms, &c. Ship-building is also a 
prominent feature in the industiy of the state. Foreign commerce em- 
ploys about '260,000 tons of shipping, and the trade on the canals and 
railroads is of immense vaUie. The coasting trade is also extensive. 

The whole number of common schools in Pennsylvania in 1850, was 
8,845, and the mnnber of scholars 360,605. The cost of instruction to the 
state was $609,377. The University and Girard College, at Philadelphia ; 
Dickinson College, at Carlisle ; Jefferson College, at Canonsburg ; Wash- 
ington College; Alleghany College, at Meadville; Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, at Gettysburg; Lafayette College, at Easton ; Marshall College, at 
Mercersburg ; the Western University, at Pittsburg ; and the College of 
St. Tliomas, at Villanova, near Philadelphia, are among the institutions 
for the higher branches of education. There are also 7 Protestant and 
2 Roman Catholic Theological Seminaries; one Law School, and 4 
Medical Schools in the state, and a large number of private schools. 
Pennsylvania has a large number of benevolent institutions. 

The state is divided into 63 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, &c. 

Harrisburg, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Susquehan- 
nah. The city is haiidsomely planned, with streets crossing each other at 
right angles. The State House, on an eminence fronting the river, and the 
Court House, Masonic Hall, Jail, &.C., are the principal public buildings. 
There are 13 churches. Considerable manufactures are carried on, and 
a brisk trade is maintained with the surrounding countiy. Population 
8,173. The river is here spanned by a fine bridge 2,876 feet long. The 
Central Railroad commences here ; also the Cumberland Galley Railroad 
to Chambersburg^ 56 miles. It is connected by railroad with Philadelphia^ 
107 7n;ics. 

Philadelphia, with the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Gai"- 
den, Southwark, and Moyamensing, is second only to New York in 
population and importance. It is situated between the Delaware and 
Schuylkill, extending from river to river. The city has many substantial 
public buildings and fine squares. The old State House in which the 
" Declaration of Independence" was signed, the Custom House, the U. S. 
Mint, the Merchants' Exchange, and the Giraj-d College, are especially 
objects of attraction. Several of the churches, of which there are about 
160, are imposing structures. The colleges and schools are highly cele- 
brated for their efficiency; and few cities boast of a larger number of 
literary, scientific, and benevolent societies. The city is supplied with 
water from the Schuylkill, and the city proper and Kensington have for 
many years been lighted with gas. The people are actively employed 
in manufactures, trade, and commerce. Population in 1850, 409,046. 

Pittsburg, the " Birmingham of America," is situated on the Ohio 
at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. It is the 



32 MIDDLE STATES. 

chief manufacturing city in the state, and contains a large number of 
furnaces, foi-ges, and rolling-mills, with several cotton and woollen-mills, 
tanneries, machine-shops, and hardware and cullei^ factories. The city 
is supplied with water from the Alleghany, and since 1830 has been 
lighted with gas. In 1845 Pittsburg suflfered the calamity of a great con- 
flagration, but the " burnt district" has since been entirely rebuilt in a 
substantial manner. Few cities are so admirably situated for trade and 
manufactures, being in the midst of the iron and bituminous coal region, 
and at the hi'ad of a great navigable river — the highway to the west and 
New Orleans. In 1840 the population was 24,115, and including its sub- 
urbs, the adjoining cities and boroughs of Manchester, Birmingham, 
Laurenceville, &c., 40,000. In 1850 it had increased to 4(5.601. 

Lancaster, on the line of the Columbia Railroad, is an ancient manu- 
facturing and trading town, chiefly inhabited by Germans. It was for- 
raeily the state capital. Franklin College, situated here, was founded 
in 1789. It contains 13 churches. Population 12,382. Columbia, on the 
Susquehannah, and York, a few miles further W., communicate with 
Philadelphia and Baltimore by railroad, and are places of considerable 
traffic. PoTTsviLLK, in the center of the anthracite region, is an im- 
portant town with an immense trade. In 1824 there were but five 
houses in the place ; it now contains 7,9 53 inhabitants. Reading, on 
the F. bank of the Schuylkill, which is here spanned by two bridges, 
was laid out in 1784. It is now a considerable town, and has a hu-ge 
trade. It communicates with Philadelphia by railroad. Population 
15,74'?. There are several other important places, among which may be 
mentioned — Carlisle, the seat of Dickinson College and the United 
States' Dragoon Barracks; Mauch Chunk and Honesdale, in the coal 
region; Easton, on the Delaware, noted for its flouring-mills ; Wilkes- 
barre, in Wyoming Valley, noted for the massacre of its inhabitants by 
the t<.)ries and Indians in 1778 ; Gettysburg ; Beaver, a manufacturing 
Tillage; Erie, the chief outlet on the lake coast; Meadville, Canons- 
burg, Washington, &c. 

Between 1638 and 16G4, various settlements were made in this state 
by the Swedes, Dutch, and English. In 1681 the country was granted 
. to William Penn, the Quaker, and in the yeai- following that philanthro- 
pist brought over his first colony. Penn died in 1718, but his heirs con- 
tinued to hold his interests until the Revolution, when they sold their 
claim to the commonwealth. In 1768, the boundary known as Mason 
and Dixon's line, was run between Pennsylvania and Virginia. The first 
constitution of the state was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the 
present in 1838. Delawaie became a part of Penn's patent in 1682, and 
for a long period formed a portion of the colony; and as such, was 
known as the " three lower counties on the Delaware." A final separa* 
Uon was effected in 1701 by the withdrawal of Delaware. 



THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 33 

THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 

^reffl 2,120 square miles. — Population 91,535. 

Delaware, next to Rhode Island the smallest state of the TTiuon, lies 
between 38° 27' and 39° 50' N. lat., and between 740 50' and 75' 40' VV. 
long. : and is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania ; on the ]■;. by Dela- 
ware bay and the Atlantic ocean, and on the S. and W. by Mai7laud. 
It occnpies the N. E. portion of the peninsula between Chesapeake and 
Delaware bays. 

The northern part of the state is somewhat hilly, but in the southern 
districts so level and low, that large tracts are sometimes inundated. 
Some fine grazing farms are found in Sussex county, and the grain crops 
are generally large and valuable. Delaware has its eastern fi-ont on the 
bay of the same name and the Atlantic. The principal rivers ai-e the 
Brandywine and Christiana — small streams, indeed, but well remem- 
bered in history. They afford many valuable mill sites. The Appo- 
quinimink, Duck creek, Jones' river, Maspillion, Broadkill, and Indian 
river, fall into Delaware bay. The Nanticoke rises in the southwest- 
em part of the state and flows into Maryland. The climate assimilates 
that of southern Jersey, and in many parts, from the miasma that rises 
from the swamps, is unhealthy. 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people in the counties of 
Kent and Sussex, and employs about four-fifths of the whole population. 
The chief products are Indian corn, oats, and wheat; and some cotton 
and flax is raised. The manufactures of the state, chiefly carried on in 
Newcastle county, are comparatively extensive, and include woollen and 
cotton goods, machinery, leather, paper, gunpowder, &c. Commerce 
and the fisheries are also actively engaged in. About 11 miles of canal 
and 49 miles of railroad, belong to this state, all in the northern section. 

Delaware College, at Newark, is the only collegiate institution. There 
are, however, about 20 academies and grammar schools, and some 200 
common schools. The income of the school fund armually disbursed 
amounts to f 45,239. 

The state is divided into 3 counties. The principal towns are DovcTi 
Wilmington, Newcastle, &c. 

Dover, the capital, is situated on Jones' creek, five miles up from its 
mouth. It is well laid out, and has a vicinity very picturesque. The 
State House is a fine building, on the public squai-e. There are three 
churches in the town. Population 2,200. 

Wilmington, the principal port and largest city, lies on the Brandy- 
wine, one mile from its union with Christiana creek. The principal 
building is the City Hall. It contains 16 churches. A large number of 



84 MIDDLE STATES. 

fiom-ing-mill3 are located on the river. About 0,460 tons of shipping 
belong to the port, chiefly engaged in the coasting trade. The fisheries 
are in some degi'ee attended to. Population 13,979. The raihoad from 
Philadelphia passes through Wilmington, and also through Newark, 
the seat of Delaware College. 

Newcastle, on the Delaware, a few miles S. of Wilmington, carries 
on a considerable trade with Philadelphia. A railroad extends hence 
to Frenchtown in Maryland. Delaware City is a small place opposite 
to the fortified island called Pea-Patch, to which the United States 
has lately substantiated a claim. Lewistown, on Lewis' creek, is 
celebrated for its salt works. Fieldboro', Kenton, Milford, Bridqe- 
viLLE, Georgetown, and Washington, are considerable villages. For 
several miles along the southern borders are extensive cypress swamps 
which extend into Maryland. 

Delawai-e was settled by Swedes and Finns in 1627, who built forts at 
Lewistown and Wilmington. These original colonies were expelled by 
the Dutch in 1655, and after the capture of New York by the British, 
the Dutch in their turn were driven off. The province was included in 
the Duke of York's patent, but in 1682, the Duke relinquished his claim 
to William Penn, who consolidated it with his colony at Philadelphia. 
Then, as now, it was divided into three counties, which were styled the 
" three lower counties on the Delaware." In 1701 the representatives 
from Delaware withdrew from those of Pennsylvania, and in 1704 ccn- 
Tened in assembly at Newcastle. After this period it remained separate-, 
though the same governor presided over both colonies until the Revolu- 
tion. The first constitution was formed in 1776, the second in 1792, and 
the present amended constitution in 1838. 



THE STATE OP HMTLAND. 

^rea 9,356 square viiles. — Population 583,035. 

Maryland is situated between 38° and 39° 43' N. lat., and between 
75° 10' and 79° 20' W.long. : and is bounded N.by Pennsylvania; E. by 
Delaware Jmd the Atlantic ocean, and S. and W. by Vu-ginia. 

The Chesapeake bay, one of the finest bodies of water in the world, 
divides the state into two unequal portions. The country on the E. has 
a deeply indented coast, and a low-lying surface of the same physical 
aspect as that of Delaware. On the W. below the falls of the rivers, 
iiie same physical features prevail ; but above these the coimtry gradu- 
>lJy becomes uneven and hilly, and in the western part of the state is 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 35 

mountainous, being traversed by several ridges of the Alleghsmies. The 
soil is well adapted to wheat and tobacco, and some cotton of inferior 
quality is raised. Flax and hemp are also produced in the W. The 
forests abound in nuts, and afford subsistence to vast droves of hogs 
Iron-ore and bituminous coal are inexhaustibly abundant near the uppei 
waters of the Potomac, and produce immense wealth to the miners. 

The Potomac river, which is 7^ miles wide at its mouth, and naviga 
ble for large ships more tlian 300 miles, and for boats to Cumberland 
190 miles further, forms the southwestern boundary of the stale. All tin 
rivers empty into Chesapeake bay. The rivers flowing from the W 
are the Pawtuxent, the i?evern, and the Patapsco; and those from thi 
E. the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke, 
all of which have their rise in Delaware. The climate is in general con 
genial and pleasant; but the low regions, which are swampy, emit ? 
pernicious miasm. In the more elevated regions, however, the inhab- 
itants enjoy the best of health. 

The chief wealth of Maryland is drawn from its mines and agricul- 
tiu-e. Mining is now being carried on with great spirit, and since the 
completion of the canal and railroad to Curabei-land. operations have 
been greatly extended. It is a fact worthy of observation, that most of 
our ocean steamships are using the semi-bituminous coal of this region, 
and large quantities are used at Pittsburg and for steamboats on the 
Ohio liver. Furnaces, bloomeries, and rolling-mills for the manufacture 
of iron have increased wonderfully in number during the last three or four 
years, and turn out large quantities of cast and bar iron. The piincipal 
agricultural produce is wool and pork ; wheat, Indian corn, and oats ; 
and tobacco. The cereal crops yield a fair average, and Maryland stands 
fourth on the list of tobacco growing states, and is highly celebrated for 
the excellency of this staple. Its manul'actures are also very valuable. 
Woollen and cotton factories are established in several parts, and there 
are others for the manufacture of silk, flax, and mixed goods. The flour 
of Maryland is highly esteemed in the mai-kets. Ship-building, chiefly 
carried on at Baltimore, is also an extensive branch of industry. The 
commerce of the state is large and valuable; and the coasting and inter- 
nal trade equally flourishing. The coast fisheries employ many hun- 
dreds of families, and supply not only sufficient fish for the city markets, 
but also no small amount for export. The internal improvements consist 
of 192 miles of canal and 527 miles of railroad. 

There are in the state several highly celebrated schools. The Univer- 
sity is the principal. St. John's College, at Annapolis, founded in 1784, 
is the oldest. St. Mary's College, at Baltimore, was founded in 1799; 
Mount St. Mary's College, at Emmetsburg, in 1830; and St. James' Col- . 
lege, n'.iar Hagerstown, in 1842. These are all in a flourishing condition. 
Tliere are Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries at Baltimore and Emmets- 



36 MIDDLE STATES. 

burg, and two medical schools at Baltimore. Besides these the state has 
about 140 academies and 600 common schools. 

Maryland is divided into 20 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Annapolis, Baltimore, Fredericktown, &c. 

Annapolis, the capital, is situated on the W. bank of the Severn 
river, two miles from Chesapeake bay. The State House is the hand- 
somest building the city contains. There ai-e some interesting reminis- 
cences connected with Annapolis; it was here the old Congress sat fre- 
quently during the revolutionary struggle, and it was here that Wash- 
ington resigned his commission to that august body. Population 4,198, 

Baltimore, the commercial capital, is situated on the Patapsco river, 
14 miles from the bay, and is the third city in point of population, and 
the fifth in point of commerce in the Union. Baltimore is also cele- 
brated for its " monuments," and has several colleges, academies, and 
47 churches. The Cathedral is a magnificent edifice, and the Exchange, 
City Hall, &c., are large and fine buildings. The city is supplied with 
water from Jones' Falls. Tlie commerce of Baltimore is very extensive ; 
the foreign arrivals in 1849 were 558 vessels and the cleai-ances 698 ves- 
sels, besides which 1,275 vessels arrived coastwise. Manufactures are 
becoming very important. It is one of the great flour mai-kets of the 
Union, and exports Inrgely of this staple. The city was founded in 1729. 
Population 169,054. Railroads extend from Baltimore to Philadelphia and 
York, Pa. ; and to Cumberland and to Winchester, Va., with branches 
to Washington city and Annapolis. 

Frederick cny, on the INlonocacy river, ranks as second city in the 
state, and is a principal depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. Popu- 
lation 6,028. Hagerstown, Williamsport, Bladensburg, West- 
minster, Cumberland, &c., are all places of some consideration and 
importance, as entrepots of commerce. Cum.berland lies in the center 
of the mining districts. The ports of entry, besides Baltimore, are St. 
Mary's, on the Potomac; Nottingham, on the Patuxent; Havre de 
Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehannah ; Chestertown, on the Ches- 
ter river; Oxford, on Treadhaven creek; Vienna, on the Nanticoke ; 
and Snovvhill, on the Pocomoke. Considerable shipping is owned at 
all these places. 

The first settlements were made at St. Mary's, by Catholics from Eng- 
land, in 1634, and the colony, which had been granted to TiOrd Baltimore 
in 1632, was from that time to the period of the revolution, governed by 
the heirs of that nobleman, as proprietors of the territory. In the war 
with England in 1812, this state suffered severely, and was devastated 
by fire and sword. Baltimore commemorates the patriotism of her 
bra\^ citizens who fell defending theii' countiy's honor by a splendid 
moiuunent. 



THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA., 37 



THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Area 60 square miles. — Population 51,687i 

The District of Columbia, as origiually laid out, and as it remained 
antil 1846, occupied an area of 100 square miles, on both sides the Poto- 
mac, 120 miles IVom its mouth, and was ceded to the United States bj 
Virginia and Maryland in 1789, of which states respectively it had hith- 
erto formed parts. It was thus granted for the purpose of establishing 
therein the Federal Capital and seat of the General Government. In 
1846 the portion granted by Virginia was retroceded to that state, so 
that the present District includes only a little more than half its original 
dimensions, and lies altogether on llie Maryland side of the river. In 
this are situated the cities of Washington and Georgetown. The gov- 
ernment of the District is vested solely in Congress. 

The city of Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated 
on the E. bank of the Polomac, :a its junction with the Anacosta, and is 
encompassed by forest-clad hills, from which the view of Ihe country is 
magnificent. The city is planned out on a grand scale, and if ever com- 
pleted as designed, will be one of the finest cities of the world. The 
streets diverw irom several centers, and are very wide. The Ciipitol is 
finely planted on an eminence, and overlooks the whole city. This 
building is of white freestone, and occupies an acre and a half of ground. 
The internal arrangements ai-e plain but substantial. The Senate Cham- 
ber occupies the north wing of the building, and the Chamber of the 
Representatives the opposite wing. The Supreme Court sits in a cham- 
ber under the Senate. The building is siu'mounted by a splendid dome 
120 feet high, under which is the rotunda, 95 feet in diameter and 95 feet 
in height, and on the walls the magnificent national paintings of Trum- 
bull, Chapman, and Weir, are- hung. The apai-tment is also adorned 
with various alto relievo groups, each representing some great national 
event. The colossal statue of W'ashington, by Greenough, is placed 
in this room. The White House, the official residence of the Presi- 
dent, is also a freestone edifice of great beauty. Adjoining this are the 
extensive buildings occupied by the war, na\y, and treasuiy depai-t- 
ments. The General Post Office is a large and beautiful marble build- 
ing with two wings, and is highly adorned with large fluted columns of 
the same material. The Patent Office is also a lai-ge and splendid build- 
ing, and the building of the Smithsonian Institute is a gorgeous monu- 
ment of the munificence of its projector. The Navy-yard, about a mile 
from the capitol, is a fine establishment, and the magazine is replete with 
all warlike stores. Within the limits of the city are some thirty chin-ches; 
and niunerous institutions of a benevolent, religious, educational, aad 

4 



38 THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

philanthropic character, dignify the moral aspect of the capital. Tlie thea» 
tres, aul places of amusement generally, are maintained on a liberal foot- 
ing. The City HalJ, intended for the accommodation of the municipal 
authorities, adds much to the beauty of the place. The Congressional 
cemetery is also a place worthy of note. Here rest many of the "• worthies" 
of America ; and some of the noblest and bravest of patriots, whose voice» 
have echoed through the land the watchword of freedom, and whose his- 
tory is blazoned on the fairest page of their country's annals. Wash ington 
is connected with the N. and S. by railroads, and is accessible from the 
Atlantic for the largest ships. During the war of 1812, the British burnt 
the city, and many of the public records and works of art were either 
consimied or cairied away. This wanton act of vandalism will ever 
remain a record of disgrace and infamy on the escutcheon of Britain, 
which no sophistry can palliate. Washington, however, soon recovered 
fi-om the disaster, and by the liberiJity of Congress, has risen like a 
phoenix from its own ashes. Population 40,001. Washington is con- 
nected, by means of a branch railroad, with the railroad systems of the 
Eastern and Middle states ; and with the South by means of steamboats 
to Acquia Creek Landing — the commencement of the great southern 
line of railroads. 

Georgetown is divided from Washington by Rock creek, and is 
distant from the capital three miles. It is beautifully located, and 
from its elevated position, commands a view of the splendid panorama 
of the Potomac and surrounding country. It is a place of consider- 
able commerce and manufactures. The public and private buildings 
ai-e generally substantial, and have a neat and new appearance. The 
Roman Catholic College and the churches are especi;illy m.agniflcent. 
The city is laid out with regulai-ity, and may be considered as a subui'b 
of Washington. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal commences at George- 
town. The population had been almost stationary for 20 years: in 1830 
it was 7,360, and in 1840,7,312; showing, indeed, a small diminution, 
but in 1850 it had increased to 8,366. 

The District of Columbia was selected by General Washington as 
the fittest locality for the seat of the national government, and the capi- 
tal was laid out under his direction. The situation is one of the most 
picturesque nr.d beautiful in the Union, and is every way worthy to ba 
the QietropoUtan district of a nation of freemen. 



39 



PRINCIPAL TRAVELING ROUTES 



THROUGH NEW ENGLAND, THE MIDDLE STATES, 
AND THE CANADAS. 



MAINE. 

(1) Portland to Boston, 
Via Portland^ Saco, and Ports- 
mouth R. R. 

To Scarborough 6 

Saco 7 13 

Kennebunk 9 i^2 

Wells 6 23 

North Berwick 5 33 

South Berwick* 5 38 

Eliott 7 45 

Eastern R. R. 

PoRTSMOUTHf 6 51 

Greenland 5 56 

North Hampton 2 58 

Hampton 3 Gi 

Hampton Falls 2 63 

Seabrook 2 65 

East Salisbury t ... 4 69 

Neweuryport 2 71 

Rowley 5 76 

Ipswich 4 80 

Wenhara 5 85 

Beverly 4 89 

Saleral 2 91 

Lynn 5 96 

West Lynn 2 98 

North Chelsea 3 101 

Boston 4 105 

* Boston and Maine R. R. inter- 
sects here. 

t Portsmouth and Concord R. R. 
intersects here. 

X Branch to Amesbiuy Mills 3 
miles. 

§ Essex Co. R. R. to Lawrence 
22 mUes. 

(2) Portland to Boston. 
To N. Benvick, (See No. 1) 33 
Junction 4 37 



Boston and Maine R. R. 

South Berwick 1 38 

Salmon Falls, N. H. 1 39 

Somersworth* 1 40 

DovERt 3 43 

Madbury 4 47 

Durham 2 49 

New Market 5 54 

South New Market 3 57 

Exeter 4 61 

East Kingston 5 66 

Newton 4 70 

Plaistow 3 73 

Haverhill, Mass 5 78 

Bradford 1 79 

North Andover 4 83 

Lawrence 2 85 

Andover 3 88 

Bahirdvale 2 90 

Wilmington 6 96 

Reading 3 99 

South Reading 2 101 

Stoneham 2 103 

Meh-ose 1 104 

Maiden 2 106 

Somerville 3 109 

Boston 2 HI 

* Gt. Falls and Conway R. R. 

t Cocheco R.R. to Meredith 45 m. 

(3) Portland to Conway, N. H. 

To Sacarappa 6 

Gorham 4 10 

WestGorham 3 13 

Standish 4 17 

EastBaldwin 8 25 

West Baldwin 6 31 

Hiram 3 34 

Brownfield 6 40 

Fryeburgh 8 48 

Centre Conway, N. H. 4 52 

Conway 4 56 



40 



ROUTES IN MAINB. 



(4) Portland to Waterforu 

To South Windham 10 

Windham 4 14 

North Windham 3 17 

Raymond 5 22 

Naples 8 30 

Bridgeton 8 38 

North Bridgeton 3 41 

Harrison 4 45 

South Waterford 2 47 

Waterford 1 48 

(5) Portland to Paris. {Stage.) 

To Stevens' Plains 3 

Gray 13 16 

West Gloucester 7 23 

Poland 6 29 

Oxford 8 37 

Norway 6 43 

South Paris 2 45 

Paris 3 48 

(6) POKTT AND to MONTREAL. 

Atlantic and St. Lawrence K. R. 

To Falmouth 5 

Cumberl;!nd 4 9 

Yarmouth 2 11 

Junction 1 12 

North Yarmouth 3 15 

Webber's 4 19 

New (.'loucester 3 22 

Cobb's Bridge 2 24 

Danville Junction 3 27 

Empire Road 1 28 

Hotel Road* 4 32 

Mechanics' Falls 4 36 

Oxford 4 40 

North Oxford 5 45 

South Paris 2 47 

North Paris 8 55 

Bryants I'ond 7 C2 

Locke's Mills 3 65 

Bktukl 5 70 

West Bethel 4 74 

GUead 6 80 

Shelburne 6 86 

Gorham 5 91 

Berlin Falls 6 97 

Milan T 104 

West Milan 6 110 

Stark 5 lie 

Norlhuiuberland 7 122 

Stratford 8 130 

Bl.Kuurield 7 137 

Brunswick; 3 140 



Wenlock 3 14S 

Island Pond 6 14S 

Morgan 6 155 

Norton 8 163 

State Line 6 169 

Stage. 

Barford 7 176 

Barnston 4 ISO 

Couipton 8 188 

Lenoxville 12 200 

Sherbroobe 4 204 

St Lawrence and Atlantic R. B. 

Windsor 14 218 

Richmond 10 22S 

Durham 15 243 

Acton 8 251 

Upton 6 257 

St. Hyacinthe 13 270 

St. llilaire 13 283 

BoucherviUe 6 289 

Charron's 8 297 

Longueuil 5 302 

Montreal 3 305 

(8) Portland to Watervillk. 
Androscoggin and Kennebec R. R. 

To Danville, (see 6) 27 

LewistonFalls 6 33 

Greene 8 41 

ISIonmouth 7 48 

Winthrop 8 56 

Readtield .4 60 

Belgrade 7 67 

West Waterville 5 72 

Waterville 10 82 

(9) Portland to Augusta. 
Androscoggin and Kennebec R. R. 

To Readtield, (see 8) 60 

Augusta, (stage) 10 70 

(10) Portland to Augusta. 
Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. 

To Falmouth 5 

Cumberland 4 9 

Yarmouth 2 11 

Yajinouth Junction 1 12 

Kennebec and Portland R. R. 

Freeport 5 17 

Merriman's Road 5 22 

Brunswick 4 26 

Bowdoinham 9 35 

Richmond.. 7 42 

Gardiner 11 53 

I Hallowell 5 58 

lAuausTA 2 60 



ROUTES IN MAINE. 



41 



(11) Portland to Bath. 

To Brunswick, (see 10) 26 

Harding's Station 4 30 

Bath 5 35 

(12) Augusta to South Paris. 
To Hallowell Cross Roads • • 4 

East VV^inthrop 2 6 

Winthrop 4 10 

Wayne 5 K 

North Leeds 4 J 9 

Noitli Turner Bridge 3 22 

NorthTurner 4 26 

South Hartford 2 28 

Buckfield 5 33 

West Buckfield 4 37 

Paris 4 41 

South Paris 3 44 

(13) Augusta to Fryeburg. 
To South Paris, (see 12) .... 44 

Norway 2 46 

Watertbrd 9 55 

South Waterford 1 56 

Sweden 5 61 

Lovell 4 65 

Fryeburg Centre 4 69 

Fryeburg 5 74 

(14) Augusta to Bethel. 
To Hallowell Cross Roads • • 4 

East Winthrop 2 6 

Winthrop 4 10 

Wayne 5 15 

East Li vermore 7 2J 

North Livermore 4 26 

Canton 4 3!» 

Dixfield 9 39 

Mexico 5 44 

East Riiraford 3 47 

Rumtord 7 54 

North Bethel 3 57 

East Bethel 4 61 

Bethei 4 65 

(15) Augusta to Phillips. 
To Hallowell Cross Ro ids. . 4 

East Readfield 4 8 

Readtield 4 12 

Mount V'eJ-non 5 17 

Mt. \'ernon Village 3 20 

Vienna 6 26 

Farmington Falls 4 30 

Farmingtnn 5 35 

Strong 11 46 



Avon 3 49 

Phillips 6 55 

(16) Augusta to Anson. 

To Sidney 9 

Waterville 9 18 

Fairfield 4 22 

Bloomfield 10 32 

Skowhegan 2 34 

Norridgewock 5 3g 

Madison 8 47 

Anson 4 51 

(17) Augusta to Quebec. 

To Anson, (see 16) 51 

Embden 5 56 

Solon 3 59 

Bingham 5 64 

Moscow 12 76 

Carritunk 6 82 

The Forks 9 91 

Jackraan's 19 110 

Moose River 10 120 

State Line 20 140 

St. Charles, (Canada East). .26 166 

St. Francis 8 174 

St. Joseph 16 190 

St. Mary 12 202 

Quebec 33 235 

(18) Augusta to Belfast. 

To South Vassalboro' 9 

South China 5 14 

Palermo 5 19 

North Palermo 4 23 

Motitville 5 28 

North Searsmont 3 31 

North Belmont 6 37 

Belmont 2 39 

Belfast 6 45 

(19) Augusta to Thomaston. 

To Windsor 10 

Cooper's Mills 4 14 

West Jefferson 4 18 

JeflTei-son 4 22 

Waldoboro' 9 31 

Warren 7 38 

Thomaston 6 44 

(20) Augusta to Bangor. 

To Brown's Comers 6 

Vassalboro' 5 11 

East Vassalboro' 4 15 

China 6 21 

Albion 5 26 



42 



ROUTES IN MAINE, 



Unity 

Troy 

Dixmont 

Newburg 

Hampden 

Bangor 

(21) Bath to Bangor 

To Woolwich 

Wiscasset 

Sheepscot Br 

Newcastle 

Nobleboro' 

Waldoboro' 

Warren 

Thomaston 

East Thomaston 

West Camden 

Camden 

Lincolnville 

Northport 

Belfast 

Swanville 

North Searsport 

Frankfort Mills 

Frankfort 

North Frankfort 

Hampden 

Bangor 



8 34 

5 39 
4 43 
8 51 

11 62 

6 68 



3 

8 11 

5 16 

5 21 

2 23 

8 31 

7 38 



9 95 

2 97 

3 100 
3 103 
6 109 



(22) Bangor to Norridgewock. 

To Hermon 9 

Carmel 5 14 

Etna 3 17 

Newport 7 24 

Palmyra 5 29 

Pittsfield 6 35 

Canaan 7 42 

Skowhegan 9 51 

Norridgewock 5 56 

(23) Bangor to Greenville. 
On Moosehead Lake. 

To South Diuton 9 

Levant 3 12 

East Corinth 8 20 

West Charleston 5 25 

South Dover 6 31 

Dover 5 36 

Foxcroft 1 37 

Sangerville 8 45 

Guilford 2 47 

Abbot 4 51 

Monson 7 58 

Shirley 7 65 

Greenville 7 72 



(24) Bangor to BRovi'NsvtLLi!. 

To Jievant 12 

East Corinth 8 20 

Chai-leston 6 26 

South Atkinson 8 34 

Atkinson 7 41 

Sebec 2 43 

Williamsburg 3 45 

Brownsville 2 43 

(25) Bangor to Houlton. 
Bangor and Piscataquis R. R. 

To Steam Mill Turnout .... 4 

Half Way Station 2 6 

Upper Stillwater 3 9 

OldTown 3 12 

Stage. 

Milford 1 13 

Sunkhaze 3 16 

Greenbush 6 22 

Olamon 7 29 

Passadumkeag 2 31 

South Lincoln 11 42 

Lincoln 6 48 

Lincoln Centre 2 50 

North Lincoln 3 53 

Mattawamkeag 8 61 

South Moluncas 10 71 

Haynesville 19 90 

LiniitEus 20 110 

Houlton 6 116 

(26) Bangor to Castine. 

To Brewer 1 

Brewer Village-. 2 3 

Orrington 4 7 

"South Oirington 3 10 

North Bucksport 5 15 

Bucksport 4 19 

Orland 3 22 

North Castine 11 33 

Castine 3 36 

(27) Bangor to Ellsworth. 

To Brewer 1 

Brewer Centre 2 3 

East Brewer 4 7 

North Ellsworth 9 16 

Ellsworth 11 27 

(28) Bangor to E^st Machias. 

To Ellsworth, (see 27) 27 

North Hancock 6 33 

Franklin 7 40 

Nairaguagus 13 58 



ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



43 



East Harrington 7 65 

Coluratiiu, 4 69 

Jonesboro' 7 7G 

Machias 8 84 

East Macuias 6 90 

(29) East Machias to Lubec. 

To Whiting 12 

West Lubec 6 18 

LuBKC 5 23 

(30) East Machias to Calais. 

To Marion 9 

Dennysville 8 17 

Pembroke 6 23 

Robbinstou 13 30 

Calais 12 48 

(31) Portland to Eastport. 
To Bath, [R. 11.,] (see 11) . .35 

Belfast, (see 21) 76 111 

South Prospect 6 117 

Prospect 6 123 

Bucksport 5 128 

Orland 3 131 

Ellsworth 14 145 

East Machias, (see 28) 63 208 

Pembroke, (see 30) 23 231 

Eastport 12 243 

NEVT HAMPSHIRE. 

(32) Concord to Boston. 
Via Lowell. 

To Robinson's Ferry 4 

Hooksett 4 8 

Mai-tin's Feiry 4 12 

Manchester 5 17 

Goff'^ Falls 4 21 

Reed's Ferry 4 25 

Thornton's Ferry 3 38 

Nashua 6 34 

Little's 4 38 

Tyngsboro', Mass. 3 41 

Chelmslord 4 45 

Middlesex 2 47 

Lowell 2 49 

Billerica Mills 4 53 

Biilerica and Tewksbury ... 3 56 

Wilmington 4 60 

Woburn 5 65 

South Wob urn 2 67 

Medtord 3 70 

Somerville 2 72 

East Cambridge 2 74 

Boston -- 1 75 



(33) Concord to Boston. 
Via Lawrence. 

To Robinson's i'erry 4 

Hooksett 4 8 

Martin's Ferry 4 12 

Manchester 5 17 

Londonderry 6 23 

Dtrry 5 28 

Windham 3 31 

i?alem 5 36 

Methuen, Mass 5 41 

Lawrence 2 43 

Andover 3 46 

Balardvale 2 48 

Wilmington 6 54 

Readuig 3 57 

South l^eading 2 59 

Greenwood 1 60 

Stoneham 1 61 

Melrose i 62 

Maiden 2 64 

Somerville 3 6T 

Boston 2 69 

(34) Concord to Portsmouth. 
Portsmouth and Concord R. R. 

To Suncook 7 

Rowe's Corner 6 18 

Ctoidia 5 18 

Raymond. 6 24 

Kpiiins: 6 30 

New Market 7 87 

:>tratliam 2 89 

Greenland 4 43 

Portsmouth 4 4T 

(35) Concord to Portsmoi'th. 

To Chichester 8 

Epsom 4 12 

West North wood 6 18 

East, Nortliwood 3 21 

Nottinirham Turnpike 3 24 

Durham 7 31 

Newington ^ 37 

Portsmouth 7 44 

(35) Concord to Dover. 

To Chichester 8 

North Chichester 3 11 

Pittslield 5 16 

Stratford 11 27 

Barrington 6 33 

Dover 10 43 



44 



ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



(37) Concord to Wolfboro'. 

To Loudon 8 

Loudon Centre 6 14 

Lower C ilmaulon 4 18 

Gilmanton iron Works 5 23 

Alton 5 28 

South WoU boro' 9 37 

Wolfboro' 3 40 

(28) Concord to Haverhill. 

Bost., Concorde and Montreal R. R. 

To Last Concord 2 

North Concord 3 5 

Canterbury 5 10 

Northtield 3 13 

Saiibornton Bridge 5 18 

Union Bnd'-^e 4 22 

Mered ith Bridge 5 27 

Lake Village 2 29 

Weii''3 4 33 

Meredith Village 4 37 

Fogg's Road 4 41 

Holderness 4 45 

Plymouth 4 51 

Quincys 6 57 

Runinev 2 59 

We.-t K'limney 3 62 

WentNvorth 5 67 

Warreu 4 71 

Havkkiiill 11 S2 

(39) Concord to MoNTPELiER, Vt. 

Fia jYorthem R. R. 

To West Concord 3 

Fishersville 4 7 

Boscawen 3 10 

North Boscawen 4 14 

Franklin* 5 19 

East Andover 6 25 

Potter Place 5 30 

West Andover 3 33 

Danbury 6 39 

Gralton 5 44 

Canaan 8 52 

Enlie'.d 7 59 

East Lebanon 2 (51 

Lebanon 4 65 

West Lebanon 4 69 

Vtriuunt Central R. R. 

\Yh\ie. River Jiniction 1 70 

Wh ite River Village 2 72 

Wesi Hartlord 5 77 

Sharon 6 83 

South Royalton 4 87 

Royaltou 3 90 



Bethel 5 95 

Randolph 7 102 

Braintree 6 108 

Roxbury 8 116 

Northtield 7 123 

MONTPELIKR 10 133 

* Branch to Bristol 13—32. 

(40) Concord to Claremont. 
To West Concord, via R. R. 3 

Mast Yard 5 8 

Contoocook Village 3 11 

Warner 7 18 

Bradford 3 21 

Newbury 5 26 

Newport 10 36 

Claremont 10 46 

(41) Concord to Claremont. 

To West Concord 3 

Mast Yard 5 8 

Contoocook Village 3 11 

West Hopkinton 3 14 

Henniker 5 19 

West Henniker 1 20 

Hillsboro' Bridge 5 25 

iStage. 

Hillsboro' •••- 2 27 

Washington 9 36 

Lempster 8 44 

Unity 5 49 

Claremont S 57 

(42) Concord to Keene. 
To Hillsboro' Br., (see 41). -25 

Stage. 

Hillsboro' 2 27 

Stoddard 9 36 

Sulliv;m •••-.. g, 44 

Keene 6 50 

(43) Concord to Stewartstown. 

To Plymouth, (see 38) 51 

Campion 6 57 

Thornton 5 62 

Woodstock 6 68 

Lincoln 9 77 

Franconia 9 86 

Littleton 8 94 

Piny;reville 5 99 

Dalton 7 106 

Lancaster 7 113 

Northumberland 6 119 

Strallbrd 9 128 

Columbia 10 138 

Colebrook 9 147 

Stewartstown 8 155 



ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



45 



(44) West Lebanon to Lancas- 
ter. 

To Hanover 4 

Lyme 10 14 

Orford 7 21 

Piennont 5 26 

Haverhill. 5 31 

North Haverhill 4 35 

Bath 9 44 

Lisbon 6 50 

Littleton 10 60 

Pin£i;reville 5 65 

Dalton 7 72 

Lancaster 7 79 

(45) Conway to Littleton. 

To North Conway 3 

Lower Bartlett 3 6 

Bartlctt 6 12 

Mt. Crawford House 9 21 

Willey House 6 27 

Notch House 4 31 

Mt. Washington House 2 33 

Bethlehem 12 45 

Littleton 6 51 

(46) Great Falls to Conway. 

To Rochester 10 

Chesnut Hill 9 19 

Milton 2 21 

Union 7 28 

Wakefield 5 33 

Ossipee 10 43 

Centre Ossipee 5 48 

West Ossipee 6 54 

Eaton 9 63 

Conway 6 69 

(47) Nashua to Charlestown. 

ToMilford 11 

East Wilton 5 16 

South Lyndeboro' 3 19 

Greenfield 7 26 

Hancock 6 32 

Stoddard 10 42 

Marlow 8 50 

Alstead 7 57 

Paper Mill Village 4 61 

Langdon 2 63 

Charlestown 7 70 

(48) Nashua to Brattleboro', 
Vt. 

To Milford 11 

East Wilton 5 16 



Wilton 2 18 

Peterboro' 12 30 

Dublin 6 36 

Marlboro' 8 44 

Keene 5 49 

Chesterfield Factory 8 57 

Chesterfield 3 60 

Brattleboro' 8 68 

(49) Portland to White Moun- 

tains. 

To Conway, (see 3) 46 

North Conway 3 49 

Lower Bartlett 3 52 

Bartlctt 6 58 

Mt. Crawford House 9 67 

Willey House 6 73 

Notch House 4 77 

Mt. Washington House 2 79 

Mt. Washington 9 88 

(50) Boston to White Moun- 

tains. 

Via Dover. 
To Lawrence, (see 76) . . . . 26 
Dover 42 68 

Cocheco R. R. 

Gonic 8 76 

Rochester 2 78 

Walker's Crossing 4 82 

Farmington 4 86 

New Durham 4 90 

Downing's 1 91 

Alton Bay 5 96 

Steamboat on Winnipiseogce Lake. 

Centre Harbor 22 118 

Stage. 

Moultonboro' 5 123 

Sandwich 3 126 

South Tam worth 7 133 

Tamworth 2 135 

Eaton 7 142 

Conway 6 148 

White MouNTAiNS,(see 45)33 181 

(51) Boston to White Moun- 

tains. 

Via Concord. 

To Concord 73 

Meredith Village, (see 38).. 37 110 
Stage. 

Centre Harbor 4 114 

Conway 30 144 

White MouNTAiNs,(see 45)33 177 



46 



ROUTES IN VERMONT. 



VERMONT. 

(52) BlTRLINGTON to BoSTON. 

Via Vermont Central R. R. 

To Wiuooski 3 

Essex 4 7 

Williston 4 11 

Richmond 5 16 

Bolton 7 23 

Waterbury 6 29 

Middlesex 5 34 

MONTI'KLIER 6 40 

Northtield 10 50 

Roxbui-y 7 57 

Braintree 12 69 

Randolph 2 71 

Bethel 7 78 

Royalton 5 83 

South Royalton 2 85 

Sharon 5 90 

West Hai-tford 5 95 

White River Village 6 101 

White River Junction 2 103 

Concord 70 173 

Lowell 47 220 

Boston 26 246 

(53^ Burlington to Boston. 
To White River Junction, 

C3ee52) 103 

North Hartlaud 6 109 

Hartland 4 113 

Windsor 4 117 

Sullivan R. R. 

Olaremont 8 125 

North Charlestown 5 130 

Charlestown 5 1 35 

South Charlestow^n 4 139 

Bellows Falls 4 143 

S. Ash burnham, (see 102) . . 54 197 

FiTcnBi-RG 11 208 

Boston, (see 82) 50 258 

(54) Burlington to Bostom. 
Via Rutland and Burlington R. R. 

To Shelbui-n 6 

Charlotte 5 11 

Ferrisbiirg 4 15 

Vergennes 6 21 

New Haven 5 26 

Middlebury 7 33 

Messer's 8 41 

Whiting 3 44 

Brandon 6 50 

Pittsford 8 58 

Rutland 9 67 



Clarendon 3 70 

Cuttingsville 7 77 

Mount Holly 8 85 

Ludlow 7 92 

Proctorsville 3 95 

DuttonsvlUe 2 97 

Gassett's 5 102 

Chester 4 106 

Bartonville 4 110 

Rockingham 4 114 

Bellows Falls 6 120 

South Ashburnham 54 174 

FiTCIlBURG 11 185 

Boston, (see 82) 50 235 

(55) Burlington to Montreal. 
Via Vermont Central E. B. 

To Winooski T 

Essex Junction 4 11 

Colchester 4 15 

Milton 7 22 

Georgia 4 26 

St. Albans 9 35 

Swanton 9 44 

AlburgSpr. 7 51 

Alburg 2 53 

WestAlburg 4 57 

Rouse's Point 1 58 

Ohajtiplain & St. Lawrence B. B. 

Lacolle 6 64 

Stotfs 5 69 

Grande Ligne 6 75 

St. Johns 6 81 

Lacadu 7 88 

La Prairie Sta 7 95 

St. Lambert 6 101 

Ferry. 
Montreal 1 102 

(57) Montpelier to Norwich. 

To BaiTe 7 

Washington 8 15 

Chelsea 9 24 

Strafford 10 34 

South Strafford 2 36 

Norwich 10 46 

(58) Montpelier to Haverhill. 

To Barre 7 

Orange 7 14 

WestTopshara 5 19 

East Corinth 4 23 

Bradford Centre 3 26 

Bradford 6 32 

Haverhill 4 36 



ROUTES IN VERMONT. 



41 



^59) MONTPELIER to DeRBY LiNE. 

f^ia Danville. 

To East Moiitpelier 6 

Plainfleld 3 9 

Marshiit'ld 6 15 

Cabot 5 20 

Danville 10 30 

North Danville 4 34 

Wheolock 9 43 

Sheffield 2 45 

Banon 10 55 

Browningtoa 7 62 

Derby 9 71 

Derby I;iNE 3 74 

(60) MoNTPELIER to Sx. AlBANS. 

To Worcester 8 

Elmore 12 20 

Morristown 6 26 

Hyde Park 5 31 

Johnson 5 36 

Water ville 7 43 

Bakerstield 6 49 

East Fuirtield 3 52 

Fairfield 4 56 

St. Albans 7 63 

(CI) MoNTPELIERtoMlDDLEBURY. 

To Middlesex 6 

Moretovvn 7 13 

Waitsfield 6 19 

Warren 6 25 

Greenville 10 35 

Hancock 4 39 

Ripton 12 51 

East Middlebury 3 54 

MiDDLEBURY "5 59 

(62) Wells River to Derby L. 

To Mcln ioe's Falls 8 

Barnet 3 11 

Passumr>.-^ic 7 18 

St. Jol;n:.b'iry 4 22 

St. Johnsbury Centre 3 25 

Lyndon 5 30 

Lyndon Centre 2 32 

Sutton 7 39 

Barton 11 50 

Brownington 7 57 

Deiby 9 66 

DerbyLixe 3 69 

(63) Wells River to Danville. 

To Ryegate 5 

Peacham 9 14 

Danville 6 20 



(64) Middlebury to Troy, N. Y. 

To CornwaU 4 

Whiting., 6 10 

^uttbiiry 6 is 

Hiibbardton 6 22 

Caslleton 9 31 

Poultiiey 7 33 

<-i';inville JO 48 

Hebron 9 57 

Salem 8 65 

Jackson 6 71 

Cambridge 6 77 

Buskirk's Bridge 5 82 

Prospect Hill 5 87 

L msingburg 14 101 

Troy 4 105 

(85) Vergennes to Whitehall. 

To Addison 6 

Bridport 8 14 

Slioreham 6 20 

Orwell 6 26 

Benson 6 32 

West Haven 6 38 

Whitehall 8 46 

(66) Rutland to Albany, N. T. 
Vhi Western Venno7it R. B. 

To Clarendon 6 

Wallintrford .3 9 

S. Waliingford 4 13 

Danby 5 18 

Nortli Dorset 4 22 

East Dorset 3 25 

Manchester 5 30 

Snnderland 6 86 

Arlington .3 39 

Shaftsbury 5 44 

!^. Shaftsbury 5 49 

North Bennington 2 51 

To Albany, (see 167) 3S 89 

(67) Rutland to N. Adams, IMass. 

Clarendon 6 

Waliingford 3 9 

Danby 9 18 

East Dorset 8 26 

Factory Point 5 31 

Manchester 2 33 

Sunderland 3 36 

Arlington 3 39 

Shaftsbury 8 47 

f^outh Shaftsbuiy 3 50 

Bennington 4 54 

Pownall 9 63 

Williamstown 5 68 

North Adams 5 73 



48 



ROUTES IN VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS. 



(68) Rutland to Bethel. 

To PiUsR(3ld 15 

Stockbridge 4 19 

Gaysvitle 3 22 

Bethel 5 27 

C69) Bethel to Charlestown, 
N. H. 



To Barnard 8 

Woodstock 9 

South Woodstock 4 

ReadLiis? 6 

Felchville 3 

Upperlalls 4 

Perkinsville 3 

North Springfield 2 

Springfield 4 

Charlestown 6 

(70) Brattleboro' to Derby 

Stao-e. 

To Chesterfield 8 

Westmoreland 6 

Cheshire R. R. 

Walpole 6 

Bellows Falls 4 

Sullivan R. R. 

South Charlestown 4 

Charlestown 4 

North Chai-lestown 5 

Clai'emont 5 

Windsor 8 

Vermont and Central R. R. 

Hartland 4 

North Hartland 4 

White River Junction 6 

Connecticut and Passuvipsic R. R. 

Norwich 5 69 

Pompanoosuc 5 74 

Thetford •• 5 79 

North Thetford 2 81 

Fairlee 5 86 

Bradford 7 93 

Newbury ■ " 100 

Wells River 4 104 

Stage. 
Derby Line, (see 62) 69 173 

(71) Bennington to Charles- 

town, N. H. 

South Shaftsbury 4 

Shaftsbury 3 7 

Arlington 8 15 

Sunderland 3 18 

Manchester 3 21 



FactorvPoint 2 23 

WindliaU 4 27 

Peru 5 32 

Landsgrove 3 35 

Londonderry 2 37 

Simonsville 7 44 

Chester -• 6 50 

Springfield 8 58 

Charlestown 6 64 

(72) Bellows F's. to Arlington. 

To Cambridgeport 3 

Saxton's River 3 6 

Athens 5 

Townsend 8 

West Townsend 5 

North Wardsburo' 5 

West Wardsburo' 4 

Stratton 4 

Sunderland H 

Arlington 4 

(73) Brattleboro' to Albany, 
N. V. 

To West Brattleboro' 2 

Marlboro' 7 9 

Wilmington 9 1« 

Searsbury 5 23 

Woodford 14 37 

Bennington 4 41 

Hoosick 



Potter Hill 5 53 

Pittstown 4 57 

Rayniertown 4 61 

Troy 9 >l 

Albany o 7b 

* North Hoosick 5—53. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

(74) Boston to Portland. 

Via Eastern R. R. 

To Portland, (see 1) 105 

(75) Boston to Portland. 
Via Boston and Maine R. R.^ 

To Portland, (see 2) 

(76) Boston to Lawrence, 
Boston and Maine R. R. 

To Somerville 2 

Maiden* 3 

Mehose * 

Stoneham 1 

Greenwood 1 



111 



South Readmg 1 1^ 



Reading 



2 12 



ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



49 



Wilm'maton 3 15 

BaUardvale 6 21 

Andover 2 23 

Lawrence 3 26 

* Bmnoh to Bedford 2—7. 

(77) Boston to Lowell. 

To East Cambridge 1 

Somerville 2 3 

Medford 2 5 

South Woburn* 3 8 

Woburn 2 10 

Wilmington 5 15 

Billerica and Tewksbury . . . 4 19 

Billericii Mills 3 22 

Lowell 4 20 

* Br. to Wobum Centre 2—10. 

(78) Boston to Concord, N. H. 
Via Lawi'ence. (see 33) — 

(79) Boston to Concord, N. H. 
Via Lowell, (see 3-\^ 75 

(80) Boston to White Mts, 
Via Dover, (see 50) 181 

(81) Boston to White Mts. 
Via Concord, N. H. (see 51) 177 

(82) Boston to Fitchburg. 
Fitchburg R. R. 

To Somerville 3 

West Cambridge* 3 6 

Waltham 4 10 

Stonv Brook 2 12 

Weston 1 13 

Lincoln 4 17 

Concord 3 20 

South Acton 5 25 

West Acton 2 27 

Littleton 4 31 

Grotont 4 35 

Shirley 5 40 

Lunenburg 2 42 

Leominster 4 46 

FlTCHBlRG 4 50 

Branch to Watertown 5 miles. 

* Branch to Lexington — 12. 

t Branch to Chelmsl'ord 13 — 48. 

(r>3) Boston to Albany. 

Boston and Worcester R.R. 

To Brighton 5 

Newton Corner 2 7 

Newtonville 1 8 

WestNewton* I 9 

Grantville 5 14 



WestNeedham 1 15 

Natickt 3 18 

Framingham:j: 4 22 

Ashland 2 24 

Southboro' 4 28 

Westboro' 4 32 

Graftong 6 38 

Worcester 6 44 

Western R. R. 

Clappville 9 53 

Charlton 4 57 

Spencer 5 62 

East Brookfield 2 64 

South Brookfield 3 67 

West Brookfield 2 69 

Warren 4 73 

Palmer 10 83 

Wilbraham 9 92 

Springfield 6 98 

West Springfield 2 100 

Westfield 8 108 

Russell 8 116 

Chester Village 3 1 19 

Chester ractoi7 7 126 

Becket Station 9 135 

Washington .. 3 138 

Hinsdale 5 143 

Dalton 3 146 

PiTTSriELD 5 151 

Shaker Village 3 154 

Richmond 5 159 

State Line 3 162 

Albany and W. Stockbridoe R. R, 

Canaan 5 167 

East Chatham 5 172 

Chatham Four Corners 5 177 

Chatham Centre 4 181 

Kinderhook 3 184 

Schodack 8 192 

Greenbiish 7 199 

Albany 1 200 

* Br. to Newton Low. Falls 1-10. 

+ Br. to Saxonville 4—22. 

X Br. to Milfbrd 12—34. 

§Br. toMiUbury 4— 42. 

(84) Boston to New York. 
To Springfield, (see 83) . .98 
JV. Haveiii Hartford., and Spring 
field R. R. 

Long Meadow 4 102 

ThompsonvlUe 4 106 

Warehouse Point 3 i09 

Windsor Locks 2 111 

Windsor 6 117 

5 



50 



ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



5 205 
2 207 
2 209 
4 213 
4 217 

6 223 
11 234 



Hartford 7 124 

New Britain o '■^i 

Berlin 3 ]'^,^ 

Meriden 7 142 

Wallingford 6 148 

North Haven 5 153 

New Haven* 7 160 

JVew York and JVew Haven R. R. 

Milford 10 110 

Stratford 4 1/4 

Bridgeport ■* ^'° 

Fairfield 5 183 

Soiithport 1 1»4 

Westport 4 JSa 

Norwalk 4H^2 

Darien ■^ ^;'^ 

Stamford 5 200 

Greenwich 

Port Chester 

Kye 

Mamnroneck 

New Rochelle 

Williams Bridge 

32d street. New York 

New York " -"*J^ 

* Steamboat to N. York 80—240. 

(85) Boston to New Y'ork. 
Fia Jforwich. 
To Worcester, (see 83).- -44 
J\'urwich and Worcester R- /2. 

Junction 1 45 

Auburn ^ 48 

Oxford \ f5 

North Village 4 59 

Webster \ 

Wilson 



(86) Boston to New York. 
Boston and Providence R. R. 

ToRoxbury 2 

Jamaica Plain 2 

Readville - 5 

Canton 

Sharon 

FOXBORO' 

ISlansfield 

Tobey's 

Attleboro' 

Dodgeville 

Pawtucket 

Providence 4 

Stonington R. R. 

Junction 

Warwick 

Greenwich 

Wickford 

Kingston 

Carolina 

Richmond Switch 

Charleston 

Westerly 5 8S 

Stonington 5 iJJ 

Steamboat. 

New York 125 218 

(87) Boston to New York. 
Via Fall River. 

To Dorchester 4 



5 


14 


4 


18 


4 


22 


2 


24 


2 


26 


5 


31 


1 


32 


7 


39 


4 


43 


4 


47 


7 


54 


3 


57 


6 


63 


7 


70 


fi 


76 


3 


79 


4 


83 



Quincy 



3 

Fisherville J 

Mason's 1 

Thompson ^ 

Pomfret 3 

Daysville ^ 

Danielson villa ^ 

Central Village 6 

Plainfield ^ 

Jewett City 



Gnieneville 9 102 



8 118 



Norwich 

AUyn'a Point* 

Steamboat 

New London ^e o^o 

KewYork 125 243 

* Steamboat — 

To Greenport, N. Y., 32-142. 

New York, (see 151,) 96—238. 



South Braintree 3 

Randolph 4 

East Stough ton 2 

North Bridgewater 3 

Plahiville 3 

Keith's Furnace 1 

East and West Bridgewater 1 25 

Bridgewater 2 27 

Titicut 4 31 

Middleboro' 4 

Haskln's * 

Myrick's ^ 

Assonet ^ 

Miller's " 

Fall River •> 

Steamboat. 

Newport ;19 '^ 

New York loJ 2.J8 

(83) Boston to Blackstone. 
JVorfoik Co. R. R. 

ToDedham 10 

Ellis' Station ^ \^ 

South Dedham A *^* 



ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



61 



Durfee'9 1 15 

Plymptoa 2 17 

Walpole 1 18 

Campbell's Pond 3 21 

Norlh VVrentham 2 23 

City Mills 2 25 

Franklin 2 27 

Bellintirham 3 30 

Mill River 3 33 

Blackstone 2 35 

(89) Boston to New Bedford. 
Boston and Providence R. R. 

ToRoxbary 2 

Jamaica Plain 2 4 

Readville 5 9 

Canton 5 14 

Sharon 4 18 

FoxEORo' 4 22 

Mansfield 2 24 

Taunton Branch R. R, 

Norton 4 28 

Crane 3 31 

Taunton 4 35 

JVcjo Bedford and Taunton R. R. 

Myrick's 6 41 

New Bedford 14 55 

(90) Boston to Sandwich. 
To Middleboro', (see 87). • .35 

Cape Cod Branch R. R. 

Rock Station 5 40 

South Middleboro' 3 43 

West Wareham 4 47 

South Wareham 1 48 

Wareham 2 50 

Agawam 2 52 

Cohasset Narrows 2 54 

Monument 2 56 

North Sandwich 3 59 

West Sandwich 1 60 

Sandwich 2 62 

(91) Boston to Plymouth. 

To Crescent Avenue 2 

Dorchester 2 4 

Neponset 1 5 

Squantum 1 6 

Quincy 2 8 

Braintree 2 10 

South Braintree 1 11 

South Weymouth . 4 15 

North Abington 3 18 

Abington 1 19 

South Abington 2 21 

North Hanson 2 23 



Hanson •.... 2 25 

Halifax 3 28 

Plympton 2 30 

Kingston 3 33 

Plymouth 4 37 

(92) Boston to Cohasset. 

To Braintree, (see 91) 10 

East Braintree 1 11 

Weymouth 1 12 

North Weymouth 2 14 

East Weymouth I 15 

Hingham 2 17 

Nantasket 2 19 

Cohasset 3 22 

(93) Boston to Gloucester. 
Eastern R. R. 

To North Chelsea 4 

Lynn 5 9 

Swarascot 2 11 

Salem 3 14 

Beverly 2 16 

Manchester 9 25 

Gloucester 5 30 

(94) Salem to Lawrence. 
Fia Essex R. R. 

To South Danvers 2 

North Danvers 3 5 

Middleton 5 10 

North Andover 10 20 

Sutton's Mills 1 21 

Lawrence 1 22 

(95) Lowell to Lawrence. 

To Tewksbury Centre 6 

Shed's Crossing 2 8 

Lawrence 5 13 

(96) Worcester to Nashua, N.H. 
Worcester and JVashua R. R. 

To West Boylston 9 

Oakdale 1 10 

Sterling 2 12 

CUntonville 4 16 

New Boston 2 18 

Lancaster 1 19 

Still River 4 23 

Harvard 2 25 

Groton Junction 3 28 

Groton Centre 3 31 

Pepperell 5 36 

Hollis,N. H 3 39 

Nashua 6 45 



52 



ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



(97) Worcester to Lowell. 
To Grotoii Junction, (see 96) 28 
Stony Brook R. R. 

Forge Village 6 34 

Westford 4 38 

Factory Village 2 40 

Chelmsford 1 41 

Lowell 4 45 

(98) Worcester to Providence. 

To Blackstone 25 

Providence, (see 118) 18 43 

(99) Worcester to Fitchburg. 

To West Boylston 9 

Oakdale 1 10 

Sterling Junction 2 12 

Sterling 2 14 

Leominster 7 21 

Fitcuburg 6 27 

(100) Fitchburg to Brattle- 

BORO', Vt. 

Vermont and Massachusetts R. R. 

To West Fitch bm-g 2 

Westminster 3 5 

Ashburnham 6 11 

Gardner 4 15 

Dadraanville 4 19 

Baldwinville 2 21 

Royalston 6 27 

Athol 6 33 

Orange 4 37 

Wendall 3 40 

Erving 2 42 

Montague 6 48 

North field Farms 3 51 

Northfield 6 57 

South Vernon 2 59 

Vernon 5 64 

Brattleboro' 5 69 

(101) Fitchburg to Greenfield. 
To Montague, (see 100) ....48 
Greenfield 7 55 

(102) Fitchburg to Bellows 

Falls, Vt. 
Via Cheshire R. R. 
To Ashburnham, (see 100). 11 

North Ashburnliam — 4 15 

Winchendon 4 19 

Fitzwilliam, N. H 9 28 

Troy 5 33 

Marlboro' 4 37 

Kkene 6 43 



East Westmoreland 8 51 

Westmoreland 4 55 

Walpole 6 61 

Bellows Falls, Vt 4 65 

(103) Springfield to Brattle- 

boro', Vt. 
Connecticut River R. R. 

To Cabotville* 3 

Willimansett 3 6 

Ireland 2 8 

Smith's Ferry 5 13 

Northampton 4 17 

Hatfield 4 21 

Whately 5 20 

South Deertield 2 28 

Deertield 5 33 

Greenfield 3 36 

Bernardston 7 43 

South Vernon, Vt 7 50 

Vernon 5 55 

Brattleboro' 5 60 

* Br. to Chicopee Falls 2—5. 

(104) Springfield to New Havkn, 
Conn., and New York. 

Via J\rew Haven, Hartford, and 
Spring-field R. R. 

To Long Meadow 4 

Thompsonville 4 8 

Warehouse Point 3 11 

Windsor Locks 2 13 

Windsor 6 19 

Hartford 7 26 

Wetherslield 5 31 

New Britaui 3 34 

Berlin* 3 37 

ftleriden 7 44 

Wallinuford 6 50 

North H aven 5 55 

New Haven+ 7 62 

Steamboat. 

New York 80 142 

t N. York and N. Haven R.R.— 
New York, (see 128,) 76—138. 

* Branch to Middletown 10 m. 

(105) Pittsfield to N. Adams. 

To Packard's 3 

East Lanesboro' 3 6 

Cheshire 3 9 

Cheshire Harbor 2 H 

Maple Grove 2 13 

South Adams 1 14 

North Adams 6 20 



ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



63 



(106) PiTTSFIELD to NeW YoRK. 

Stockbrldgc and Pittsjicld R. R. 

To Umax 8 

Lee 3 11 

Stockbridge 6 17 

Van Dyusenville 6 23 

BaiTiiigton 2 25 

Iloasatonic R. R, 

Sheffield G 31 

Canaan, Conn 6 37 

Falls Village 6 43 

West Cornwall 6 49 

Cornwall Bridge 4 53 

Kent 9 62 

Gaylord's Bridge 6 68 

New Milford 7 75 

Brookfield 6 81 

Hawleyville 6 87 

Newtown 4 91 

Botsibrd 4 95 

Stepney 5 100 

Bridgeport* 10 110 

Steamboat. 

New York 60 170 

* N York and N. Haven R. R — 
New York, (see 128,) 59—169. 

(107) S. Deerfield to Adams. 

To Conway 7 

Ashfield 6 13 

Plainfield 8 21 

Savoy 7 28 

Adams 8 36 

(108) Greenfield to N. Adams. 

To Shelburne 4 

Shelburne Falls 5 9 

Charleraont 8 17 

Florida 12 29 

North Adams 5 34 

(109) Northampton to Pitts- 

field. 

To Chesterfield 13 

Worthington 6 19 

Peru 4 23 

Hinsdale 3 26 

Dalton 3 29 

PiTTSFIELD 6 35 

(110) NiRTH Andover to New- 

BURYPORT. 

To West Boxford 5 

Georgetown 4 9 

Byfleld 4 13 

Nkwburyport 6 19 



(111) Haverhill to Newburt- 

PORT. 

To East Haverhill 6 

West Amesbury 3 9 

Araesbnry 4 13 

Salisbury 2 15 

Bellevilleport 1 16 

Nkwburyport 2 18 

(112) Sandwich to Province T. 

To East Sandwich 6 

West Barnstable 4 10 

Barnstable 6 16 

Yarmouth port 3 19 

Yai-mouth 1 20 

Dennis 3 23 

East Dennis 1 24 

West Brewster 4 28 

Brewster 2 30 

East Brewster 3 33 

Orleans 2 35 

East Orleans 4 39 

Easthain 2 41 

NorthEaathara 2 43 

South Wellfleet 3 46 

Weimeet 4 50 

Tnu-o 7 57 

North Truro 4 61 

Provincetown 7 68 

(113) Sandwich to Wood's Hole. 

To West Sandwich 2 

Monument 4 6 

Pocassett 3 9 

North Falmouth 4 13 

West Falmouth 4 17 

Falmouth 4 21 

Wood's Hole 4 25 

(114) N. Bedford to Edgartown. 

To Wood's Hole 30 

Holmes' Hole 8 38 

Edgartown 13 51 

(115) N. Bedford to Nantucket. 

Wood's Hole 30 

Nantucket 36 66 

(116) N. Bedford to Providence. 

To North Dartmouth 3 

Westport 5 8 

Fall River 8 16 

Swanzey 4 20 

North Swanzey 5 25 

South Seekonk 3 28 

Providence, R. I. 6 34 

5* 



64 



ROUTES IN RHODE ISLAND. 



RHODE ISLAND. 

(117) Providence to Boston. 
Boston and Providence R. R. 

To Pawtucket 4 

Doda;eville 7 11 

Attleboro' 1 12 

Tobey's 5 17 

Mansfield 2 19 

FoxBORo' 2 21 

Sharon 4 25 

Canton 4 29 

Readville 5 34 

Jamaica Plain 5 39 

Roxbury 2 41 

Boston 2 43 

(118) Providence to Worcester. 

Providence and Worcester R. R. 

To Pawtucket 5 

Valley Falls , ..1 6 

Lonsdale ] 7 

Ashton 3 10 

Albion 1 11 

Manville 1 12 

Hamlet 3 15 

Woonsocket 1 16 

Watertbrd ) o ia 

Blackstone \ "' ^^ 

Millville 2 20 

Uxbridge 5 25 

Whitins 2 27 

Northbridge 4 31 

Farnum's 2 33 

Grafton 1 34 

Sutton 1 35 

Millbu/y 2 37 

Grand Junction 5 42 

Worcester 1 43 

(11&) Providence to Williman- 

TIC. 

Via Plainfield. 

To South Scituate 11 

Mount Vernon 6 17 

RiceCitv 2 19 

Sterling, Conn 5 24 

Plainfield 4 28 

Canterbury 4 32 

Westminster 3 35 

Scotland 3 38 

Windham 4 42 

WlLLlMANTIC 3 45 



(120) Providence to Hartford, 

Conn. 
Via West Killijighj. 

To North Scituate 10 

South Foster 6 16 

South Killingly 8 24 

West Killingly 3 27 

Brooklyn 4 31 

Howard's Valley 6 37 

Windham 7 44 

WlLLlM ANTIC 3 47 

Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill 
R.R. 

South Coventry 4 51 

Andover 4 55 

Bolton 4 59 

Vernon 4 63 

Union Village 4 67 

East Harttbrd 8 75 

Hartford 2 77 

(121) Providence to Stonington 

and New York. 
Via Stonington R. R. 

To Junction 4 

Warwick 7 11 

Greenwich 3 14 

Wickford 6 20 

Kingston 7 27 

Carolina 6 33 

Richmond 3 36 

Charleston 4 40 

Westerly •• 5 45 

Stonington 5 50 

Steawboat. 

New York 125 175 

(122) Providence to Newport. 

To Barrington 8 

Warren 6 14 

Bristol 4 18 

Portsmouth 6 24 

Newport 9 33 

(123) Providence to Fall River. 

To South Sekonk 6 

North Swanzej' 3 9 

Swanzev 5 14 

Fall River 4 18 

(124) Providence to Kingston. 

To P. wtuxet 5 

Warwick 6 11 

East Greenwich 3 14 

Wickford 8 22 

Kingston 10 32 



ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT. 



55 



(125) Providence to N. London. 

ToNatjck 9 

CentreviUe 2 11 

Coveniry 2 13 

West (jreeuvvich 5 18 

Pine Hill 4 22 

Brand's Iron Works G 28 

Hopkinton 6 34 

North Monington, Conn 6 40 

Mystic 6 46 

Centre Grotou 3 49 

Groton 4 53 

New London 1 54 

(126) Providence to Thompson, 
Conn. 

To Fruit Hill 4 

Greenville 5 9 

Chepacket 7 16 

Thompson 11 27 

(127) Fall River to Newport. 

To Tiverton 6 

PortsniiKiLli 3 9 

Newport 9 18 

CONNECTICUT. 
(128) New Haven to New York. 

JVew York and JVew Haven R. R. 

ToMilibrd 10 

Stratford 4 14 

Bridgeport 4 18 

Fairfield 5 23 

Southport 1 24 

Westport 4 28 

Norwalk 4 32 

Darien 3 35 

Stamford 5 40 

Greenwich 5 45 

Port Chester 2 47 

Rye 2 49 

Mamaroneck 4 53 

New Kochelle 4 57 

Williams' Bridge 6 63 

32d street, N. Y 11 74 

New York 2 76 

(129) Hartford to New York. 

J^Tew Haveri, Hartford, and Sprintr- 

field R. R. 

To Wetherslield 5 

New Britain 3 8 

BerUn* 3 11 

Meriden 7 18 

WaUiiigford 6 24 



North Haven 5 29 

New HAVENt 7 36 

New York, (see 128) 76 112 

&tea..ibuat. 
t To New York 80— 116. 
* Branch to Middletowu 10 ra. 

(130) Hartford to Boston. 

To Windsor 7 

Windsor Locks 6 13 

Warehouse Point 2 15 

Thompsonville 3 18 

Springfield 8 26 

Boston, (see 83) 98 124 

(131) Hartford to New Haven. 
Stao-e. 

To Wethersfield 4 

Rocky Hill 3 7 

Upper Middletown 5 12 

Middletown 2 14 

Durham 7 21 

Northford 7 28 

Fan-haven 10 38 

New Haven 2 40 

(132) Hartford to New London. 
R. R. via WUhmantic. 

To East Hartford 2 

Union Village 8 10 

Vernon 4 14 

Bolton 2 16 

Andover 6 22 

South Coventry 5 27 

VVillimantic 3 30 

Spoflbrdsville 3 33 

Lebanon Crossings 5 38 

Moi-se's Mills 2 40 

Yantic 1 41 

Norwich Plains 1 42 

Norwich 2 44 

Uncasville 7 51 

New London 7 58 

(133) Hartford to New London. 

To East Hartford 1 

Glastonbury 5 6 

Marlboro' 10 16 

Colchester 8 24 

Salem 6 30 

Chesterfield 6 36 

Ni-w London 8 44 

(134) Hartford to Norwich. 

To East Hartford 1 

Manchester 9 10 



56 



ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT. 



Bolton 4 14 

Auduvt'i- 5 19 

Columbia 4 23 

LilxTly Hill 4 27 

Lebiinon 3 30 

Fraul<lin 7 37 

Norwichtown 3 40 

Norwich 2 42 

(135) Hartford to ^Vestfield. 

To Bloomfield G 

Tariirville 5 11 

Grauby 4 15 

Soutii wick, Mass 7 22 

Westfield 5 27 

(136; Hartford to Canaan. 

To West Hartford 3 

Avon 7 10 

Canton 3 13 

CoUinsville 2 15 

New H artford 6 21 

Winchei^ter 6 27 

Nonolk 10 37 

Canaan 6 43 

(137) N. Haven to Farmington, 

Conn. 

Canal R. R. 

To Ilamden Plains 4 

Centreville 3 7 

INIount Carmel 2 9 

Cheshire 7 16 

Hitchcock's 4 20 

South in!j;ton Corners 2 22 

Soulhinuton 1 23 

Plaiuvi.le* 5 28 

Farmington 3 31 

Avon 6 37 

Weaioi^nie 3 40 

Simsbury 2 42 

TarittVilie 3 45 

* Branch to CoUinsville 11.. 39 

(18S) New Haven to N. London. 

N. [litTf^n and K London R. R. 

To Fair Haven 2 

East \U\en 1 3 

Plantsviile 2 5 

Branfonl 3 8 

Stonv Creek 3 11 

Guiltonl 5 16 

East; lii ver 1 17 

Madison 3 20 

Clinton 3 23 

West Brook 5 2S 



Saybrook 3 81 

Connecticut Kiver 2 33 

Lvme 1 34 

South Lvme 4 38 

E;\5t Lyme 5 43 

Niantic 3 46 

Waterford 2 48 

New London 2 50 

(139) Allyn's Pt. to Worcester. 

Norwich 7 

Greeneville 1 8 

Jewett City 9 17 

Plaintleld 6 23 

Central Village 3 26 

Dauielson ville 6 32 

Daysville 3 35 

Pomlret 5 40 

Thompson 3 43 

Mason's 2 45 

Fisherville 1 46 

Wilson's 1 47 

Webster 3 50 

North Village 1 51 

Oxford 4 55 

Auburn 7 62 

Grand Junction 3 65 

Worcester 1 66 

(140) New London to Palmer. 

JSTexD London^ fVillimantic, and 

Palmer R. R. 

To Uncasville 7 

Norwich 7 14 

Norwich Plains 2 16 

Yantic 1 17 

Morse's Mills 1 18 

Lebanon Crossings 2 20 

Spoffordsville 5 25 

WiLLiM antic 3 28 

Coventry 5 33 

Mansfield 3 36 

Tolland 6 42 

Stafford 3 45 

Monson 17 62 

Palmer 4 66 

(141) East Haddam to Norwich. 

To Mechanicsville 3 

Westchester 4 7 

Colchester 5 12 

Bozrah ville 7 19 

Bozrah 2 21 

Norwichtown 4 25 

Norwich 2 27 



ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT NEW YORK. 



57 



(142) WiLLIMANTIC to BRISTOL. 

To Fouth Coventry 3 

Ando vtr 3 6 

Bolton 3 9 

Vernon 6 15 

Manchester 4 19 

East Hartford .10 29 

Hartford 2 31 

Newington 8 39 

New Britain 3 42 

PlainvilJe 3 45 

Forestville 3 48 

Bristol 3 51 



(143) Bridgeport to Albany. 
Via Housatonic R. R. 

To Stepney 10 

Botsford 5 15 

Newtown 4 19 

Hawleyville 4 23 

Brooktield 6 29 

New Milford 6 35 

Gaylord's Bridge 7 42 

Kent 6 48 

Cornwall Bridge 9 57 

WestCornwall 4 61 

Falls Village 6 67 

Canaan 6 73 

Sheffield 6 79 

Barrington 6 85 

Van Deusenville 2 87 

West Stockbridge 8 95 

State Line .'... 3 98 

Western R. R. 

Canaan 5 103 

East Chatham 5 108 

Chatham Four Corners 5 113 

Chatham Centre 4 117 

Kinderhook 3 120 

Schodack 8 128 

Albany 8 136 

(144) Bridgeport to Winsted. 
JSTaugatuck R. R. 

To Stratford 4 

Junction 1 5 

Derby 9 14 

Ansonia 2 16 

Humphreysville 4 20 

Naugatuck 7 27 

Waterbury 5 32 

WaterviUo 3 35 



Plymouth 7 42 

Camp's Mills 5 47 

Litchfield Station 2 49 

Wolcottville 3 52 

Burrville 5 ,57 

Winsted 5 (53 

(145) NORWALK to D ANBURY. 

To Wilton (viaR. E.) 7 

Ridgefield 5 12 

Danbury 12 24 

NEW YORK. 

(146) New York to Boston. 
JVeto York mid Mew Haven R. R. 

32d street. New York 2 

W'illiams' Bridge 11 13 

New Rochelle G 19 

Mamaroneck 4 23 

Rye 4 27 

Port Chester 2 29 

Greenwich 2 31 

Stamford 5 36 

Darien 5 41 

Norwalk 3 44 

Westport 4 48 

Sonthport 4 52 

Fairfield 1 .53 

Bridgeport 5 58 

t^tratfbrd 4 62 

Milford 4 66 

New Haven 10 76 

JV. Haven, Hartford, and Spring- 
field R. R, 

North Haven 7 83 

Wallingford 5 88 

Meriden 6 94 

Berlin 7 101 

New Britain 3 104 

Hartford 8 112 

Windsor 7 119 

Windsor Locks 6 125 

Warehouse Point 2 127 

Thompsonville 3 130 

Springfield 8 138 

Western R. R. 

Wilbraham 6 144 

Pahner 9 153 

Warren 10 163 

West Brooktield 4 167 

South Brooktield 2 169 

East Brooktield 3 172 

Spencer 2 174 

Charlton 5 179 



58 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



Clappville 4 183 

Worcester 9 192 

Boston and Worcester R. R. 

Graltou 6 198 

Westboro' 6 204 

Soulhboro' 4 208 

Ashland 4 212 

Framingham 2 214 

Natick 4 218 

West Needham 3 221 

Grantville 1 222 

West Newton 5 227 

Nevvtonville 1 228 

Newton Corner 1 229 

Brighton 2 231 

Boston 5 236 

(147) New York to Boston. 
Steamboat. 

To New London 125 

Allyn's Point 8 133 

J^'oricich and Worcester R. R. 

Norwich 7 140 

Greenville 1 141 

Jewett City 9 150 

Plainfiekl 6 156 

Central Village 3 159 

Danielsonville 6 165 

Davsville 3 168 

Pomfret 5 1"3 

Thompson 3 176 

Mason's 2 178 

Fisherville 1 l'^9 

Wilson 1 1^6 

Webster 3 183 

North Village 1 iS4 

Oxford 4 188 

AubLirn "7 19o 

Jimction 3 198 

Worcester 1 199 

Grafton 6 20o 

Westboro' 6 211 

Southboro' 4 215 

Ashland 4 219 

Framingham 2 221 

Natick. 4 225 

West Needham 3 228 

Grantville 1 229 

West Newton 5 234 

Newtonville 1 235 

Newton Corner 1 236 

Brighton 2 238 

Boston 5 243 

(148) New York to Boston. 
To Stonington, {Steamboat).- 125 



Stonington R.R. 

Westerly 5 130 

Charleston 5 135 

Richmond Switch 4 139 

Carolina 3 142 

Kincrston 6 148 

Wickford 7 155 

Greenwich 6 161 

Warwick 3 164 

Junction 7 171 

Providence 4 175 

Boston and Providence R. R. 

Pawtucket 4 179 

Dodgeville 7 186 

Attleboro' 1 187 

Tobey's 5 192 

Mansfield 2 194 

Foxboro' 2 196 

Sharon 4 200 

Canton 4 204 

Readville 5 209 

Jamaica Plain 5 214 

Roxbui7 2 216 

Boston 2 218 

(149) New York to Boston 
Steamboat. 

To Newport 165 

Fall River 19 184 

Fall River R. R. 

Miller's 3 187 

Assonet 6 193 

Myrick's 3 196 

Haskin's 5 201 

Middleboro' 2 203 

Titicut 4 207 

Bridgewater 4 211 

East and West Bridgewater 2 213 

Keith's Furnace 1 214 

Plainville I 215 

North Bridgewater 3 218 

Eii8t Stoughton 3 221 

Randolph 2 223 

South Braintree 4 227 

Quincy 3 230 

Dorchester 4 234 

Boston 4 238 

(150) New York to Boston. 
Loner Island R. R. 

To Greenport (see 151) 96 

Steamboat. 

Allyn's Point 32 128 

Railroad. 
Boston, (see 147) 110 238 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



59 



(151) jS'Ktv York to Greenport. 
To Brooklyn 1 

Luncr Island R. R. 

Bedford 2 3 

East New York 3 G 

Union Course 3 9 

Woodville 1 lU 

Jamaica 2 1-2 

Brushville 3 15 

Hyde Park 3 18 

Hemiwtoad Branch* 3 21 

Carl Place 2 23 

Westbury 1 24 

Hicksville 3 27 

Farmin:^dale 6 33 

Deer Park 6 39 

Thoiiips;)n 3 42 

Suffolk Station 3 45 

Lake Road 5 50 

Medtbrd 6 56 

Yaphank 5 Gl 

St. George's Manor 6 G7 

Riverhead 8 75 

Jaraesport 5 80 

Mattetuck 4 84 

Cutcho>,'ue 3 87 

HerraitaKe 4 91 

So'ithold 1 92 

Greenport 4 96 

• Branch to Hempstead 2i— 23i. 

(152) N. York to Philadelphia. 

Steamboat, 

To Jersey City 1 

J^eiv Jersey R. R. 

Newark 8 9 

Elizabethtown 5 14 

Rahway 6 20 

Freemmi's 7 27 

New Brunswick 5 32 

JV*. Brunsioick and Trenton R. R. 

Kingston 13 45 

Princeton 4 49 

Trentoh 10 59 

Morrisville, Pa. 1 GO 

Philadelphia and Trenton R. R. 

Bristol 9 69 

Andalusia -.. 4 73 

Cornwoll's 2 75 

Tacony 5 80 

PhilaAlelphia Depot 7 87 

Philadelphia Exchange . 2 89 

(153) N. York to Philadelphia. 

Str-atiiboat. 
To South Amboy 28 



Camden and Amboy R. R. 

South River 5 33 

Spotswood 5 38 

West's 4 42 

Prospect Plains 3 45 

Hightstown 4 49 

Centreville 4 53 

Newtown 3 56 

Sand Hills 2 58 

BORDENTOWN 5 63 

Kincora 4 67 

Burlington 4 71 

Rancocas River 6 77 

Palmyra 5 82 

Camueu 7 89 

Steamboat. 

Philadelphia 1 90 

(154) N. York to Philadelphia. 

To Trenton, (see 152) 59 

Bordentowu 7 66 

Philadelphia, (see 153,) ..27 93 

(155) N. Y. to Washington, D.C. 
To Philadelphia, (see 152).. 89 

Baltimore, (see 257) 97 186 

Washington, (see 299) .... 40 226 

(156) New York to Troy. 
Steamboat. 
To Manhattanville 8 

* Fort Lee 1 9 

Fort Washington 2 11 

Yonkers 6 17 

Hastings 3 20 

Dobb's Ferry 2 22 

*Piermont 2 24 

Tarry town 3 27 

*Nyack 2 29 

Sing Sing 4 33 

*Havei-straw 3 36 

Verplank's Point 5 41 

*Caldweir3 3 44 

Peekskill 2 46 

Anthony's Nose 1 47 

* West Point 5 52 

Cold Spring 1 53 

* Cornwall 4 57 

Fish kill Landing 4 61 

*Newburq 

New Hamburg 6 67 

* Milton 3 70 

Pocghkeepsie 4 74 

*NewPaltz 1 75 

HydePark 5 80 



60 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



Staatsburg 3 83 

Rhuiebeck Landing 7 DO 

* Kingston Landing 1 91 

Barry U)wn 4 95 

•Saugerties G 101 

*CVTSKILL 10 111 

Hudson 5 116 

* Alliens 

Coliimbiaville 4 120 

*Coxsackie 4 l:i4 

Kinderhook Landing 3 127 

* New Baltimore 4 131 

Schodack 2 133 

Coeyinan's T 134 

CasUeton 3 137 

Overslaugh 5 142 

•Albany 3 145 

Greeiibush 

Trov 6 151 

Those marked thus ( * ) are on 
the west side of the river. 

(157) New York to Albany. 

JVao York and Harlem R. R. 

To 32d street 3 

Yorkville 3 6 

Harlem 2 8 

Mottsville 2 10 

Morrisania 1 11 

Fordham 2 13 

Williama' Bridge 1 14 

Junction 1 15 

Hunt's Bridge 2 17 

Underhill's 2 19 

Tuckahoe 1 20 

Hart's Corners 4 24 

White Plains 2 26 

Da\is' Brook 3 29 

Unionville 3 32 

PloasLmtville 2 34 

Chapequa 2 36 

New Castle 4 40 

Bedtord 2 42 

Whitlocksville 3 45 

Golding's Bridge 2 47 

Purdv's 2 49 

Croton Falls 2 51 

Southeast 4 55 

Towners 4 59 

Patterson 4 63 

Pawlingsville 4 67 

South Dover 6 73 

Dover Plains 7 80 



Amenia 8 88 

JMillerton 8 96 

Boston Corners 7 103 

Hillsdale 9 112 

Copoke 3 115 

Ghent 13 128 

Chatham 4 Corners 2 130 

Albany (see 166) 23 153 

(158) New York to Albany. 
Hudson River R. R. 

To 31st street 3 

Manhattanville 5 8 

Spuy tende vil Creek 5 13 

Yonkers 4 17 

Hastings 4 21 

Dobbs'Feriy 1 22 

Dearman 2 24 

Tarrytown 3 27 

Sing Sing 6 33 

Croton 3 36 

Peekskill 7 43 

Gan-ison 8 51 

Cold Spring 3 54 

Fishkill Lauding* 6 60 

Cai-thage 4 64 

New Hamburg 2 66 

Barnegat 3 69 

POUGHKEEPSIE 6 75 

Hyde Park 6 81 

Staatsburg 4 85 

Rhinebeck 6 91 

RedHook 6 97 

Upper Red Hook 3 100 

Clemiont 5 105 

Livingston 5 110 

Hudson 6 116 

Stockport 4 mo 

Stuy vesant 6 126 

Schodack 7 133 

Castleton 3 136 

Greeubush 8 144 

Albany - 1 145 

Troy 6 150 



(159) New York to Albany. 
f^ia Hovsatonic R. R. 
To Bridgepoit, (see 146) . . .58 

Stepney 10 68 

Botsford 5 73 

Newtown 4 77 

Hawleyville 4 81 

Brookfield 6 87 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



61 



New Milford 6 93 

Gaylord'3 Bridge 7 1 00 

Kent 6 106 

Cornwall Bridge 9 115 

West Cornwall 4 119 

Falls Village 6 125 

Canaan 6 ]'M 

Sheffield, Mass. 6 137 

Barriusfton 6 143 

Van Deusenville 2 1 45 

West Stockbridge 8 153 

State Line 3 15fi 

Canaan 5 lO I 

East Chatham 5 IGG 

Chatham Four Corners 5 171 

Chatham Centre 3 174 

Kinderhook 4 178 

Schodack 8 185 

Greenbush 7 193 

Albany 1 194 

(160) POUGHKEEPSIE tO NeW MiL- 

roRD, Conn. 

To Manchester Bridge 5 

Sprout Creek 4 9 

Arthursburg 2 11 

Beekman 4 15 

Poughquag 2 17 

Pawliiigs 7 24 

Quaker Hill 3 27 

Sherman, Conn 3 30 

New Milford 6 36 

(161) POUGHKEEPSIE tO WeST 

Cornwall, Conn. 

To Pleasant Valley 7 

Washington Hollow 5 12 

Washington 3 15 

Dover 6 21 

South Amenia 6 27 

Araenia Unicm 3 30 

Sharon, Conn 5 35 

West Cornwall 6 41 

(162) Hudson to Great Barring- 

ton, Mass. 

To Claverack 4 

Smoky Hollow 4 8 

Hoffman's 4 12 

Hillsdale 4 16 

South Egremont, Mass 7 23 

Great Barrington 5 28 

(163) Htdson to West Stock- 

bridge, Mass. 
Hudson end Berkshire R. R, 
To Claverack 3 



Mellenville 4 7 

Ghent 5 12 

Chatham Four Comers 4 16 

Chapman's 5 21 

Edwards 6 27 

State Line 3 30 

West Stockbridge 3 33 

(164) Hudson to N. Lebanon Spa, 
To Edwards, (see 163) 27 

Staffe. 

New Lebanon 6 33 

New Lebanon Springs 1 34 

(165) Albany to Pittsfi2!:ld,Mas3. 

To Greenbush 1 

Schodack Centre 5 6 

Nassau 6 12 

Brainard's Bridge 4 16 

?.!oftit'3 Store 3 19 

Lew Lebanon 4 23 

New Lebanon Springs 1 24 

Pittsfield, Mass 9 33 

(166) Albany to Boston. 
Albany and W. Stockbridge R. R. 

To Greenbush 1 

Schodack 7 8 

Kinderhook 8 16 

Chatham Centre 3 19 

Chatham Four Corners 4 23 

East Chatham 5 28 

Canaan 5 33 

State Line 5 38 

Western R. R. 

Richmond 3 41 

Shaker Village 5 46 

Pittsfield 3 49 

Dalton 5 54 

Hinsdale 3 57 

Washington 5 62 

Becket Station 3 65 

Chester Factoiy 9 74 

Chester Village 7 81 

Russell 3 84 

Westfield 8 92 

West Springfield 8 100 

Springfield 2 102 

Wilbraham 6 108 

Palmer 9 117 

Warren 10 127 

West Brookfield 4 131 

South Brookfield 2 133 

East Brookfield 3 136 

Spencer 2 138 

6 



62 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



Charlton 

Clappville 

Wo R( ESTER 

Boston and fVorcestcr R. 

Grafton 

Westboro' 

South boro' 

Ashland 

Framingham 

Natick 

West Neodham 

Grantville 

West Newton 

Newtonville 

Newton Corner 

Brighton 

Boston 



5 143 
4 147 
9 156 
R. 

C 162 

6 168 
4 172 
4 176 

2 178 

4 182 

3 185 
1 186 

5 li)l 
1 192 

1 193 

2 195 
5 200 



(167) AT.BANT to Bennington, Vt. 
Tioy and Boston R, R. 

To Trov 6 

Deepikfll 7 13 

Schaghticoke 5 18 

Biiskirk"s Bridge 9 27 

Eagle Bridge 2 29 

North Hoosick 4 33 

Waloomsac 1 34 

State Line 2 36 

North Bennington 2 38 

Bennington 4 42 

(163) Albany to Rutland, Vt. 
Via Rutland <& Washi?igion R. R. 
To Eade Bridge, (see 167). .29 

Waifs'Corners 2 31 

Cambridge 3 34 

Shusiian 6 40 

Salem 7 47 

West Rupert 6 53 

Rupert 2 55 

Pawlet 7 62 

Granville 3 65 

Poaltney 8 73 

Cast'eton 7 80 

Clarendon Spa 7 87 

Rutland 4 91 

(169) Albany to Cooperstown. 

To Guilderland 9 

Dunnsville 6 15 

Duanesburg 8 23 

Espernnce 6 29 

Sloansville 4 33 j 

Carlisle 6 39 

Sharon 4 43 

Leesville 6 49 



Cherry Valley 6 55 

Middlefield Centre 7 62 

Cooperstown 7 69 

(170) Albany to Unadilla. 

To Guilderland 9 

Guilderland Centre 3 12 

KnowersviUe 4 16 

Knox 5 21 

Gallopville 6 27 

Schoharie 5 32 

East Cobleskill 5 37 

Cubleskill 5 42 

Richmondville 5 47 

East Worcester 6 53 

Worcester 4 57 

Schenevus 5 62 

Maryland 4 66 

CoUiersville 7 73 

Oneonta 6 79 

Otego 9 88 

Creeksville 6 94 

Unadilla 4 98 

(171) Catskill to Canajoharie. 

To Leeds 4 

Cairo 6 10 

Acra 3 13 

Winansville 4 17 

Durham 6 23 

Preston Hollow 4 27 

Livingstonville 4 31 

Franklinton 3 34 

Middieburg 6 40 

Schoharie 5 45 

Central Bridge 5 50 

Sloansville 3 53 

Charleston Four Corners • • . 5 58 

Root 5 63 

Spraker's Basin 4 67 

Canajoharie 3 70 

(172) Catskill to Unadilla. 

To Leeds 4 

Cairo 6 10 

Acra 3 13 

South Durham 3 16 

Union. 6 22 

Windham Centre 2 24 

Windham 3 27 

Ashland 2 29 

PrattsviUe 6 35 

Moorsville 4 39 

Stamford 8 47 

Hobart 4 51 

South Kortright 4 55 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



63 



Bloomville 5 60 

Dklhi ••• 7 67 

West Meredith 7 74 

Grotou 2 76 

Franklin 5 81 

Sidney 10 91 

Unadilla 1 92 

(173) Albany to Saratoga 
Springs and Whitehall. 
Mohawk and Hudson R. R. 

To Schenectady 16 

Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. 

Rexford Flats 4 20 

Burnt Hills 4 24 

Ballston Centre 4 28 

Ballston 3 31 

Saratoga Springs 7 38 

Saratoga and fVashingtun R. R. 

Gansevoort's 10 48 

Fort Edward 7 55 

Dunham's Basin 3 58 

Fort Anji 9 67 

Comslock's Landing 5 72 

Whitehall 6 78 

(174) Albany to Saratoga 
Springs and Lake George. 

To Troy 6 

Rensselaer and Saratoga R. R. 

Waterford 4 10 

Mechauicsville 8 18 

BallstonSpa 13 31 

Saratoga Spa 7 38 

Saratoga and Washington R. R. 

Gansevoort's 10 48 

Fort Edward 7 55 

Stage. 

Sandy Hill 2 57 

Glenn's Falls 3 60 

Caldwell 9 69 

(175) Troy to Whitehall. 
Stage. 

To Lansingbuj-g 4 

Schagticoke ..-10 14 

Easton 7 21 

North Easton 3 24 

Greenwich 5 29 

South Argyle 7 30 

Argyle 4 40 

North Argyle 4 44 

South Hai-tl'ord 5 49 

Harttord 2 51 

North Granville 9 60 

Whitehall 8 68 



(176) Albany to Montreal, C. E. 
Summer route. 

To Saratoga Springs 38 

Whitehall, (see 173) 40 78 

Steamboat on Lake Champlain. 

Ticonderoga 24 102 

Crown Point 10 112 

Port Henry 10 122 

West Port 11 133 

Essex 12 145 

Burlington, Vt 15 160 

Port Kent, N. Y 10 170 

Plattsburg 14 184 

Rouse's Point 26 210 

Isle aux Noix 11 221 

St. John's, C.E 14 235 

Railroad. 

La Prairie Sta 14 249 

St. Laniliert u 255 

Montreal. 1 256 

(177) Albany to Montreal. 
Via Wiiitehidl and Burlington. 
To Whitehall, (see 173) ... .78 

State Line 6 84 

Fair Haven 2 88 

Hydeville 2 83 

Castleton 3 91 

Kiuland 9 100 

Burlington, (see 54) 67 167 

Montreal, (see 55; 102 269 

Albany to Montreal. 
Via Rutland & Washington R.B. 

Salem, (see 168.) 47 

To Castleton 33 80 

Rutland 11 91 

Burlington, (see 54) 67 158 

Montreal, (see 55) 102 260 

Albany to Montreal. 
Via Western Vermont R. R. 
To N. Bennington, (see 6(5), 33 

Manchester 21 54 

VVallincford 21 80 

Rutland • 9 S9 

Burlington, (see 54) 67 156 

Montreal, (see 55) 12 253 

(178) Plattsburg to Montreal. 
Via Plattsburg <& 3Iontreal R. R. 

To Beokmantown 

West Chazy 



64 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



Sciota 

Mooers-Village 

Mooers Junction* 

Hemmingford 

Sherrington 

Pigeoniere 

St. Keiui 

Isidore 

Ciiiighnawaga 

Ferry. 
Lachine 

MONTIIEAL 

* Junction with Ogdensburg E. E. 

(179) Albany to Buffalo. 

Mohawk and Hudson R. R. 
To Schenectady 16 

Utica and Schenectady R. R. 

Hoffman's 9 25 

Craufsville 3 28 

Amsterdam 4 32 

Tribes Hill 5 37 

Fonda 6 43 

Spraker's 8 51 

Palatine Bridge 3 54 

Fort Plain 3 57 

Palatine Church 3 60 

St. Johnsville 3 63 

Little FaUs 10 73 

Herkimer 6 79 

Schuyler .. 7 86 

Utica 8 94 

Syracuse and Utica R. R. 

Whitesboro' 3 97 

Oriskany ■• 4 101 

Rome 7 106 

Verona Centre 9 117 

Oneida Depot 4 121 

Wampsville 3 124 

Canastota 3 127 

Chittemmgo 6 133 

Manlius 4 137 

Syracuse 10 147 

Auburn and Syracuse R. R. 

Geddes 2 149 

Camillus 6 155 

Elbridge 8 163 

Skaneateles Junction 1 164 

Sennet 4 168 

Auburn 5 173 

Jluburnand Rochester R. R. 

Cayuga Bridge 10 183 

SenecaFalls 5 188 

Waterloo 4 192 

Geneva.... 7 199 



Oak's Corners 5 204 

taijt Vienna 3 207 

West Vienna 1 208 

cut ton Springs 3 211 

.•-hurt's iMills 5 216 

Chapiusville 3 219 

Canandaigua 3 222 

Victor 9 231 

Piitslord 12 243 

Brighton 4 247 

Rochester 4 251 

Tonawanda R. R. 

Chiu-chvilie 14 265 

Bergen 4 269 

Byron 7 276 

Batavia 7 283 

Alexander 8 291 

Attica 3 294 

jittica and Buffalo R. R. 

Darien 6 300 

Alden 5 305 

Lancaster 10 315 

Buffalo 10 325 

(180) New York to Dunkirk. 
Steamboat. 

To Piei-mont, (pier) 24 

Mew York and Erie R. R. 

Piermont, (town) 1 25 

Blauveltville 4 29 

Clarkstown 4 33 

Spring Valley 2 35 

Mousey 2 37 

Sufferns 5 42 

Ramapo Works 2 44 

Sloatsburg I 45 

Monroe Works 6 51 

Wilkes' 3 54 

Turnei-'s . . 3 57 

Monroe 3 60 

Oxford 2 62 

Chester* 3 65 

G oshen 5 70 

New Hampton 4 74 

Middletown 3 77 

Howell's 3 80 

Otisville 5 85 

Shin HuUow 7 92 

Port Jervis 6 98 

Stairway Brook 9 107 

Fund Eddy 2 109 

Barry ville 7 116 

Lackawaxen 1 120 

Mast Hope 126 

Nanowsburg 6 132 

* Branch to Newburg, (see 183.) 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



65 



Cohecton 8 140 

Calicoon 5 145 

Haiikiiis 7 152 

Equiniuik 11 lf,3 

Stockport 6 1C)9 

Chebocton 4 173 

Deposit, 13 181) 

Gulf Summit 8 194 

Lanesboro' 8 '202 

Great Bend 9 2ll 

Windsor 9 220 

BiNGHAMTON 5 225 

Union 9 234 

Campville 6 2-10 

OwEGO 7 247 

Tioga Centre 6 253 

Smith boro' 4 257 

Barton 2 259 

Factoryville 7 260 

Chemur.a: 4 270 

Wellsburg 6 276 

Elmira 7 283 

Big Flats 9 292 

East Painted Post 4 296 

Corning 3 299 

Painted Post 2 301 

Cooper's 4 305 

Campbelltown 6 311 

Mud Creek 5 316 

Bath 6 322 

Kenned ysville 4 32() 

Goff's Mills 5 331 

Howard 3 334 

HORNELLSVILLK 9 343 

Almond 5 348 

Bakei's Bridge 4 352 

Andover 8 360 

Genesee 9 369 

Scio 4 373 

Phillipsville 4 377 

Belvidere 3 38i) 

Friendship 5 385 

Cuba 9 394 

Hinsdale 5 399 

Clean 7 406 

Alleghany 4 410 

Nine Mile Creek 4 414 

Great Valley 8 422 

Little Valley 11 433 

Albion 6 439 

Dayton 9 448 

Perrysburgh 3 451 

Smitli's Mills 7 458 

Forestville 4 462 

Dunkirk 8 470 



(181) New York to Buffalo. 

Via JVcjo York and Erie R. R. 

To Elmira, (see 18U) 283 

Junction 4 287 

Ilorseheads 1 288 

Millport 8 296 

Havana 6 302 

Jefferson 3 305 

Rock Stream 6 311 

Starkey 5 316 

llemroiis 4 320 

Milo Centre 3 323 

Penn Yan 4 :i27 

Benton •••• 4 331 

Bellona 3 334 

Gorham 5 339 

Hopewell 4 .343 

Canandaigua 8 351 

Rochester, (see 179) 29 380 

Attica , 43 423 

Buffalo 31 454 

(181i) New York to Buffalo. 
Via Owego and Ithaca. 

To Owego (see ISO) 241 

Cayuga and Siisquehatiiut R. E. 

South Candor 5 252 

Cundor 5 257 

Wilseyvillo 4 261 

Pugsleys.. 5 266 

Ithaca 13 279 

Steamboat on Cayuga Luke. 

Cayuga 37 316 

Buffalo, (see 179; ... 142 458 

(182) New York to Buffalo. 
Via Buffalo and X. Y. Citt/ E. E. 
To Hornellsville, (ISO). .343 

Burns 9 352 

Wliitney"s Valley 4 356 

Numia 11 367 

Portasce • • 6 373 

Ca-tile 4 377 

Gainesville 4 381 

Warsaw 6 3S7 

Middlebury 5 392 

Linden 4 396 

Attica 7 403 

Darien City 5 408 

Uarien 2 410 

Alden 5 415 

Town Line 5 420 

Lancaster 5 4ii5 

Buffalo 10 4:35 

6* 



66 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



(183) Newburq to Chester. 
J^''ewburg Branch R. R. 

Vail's 6 

Salisbniy 4 10 

Washingtonville 2 12 

Craisville 5 17 

Chester 2 J9 

(184) Amsterdam to Sageville. 

To Perth 6 

Vail's Mills 3 (1 

Broadalbin 1 10 

Union Mills 4 14 

Northampton 5 19 

Osborne's Bridge 6 25 

NORTHVILLE 3 28 

(185) Cherry Val. to Syracuse. 

To East Springfield 4 

Spriniifield 2 6 

Wanvn 3 9 

Richfield 4 13 

Winfield 8 21 

Bridgewater 5 26 

Saijgerfield 7 33 

Madison 9 42 

Morrisville 7 49 

Nelson 7 56 

Cazenovia 4 60 

Gran 6 66 

Manliiis 2 68 

Fayetteville 2 70 

Dewitt 3 73 

Syracuse 5 78 

(J86) CooPERSTOWN to Ithaca. 

ToOaksville 5 

Bnrlinston 6 11 

Wesi Burlington 3 14 

Edmeston 3 17 

Columbus 9 26 

Sherburne 6 32 

Smyrna 4 36 

Otselic 11 47 

De Ruvter 9 56 

Cuvler" 4 60 

Truxton 8 68 

Homer ..10 78 

Cortlandt 2 80 

McLean 6 86 

Drvden 4 90 

Varna 8 98 

Ithaca 4 102 



(187) CoOPERSTOWN to UNADILtA 

and Ithaca. 

To Harwick Seminary 4 

Milford 4 8 

Miltbrd Centre 6 14 

Colliersville 4 18 

Oneonta 6 24 

Otego 9 33 

Unadilla 10 43 

Sidney Plains 5 48 

Bainbridge 5 53 

Coventryville 7 60 

Coventry 3 63 

Greene 6 69 

Geneganslet 3 72 

Whitney's Point 8 80 

Lisle 3 83 

Centre Lisle 3 86 

Richland 8 94 

Caroline 6 100 

Slatersville 3 103 

Ithaca 9 112 

(188) Binghamton to Utica. 

To Chenango Forks 11 

Greene 7 18 

Oxford 14 32 

Norwich 8 40 

North Norwich 6 46 

Sherburne 5 51 

Earlville 5 56 

Hamilton 6 62 

Madison 7 69 

Waterville 9 78 

Paris 6 84 

New Hartford 6 90 

Utica 4 94 

(189) Ithaca to Utica. 

To Varna 4 

Dryden 8 12 

McLean 4 16 

Cortlandt 6 22 

Homer 2 24 

Truxton •••• 10 34 

Ciivler 8 42 

De Ruvter 4 46 

New Woodstock 7 53 

Erieville 5 58 

Eaton 7 65 

Madison 6 71 

Waterville 9 80 

Paris 6 86 

New Hartford 6 92 

Utica 4 96 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



67 



(190) Ithaca, to Syracuse. 

To Vaj-aa 4 

Drydea 8 12 

Mcbeaa 4 llj 

Cortlaadt 6 22 

Homer 2 24 

Little York 4 28 

Preljle 3 31 

Tally 5 3G 

Tuhy Valley 4 40 

Cardiflf 3 43 

Onoadaga Hollow 8 51 

Syracuse 4 55 

(191) Ithaca to Auburn. 

To South Lansiag 8 

Ludiowville 2 10 

Laasiagville 3 13 

Five Corners 3 IG 

Kin,''s i^'erry 5 21 

Ledyard 2 23 

Popl.ir Ridge 3 26 

ShL'rwood's Corners 2 28 

Scipioville 1 21) 

The -quare 3 32 

Fleming 3 35 

AuiiUKN 4 39 

(192) Ithaca to Waterloo. 

To Jacksonville 8 

Truaansburg 3 11 

Covort 3 14 

Farmer 4 18 

Lodi 5 23 

Ovid 5 28 

Romulus G 34 

Variclc •••■ 3 37 

VVestFayette 4 41 

Waterloo 6 47 

(193) Ithaca to Hornellsville. 

To Enfield 6 

Mecklenburg 6 12 

Reynoldsville 4 16 

Burdette 6 22 

JeCferson 5 27 

Re.idmg 3 30 

Pine Grove 4 34 

Tyrone 4 38 

Urb mna 9 47 

BArH 8 55 

Keiiaedysville 4 59 

Goif'sNiills 5 64 

Howard 3 67 

Hornellsville 10 77 



(194) Bath to Geneva. 

To Urbanna 8 

Wayne 9 17 

Barrington 6 23 

Pknn Van 9 32 

Benton 8 40 

GKNi;vA 8 48 

(195) Corning to Batavia. 

Buffalo, Corning, and N. Y. E. R. 

To Painted Post 2 

Coopers Plains 2 4 

CaiHj.bell 5 9 

Bath 11 20 

Kennedy ville 4 24 

Avoca 4 28 

Wallace's 3 31 

Liberty 5 86 

Wavland 10 46 

Spring Water 6 52 

Gonesus 5 57 



(196) Ellicottville to Roches- 
ter. 

To Franklinville 13 

Farmersville 5 18 

Rushtord 7 25 

Centre viUe 7 32 

Pike 8 40 

East Pike 4 44 

Castile 4 43 

Perry 6 54 

Moscow 7 61 

Geneseo 6 67 

South Avon 6 73 

Avon 2 75 

West Rush 5 80 

Rush 3 83 

llearietta 5 88 

Rochester 7 95 

(197) Olean to Geneseo. 

To Hinsdale 6 

Cuba 7 13 

Friendship 8 21 

Hobbie ville 5 26 

Angelica 5 31 

Allen 6 37 

Grove G 43 

Nunda 8 51 

Oakland 3 54 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



Brookes' Grove 5 59 

Mount Morris 7 G(i 

Genlcseo . 6 72 

(198) Gknkseo to Canandaiqua. 

To LukevUIe 6 

Livonia 4 10 

Richmond MUla 4 14 

Allen's iMiUs 3 17 

Bristol 5 2-2 

Canandaigua 9 31 

(199) Geneseo to Buffalo. 

To Moscow 6 

Perry 7 13 

Perry Centre 2 15 

Warsaw 8 23 

Orangeville 6 29 

Julmsonburg 4 33 

Sheldon 4 37 

Wales 7 44 

VVillink. 6 50 

East Hamburg 6 5(5 

Bltffald 12 6d 

(200) BcFFALO to Bat AVI A. 

To VVilliamsville 10 

Chii-eiice 8 18 

Newsiead 4 22 

Pembroke 4 2G 

East Ptiu broke 6 32 

Batavia 7 39 

(2i!l) Buffalo to Erie, Pa. 
Bafdlo and State Line li. It. 

To Kodsers Road 10 

ISMileCreek 5 15 

Evans Center 7 22 

Laiiranse 7 29 

Silver .>eek 2 31 

Dunkirk 10 41 

Centerville 10 51 

"\Ye;-tville. 6 57 

Quinc'v. 8 ('S 

StateLine. 4 G9 

E-ie and North East B. E. 

Forth East 4 73 

Hart. or Creek 7 80 

Erie 8 SS 

(202) Buffalo to Niagara Falls 

and YouNGSTOWX. 
Bufalo and Niagara Falls R. R. 
To"BlackRock 3 



Tonawanda 8 11 

Niagara Falls 11 23 

Lockport and jYiagara Falls R. R 

Junction Lewistou R. R 6 28 

Lewistou 3 31 

Stage. 

YOUNGSTOVVN 6 31 

(.203) Buffalo to Qoeenston 
C, W. 

Steamboat. 

ToChippewa 20 

Railroad. 

Niagara Falls 3 23 

Drummondsville 1 24 

QUEENSTON 6 30 

(204) Buffalo to Chicago, III. 

Steamboat. 

To Dunkirk 43 

Erie, Pa. 48 91 

Conneaut, Ohio 30 121 

Ashtabula 14 135 

Fairport 33 168 

Cleveland 30 198 

Huron 45 243 

Sandusky 14 257 

Amhersiburg, C. W. 52 309 

Detroit, Mich 20 329 

Fort G ratiot 70 399 

Point au Barques 85 484 

Thunder Bay 70 554 

Presque Isie 80 C34 

Mackinaw 65 699 

Beaver Islands 50 749 

Manitou Islands 45 794 

MiLWAUKiE, Wis. 150 944 

Racine 25 969 

Southport 13 982 

Chicago 57 1039 

(205) Buffalo to Ogdknsburg. 

Railroad. 

To Lewiston, (see 202) 31 

Steamboat. 

Rochester 90 121 

Oswego 55 J76 

Sackett's Harbor 40 216 

Kingston, C. W. 30 246 

Clayton, N. Y. 22 268 

Alexandria 15 283 

Morristown 23 306 

OSDKNSBURQ 12 318 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



69 



(20(5) Buffalo to Albany. 
Attica and Buffalo R. R. 

To Lancaster 10 

Aklen 10 20 

Dariea 5 23 

Attica 6 31 

Tonawanda R. R. 

Alexander 3 34 

Batavia 8 42 

Byron 7 49 

Ber-en 7 56 

Church ville 4 GO 

RocnKSTER. 14 74 

Aahwra and Rochester R. R. 

Bri-hton 4 78 

Pitts ord 4 82 

Victor 12 94 

Cantuidaigua 9 103 

Chapinsville 3 10(5 

Short's Mills 3 109 

Clilton Springs 5 114 

West Vienna 3 117 

East Vienna 1 118 

Oak's Corners 3 121 

Geneva r» liG 

Waterloo 7 133 

Seneca Falls 4 137 

Cayuga Bridge 5 142 

Auburn 10 152 

Auburn and Syracuse R. R. 

Sennet 5 157 

Skaneateles Junction 4 IGl 

Elbridge 1 1(52 

Caniillus 8 170 

Geddes 6 176 

Syracuse 2 178 

Syracuse and Uiica R. R. 

Manli'iis 10 188 

Chittenango 4 192 

Canastota 6 198 

W^ampsville 3 201 

Oneida Depot 3 204 

Verona Centre 4 208 

Rome 9 217 

Oriskany 7 224 

Whitesboro' 4 228 

Utica 3 231 

Ut/ca and Schenectady R. R. 

Schuyler 8 239 

Herkimer 7 240 

Little Falls 6 252 

St. Johnsville 10 262 

Palatine Church 3 265 

Fort Plain 3 268 

Palatine Bridge 3 271 



Spraker's 3 274 

Fonda 8 282 

Tribes Hill 6 288 

Amsterdam 5 293 

Cr.inesville 4 297 

Hoffman's 3 300 

Schenectady 9 309 

Mohawk and Hudson R. R. 

Albany 16 325 

(207) Batavia to Lockport. 

ToOakfield 8 

Alabama 6 14 

Royalton 13 27 

Lockport 8 33 

(208) Rochester to Lockport and 

Niagara Falls. 

Rochester, Z., and ^, F. H. B 

To Spencerport 10 

Adams Basin 2 12 

Brockport 5 17 

lloUey 5 22 

Murray o 25 

Albion 5 30 

Medina 10 40 

M iddleport 5 45 

Mabee's 4 49 

Orangeport 2 51 

Lockport 5 56 

Tonawanda 

Pokin 10 66 

Suspension Bridge 8 74 

Niagara Falls 2 76 

Buffalo, (see 202) 22 98 

(209) Rochester to Lockport. 

To Greece 6 

Pu-ma 5 11 

Clarkson 7 13 

Murray 7 25 

Gaines 9 34 

West Gaines 4 38 

Oak Orchard 3 41 

Ridgeway 3 44 

Johnson's Creek 7 51 

Hartland 3 54 

Wright's Corners 7 61 

Lockport 4 05 

(210) Rochester to Weedsport. 

To Brighton 3 

Pittsford 4 7 

Egypt 6 13 

Macedoa 8 21 



70 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



Palmyra 4 25 

EastPalmyra 4 29 

Newark 4 33 

Lyons 6 39 

Clyde 7 46 

Montezuma 11 57 

Port Byron 5 62 

Weedsport 3 65 

(211) Canandaigua to Batavia. 

To Centrefield 3 

East Bloomfield 5 8 

West Bloomfield 6 14 

Lima 4 18 

East Avon 5 23 

Avon 4 27 

Caledonia 7 34 

LeRoy 7 41 

Stafford 7 48 

Batavia 6 54 

(212) Auburn to Cortlandt. 

To Owasco 8 

Niles 5 13 

Moravia 7 20 

Locke 3 23 

Summer Hill 6 29 

Homer 8 37 

Cortlandt 2 39 

(213) Auburn to Oswego. 

ToSennet 5 

Weedsport 3 8 

Cato 8 16 

Cato Fom- Corners 2 18 

Ira 4 22 

Hannibal 8 30 

Kinney's Corners 3 33 

Oswego 8 41 

(214) Oswego to Rochester. 

To North Sterling 12 

Little Sodus 3 15 

Red Creek 6 21 

Wolcott 5 26 

Huron 5 31 

Alton 6 37 

Sodas 4 41 

Williamson 5 46 

Ontario 5 51 

Webster 9 60 

Rochester 13 73 

(215) Oswego to Rome. 

To Scriba 4 

New Haven 6 10 



Mexico 5 15 

Uni(m Square 4 19 

Albion 7 26 

Williamstown 6 32 

West Camden 6 38 

Camden 5 43 

McConnellsville 4 47 

Pine 7 54 

Rome 10 64 

(216) Syracuse to Oswego. 

Via Oswego and Syracuse R. R. 

To Baldwins villa 12 



5 17 
7 24 
11 35 



Lamsou's 

Fulton 

Oswego 

(217) Syracuse to Auburn. 

To Geddes 2 

Camillus 6 8 

Marcellus 4 12 

Skaneateles 6 18 

Auburn 7 2S 

(218) Syracuse to Watertown. 

ToSalina 2 

Cicero 8 10 

Breweiton 4 14 

Central Square 3 17 

Hastings 6 23 

Colosse 3 26 

Union Square 3 29 

Ricliland 8 37 

Sandy Creek 6 43 

Mansville 5 48 

Fierrepont Manor 2 50 

Adams 5 55 

AdamsCentre 3 58 

Appling 4 62 

Watertown 6 68 

(219) UTICAtoSACKETT'sHARBOR. 

To South Trenton 9 

Trenton* 4 li 

Remsen 4 17 

AlderCr.-ek 5 2> 

Bonneville 9 31 

Leyden 6 37 

Turin • 5 43 

Houseville 4 48 

Martinsburg 4 50 

liowville 3 53 

Stowe's Square 3 56 

Denmark 6 6? 

\ Champion 6 68 



ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 



71 



Rutland 6 74 

Watertown 6 80 

Brownville 4 84 

Sackett's Harbor ... 8 92 

* Trenton Falls 2 miles. 

(220) Rome to Cape Vincent. 

To Stokes 8 

West Branch 5 13 

Ava 4 17 

West Levdeu 5 22 

Constubleville 6 28 

Turin 5 33 

Houseville 4 37 

Martinsburg 4 41 

Lowville 3 44 

Stowe's Square 3 47 

Denmark 6 53 

Champion 6 59 

Rutland 6 65 

Watertown 6 71 

Bi-ovvnville 4 75 

Dexler 3 78 

Limerick 1 79 

Chaumont 6 85 

Three Mile Bay 3 88 

Cape Vincent 8 96 

(221) Rome to Ogdensburg. 

To Denmark, (see 220) .... 53 

Carthage 6 59 

Wilna 5 C4 

Antwerp 12 76 

Somerville 7 83 

Gou verneur 5 88 

Richville 7 95 

De Kalb 8 103 

Heuvelton 8 111 

Ogdensburg 7 118 

(221J) Rome to Watertown. 

Rome and Watertown R. R. 

To Pine 6 

McConnellsville 7 13 

Camden 5 18 

WestCamden 5 23 

Williamstown 5 23 

3 31 



Sand Banks 6 37 

Richland 5 42 

Fierrepont 12 54 

Adams 5 59 

Watertown 13 72 

(222) Rome to Sackett's Harbor. 

To Lee 7 

Taberg 4 11 

Florence 9 20 

Redfield 10 30 

1-oraine 18 49 

Adams 5 53 

North Adams 7 60 

Sackett's Harbor 5 65 

(223) Ogdensburg to Platts- 

BURQ. 

To Flackville 8 

Canton 10 18 

Potsdam II 29 

Makine 37 66 

Chateau2;ay 12 78 

WrightsviUe 8 86 

Hlleiiburg 5 91 

Farrel I lace 15 106 

Plattsburg 12 118 

(224) Ogdensburg to Rouse's Pt. 

Fia Morthern R. R. 

To T-isbon 9 

Madrid 8 17 

Potsdam 8 25 

Stockholm 3 28 

Brash er's Falls 7 35 

Lawrence 6 41 

Moira 6 47 

Brush's Mills 2 49 

Bangor 6 55 

Malone 6 61 

Bmke 8 69 

Chait-augay 4 73 

EUenburg 16 89 

Chazy 6 95 

Centreville 8 103 

I Mooers 3 106 

Champlain 8 114 

i Rouse's Point 4 118 



72 



THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 

Thkse immense regions occupy almost the whole of North Amejica 
lying north of the United States, and are divided into several distinct 
governments. It is not necessary in this connection, however, to de- 
scribe others than those lying on the immediate boundary of our Union; 
viz., the Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, &c. To these alone is 
there any general travel. 

The Canadas (Upper and Lower) lie on both sides of the St. Law- 
rence river, and on the north shores of lakes Ontario and Eric. These 
united provinces contain an area of about 350,000 square miles, and a 
population of nearly 1,855,312. Tlie whole country is exceedingly well 
adapted to agricultm-e and commerce. The lands of Upper Canada are 
rich and fertile ; and the climate, though severe, is much milder than 
in the lower province. The settlements are as yet almost wholly con- 
fined to the shores of the great lakes and the river St. Lawrence. The 
people of tlie two provinces ai'8 different in origin, manners, and re- 
ligion. In Upper Canada the majority is of British origin, and conform 
to the rites of the Chiu'ch of England; while in Lower Canada the 
people are descendants of the old French colonists, and profess the Ro- 
man Catholic faith. The political union of the two races has led to 
feuds and constant ferment, and so bitter has national antipathy become 
of late yeaj-s as to threaten civil war. The Canadians have a parliament 
of ttieir own, but the Crown exercises the chief executive through a 
Governor-General. The commerce of the Canadas is already very valu- 
able, and that carried on with the United Slates is daily increasing. The 
exports consist chiefly of breadstuff, furs, lumber, &c. ; and the imports, 
of mauufactiu-es. Several railroads and canals facilitate transit; the lat- 
ter, hov/ever, are used solely to overcome falls and rapids in the rivers, 
but are of inestimable value. Toronto is the seat of government. It 
has a fine harbor near the western extremity of Lake Ontario. Kings- 
ton., at the eastern extremity, is the royal naval station on that lake, and 
has a deep and well-sheltered harbor. Prescoit and Cornwall on the 
St. Lawrence, and By-Town on the Ottawa river, at the north terminus 
of the Rideau canal, are also important towns. These are iji the 
Upper Province. Quebec, " the Gibraltar of America," on the north 
side of the St. Lawrence, Montreal, on an island of the same name in 
the same river, and La Prairie, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, 
aie the chief towns in Lower Canada, and are intimately connected with 
the trade between the British Possessions and the American Union. 
Railroads from New England and New York are almost completed to 
these points. Several Unes of telegraphs have already been built, and 
are in successful operation. 



THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 73 

New Brunswick has an area of 27.000 square miles, and an (stima- 
ted population of 198,216. It lies east of the St. Croix river and the 
State of Maine. Its surface is chiefly undulating, and covered to a great 
extent with magnificent forests. The people are engaged almost wholly 
in lumbering and the fisheries, and are chiefly settled on the St. John 
river, or near the sea-coasts. Fredcrickton^ at the head of sloop-navi- 
gation on the St. John, is the capital. St. John., at the mouth of the river, 
however, is the chief trading-port. Bathurst., Dalhousie^ Chatham., and 
Liverpool., are ports on the northeast of the province. The executive 
is vested in a lieutenant-governor, and the legislative power in a council 
and assembly. 

Nova Scotia (including Cape Breton) has an area of nearly 20,000 
square miles, and a population of 270.117. It is a peninsula southeast 
of New Brunswick, and in its genera! physical character resembles that 
province. It has many fine harbors. Halifax., the capital, is tlie chief 
naval station, and the British North American depot of the Cunard Line 
of steamships sailing between Liverpool and Boston, and between Liv- 
erpool and New York. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in mining, 
fishing, and navigation. The bituminous coal of Nova Scotia is exten- 
sively used by steamships. Pictou., on the north, and Sidney., on the 
island of Cape Breton, are the chief depots for this mineral. The gov- 
ernment is similar to that of New Brunswick. 

Prince Edward's Island, north of the above, forms a separate gov- 
ernment, and has a population of 62,678. Its capital is Charlotte. 



ROUTES IN CANADA. 



(225) Toronto to Niagara Falls j Queenston 15 99 

and Buffalo. 
Steamboat. 

To Niagara 36 

Queenston 7 43 



Niagara 7 106 

* Niagara 13—97. 

(227) Toronto to Amherstburg. 

To Hamilton, (see 226) 47 

Ancaster 7 54 



Railroad, 

Drummondsville 49 

NiagaraFalls 1 50 B,:;;,;tf{;rd !"! "i"! ^!' ' '!" ! "i7 71 

Chippewa....... 3 53 p^^f^^^j j,^ g^ 

Steamboat. „ j Woodstock 17 98 

Pufpalo 20 73, Oxford 10 108 

(22G) Toronto to Niagara. | London 22 1.30 

Stao-e. I Westminster 6 136 

ToCooksville 16 ' Delaware 6 142 

Trafalgar 7 23 Ekfrid 11 153 

Palermo 7 30 Mosa 12 165 

Hamilton 17 47 Thamesville 15 180 

StonyCreek 6 53 Chatham 15 195 

Beamsvlile 16 69 Windsor 52 247 

Jordan 7 76 , Sandwich 2 249 

St. Catharines* 8 84 , Amherstburg 15 264 



u 



ROUTES IN CANADA. 



(228) roRONTo to Montreal. 

Steamboat. 

To Cobiirg 80 

Kingston 105 185 

Brocksville 55 240 

Ogdeiisbm-g 13 25.3 

Cornwall 60 313 

Lachine 62 375 

Montreal 9 384 

(229) Toronto to Montreal. 

ToScarbro U 

Pickering 11 22 

Dai-lington 20 42 

Clarke 10 52 

Port Hope 11 63 

Coburg 7 70 

Colbonie 15 85 

Brighton 8 93 

River Trent 10 103 

Belleville 12 115 

Napanee 25 140 

MiUCi-eek 12 152 

Kingston 13 165 

Gananoque 20 185 

Yonge 23 208 

Brockville 9 217 

Maitlaiid 6 223 

Prescott 7 230 

Matilda 15 245 

West Williamsburg 8 253 

East Williamsburg 8 261 

Dickinson's Landing 9 270 

Cornwall 11 281 

Coteau Landing 34 315 

Cedars 10 325 

Lachine 28 353 

Montreal 9 362 

(230) Montreal to Quebec. 

Steamboat. 

To Varennes 15 

William HeniT 35 50 

St. Fnincis . . .' 32 82 

Tliree Rivers 8 90 

St. Ani.e 25 115 

Richelieu Rapids 20 135 

Cap S;inl(^ 15 1.50 

Point au Trembles 10 160 

Cape Rouge 13 173 

Quebec 8 181 

(231) Montreal to Quebec. 

Stage. 
To Apertigny 18 



La Valtrie 14 33 

Berthier 18 50 

Maskinonge 16 66 

R. du Loup 8 74 

Yamachiche 5 79 

Three Rivers 17 96 

Champlain 13 109 

Hatiscan Bridge ]0 119 

St. Anne ; 8 127 

(irondines 9 135 

Deschambault fi 140 

PortNeuf fi 149 

Cap Sante 7 155 

Point au Trembles 12 167 

Quebec 20 187 

(23'2) Montreal to New York. 

To St. Johns, (see 55) 21 

Rouse's Point. N. 1^ 2:i 44 

Burlington, Vt. 5S 102 

Rutland, (see 54) 67 169 

Trov, N. Y., (see 66) 83 252 

Albany 6 258 

Hudson, (see 158) 20 287 

Poaghkeepsie — 41 32S 

NewIork 75 403 

(233) Montreal to Boston. 

To St. John's, (see 55) 21 

Rouse's Point, N. Y". 23 44 

Burlington, Vt .5S 102 

Rutland, (see 54) 67 169 

Fitchburg 113 287 

Boston 50 837 

(234) Quebec to Augusta. 

To St. Maiy 33 

St. Joseph 12 45 

St. Francis 16 61 

St. Charles 8 69 

State Line, Me 26 95 

I^'oose River 20 115 

Jackman's 10 125 

The Fork's 19 144 

Carritunk 9 153 

Moscow 6 159 

Bingham 12 171 

Suion 5 176 

Embden 3 179 

Ans(m 5 184 

Norridgewock 12 196 

Bloomfield 7 203 

Waterville 14 217 

Augusta 18 235 



ROUTES IN NEW JERSEY. 



^5 



NEW JERSEY. 

(235; New York to Paterson and 

Sijffern's. 

Paterson and Hudson River R. R. 

To Jersey City 1 

Seacaucus 4 5 

Boiling Spring 4 9 

Passaic Bridge 2 U 

Aquackanonk; 1 12 

Ackennan's 1 13 

Paterson 4 17 

Paterson and Ramapo R. R. 

River Road 2 19 

Rock Road 2 21 

Godwinville 1 22 

Hohoiais 2 24 

Allendale 2 26 

Ramsey's 2 28 

Wanmaker's 3 31 

Suffern's 1 32 

(236) New York to Easton, Pa. 

f^ia Morristown. 

To Jersey City 1 

Newark 8 9 

Morris and Essex R. R. 

Orange 5 14 

Millville 6 20 

Summit 3 23 

Chatham 3 2(5 

Madison 2 28 

Morristown 5 33 

Staffe. 

Mendham 7 40 

Chester 6 46 

German Valley 4 50 

Schooley's Mountain 2 52 

Pleasant Grove 3 55 

Anderson 5 60 

Mansfield 2 62 

New Village 6 68 

Stewartsville 2 70 

Easton 6 76 

(237) New York to Easton, Pa. 

Via Somermlle. 

To Jersey City* 1 

Newark 8 9 

Elizabethtown 5 14 

Central R. R. 

Cranesville 5 19 

Westfield 2 21 

Feltville 2 23 

Scotch Plains 1 24 

Plaiufieid 2 26 



New Market 3 29 

Boimd Brook 4 33 

SOMERVILLE 5 38 

North Branch 4 42 

VVhitellouse 5 47 

Stage. 

Lebanon 5 52 

Clinton 3 55 

Perryville 3 58 

Bethlehem 3 61 

Bloomsburg 4 65 

StillVaUey 3 68 

Easton, Pa 4 72 

* Steamboat to 
Elizabethport 15 miles. 
Elizabethtown 2 — 17. 

(238) New York to Milford, Pa. 
To Morristown, (see 236). . .33 

Suckasunny 10 43 

Stanhope 5 48 

Lockwood 2 50 

Andover 4 54 

Newton 6 60 

La Fayette 5 65 

Augusta 3 68 

Branchville 2 70 

Tuttle's Corner 5 75 

Hainsville 5 80 

Montague 4 84 

Milford,Pa. 2 86 

(239) Paterson to Milford, Pa. 

To Pompton 9 

New Foundland 9 18 

Stockholm 4 22 

Hamburg 9 31 

Deckertown 5 36 

Libertvville 3 39 

Montague 12 51 

Milford, Pa 2 53 

(240) Newark to Dover. 

To Bloomfleld 5 

West Bloomfleld 2 7 

Caldwell 3 10 

Pine Brook 4 14 

Parsippany 4 18 

Dennville 4 22 

Rockaway 1 23 

Dover 2 25 

(241) Newton to Easton, Pa. 

To Freedom 4 

Gratitude 3 7 

Johnsouburg 5 12 



76 



ROUTES IX NEW JERSEY. 



Hope C 18 

Sarepta 5 23 

Belvidere 4 '27 

Rocksburgh 4 31 

Harmony 2 33 

Easto.n 6 39 

(242) New Brunswick to Lam- 

BERTSVILLE. 

To Six Mile Run 6 

Rocky Hill 6 12 

Blawenbm-g 4 Ifi 

Hopewell 4 20 

Woodsville 4 24 

Lambertsville 6 30 

(243) New Brunswick to Long 

Branch. 

To South River 5 

Old Brid-e 2 7 

Middlelown Point 9 16 

Key Port 2 18 

Middlelown 5 23 

RedBank 5 28 

Shrewsbury 2 30 

Eatonton 1 31 

Long Branch 3 34 

(244) Trenton to Belvidere. 

To Pennington 8 

Woodsville 5 13 

Rinwe's G 19 

FleminLrton 6 25 

Qujikertown 6 3! 

Pitisluwu 2 33 

Sidney 2 35 

Clinton 2 37 

Clarksville 5 42 

New Hampton 2 44 

Mansfield 3 47 

Oxtord Furnace 3 50 

Belvidere 5 55 

(245) Trenton to New York. 

Railroad, 
To New York, (see 254) 59 

(246) Trenton to Philadelphia. 

Via Bristol, Pa. 
To Philadelphia, (see 254) 30 

(247) Trenton to Philadelphia. 

Via Burlington. 

ToBordentowo 7 

Philadelphia, (see 256) 27 34 



(248) Philadelphia to Mt. Holly. 

ToCamden ■ 1 

Moorestown .... 9 10 

Rancocus 6 16 

Mount Holly 4 20 

(249) Philadelphia to Tucker- 

ton. 

To Camden 1 

Moorestown..- 9 10 

Marlton 2 12 

Medlord 5 17 

Atsion 12 29 

Sooy's Inn 10 39 

Bass River Hotel 8 47 

Tuckerton 5 52 

(250) Philadelphia to Absecum. 

To Camden 1 

Haddonfield 6 7 

Long-a-comiug 9 16 

Winslow 10 26 

May's Landing 19 45 

Bargaintown 14 59 

Smith's Landing 3 62 

Absecum 4 66 

(251) Philadelphia to Cape May. 

ToCamden 1 

Woodbury 8 9 

Carpenter's Landing 3 12 

Glassboro' 7 19 

Malaga 8 27 

Millville 12 39 

Port Elizabeth 6 45 

Leesburg 5 50 

Dennis Creek 7 57 

Goshen 4 61 

Cape May C. H 4 65 

FishingCreek 5 70 

Cold Spring 8 73 

Cape Island 2 80 

(252) Philadelphia to Salem. 

To Camden 1 

Westville 4 5 

Woodbury 4 9 

Clarksboro' 4 13 

Sweedsboro' 6 19 

Sculltown 4 23 

Sharpstown 4 27 

Woodstown 7 34 

Salem 4 38 



ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 



11 



(253) Philadelphia to Bridgkton. 

To Camd.'U i 

Westvilie 4 5 

Woodbury 4 9 

Carpenter's Liinding '.i 1- 

Mullico Hill 5 17 

Pitt's Grove 9 26 

Deerfield " 33 

Bridgkton 6 39 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

(254) Philadelphia to New York. 
PhiLadeipkia and Trenton R. R, 

To rhiladelphia Depot 2 

Tacoiiy 7 

Corn well's 5 14 

Aiiduliisia 2 Hi 

Bristol 4 21) 

Morrisville 9 29 

J^ew Brunswick and Trenton R.R. 

Trenton 1 30 

Princeton 10 40 

Kingston 4 44 

Dean's Pond 4 48 

New Brunswick 9 57 

JVew Jersey R. R. 

Freeman's 5 62 

Rahway 7 69 

Elizabethtown 6 75 

Newark 5 80 

Jersey City 8 88 

Stea.mboat. 

New York 1 89 

(255) Philadelphia to N. York. 

Steamboat. 

To Camden 1 

Cnmdcn and Amhoy R. R. 

Brick Station House 5 6 

Palmyra 2 8 

Rancbcus River 5 13 

BnrliriG^ton 6 19 

Kincora 4 23 

Bordentown 4 27 

Sand Hiils 5 32 

Newtown 2 34 

Centrevuie 3 37 

Hightstown 4 41 

Prospect Plains 4 45 

West's 3 48 

SpotswDod 4 52 

South River 5 57 

South Ainboy 5 62 

Steamboat. 

NbwYork 28 90 



(256) Philadelphia to N. York. 

To Bordentown, (see 255) . . .27 

Trenton 7 34 

New York, (see 254) 59 93 



(257) Philadelphia to Baltimork. 

Phiiadelphia., Wilmington., and Bal- 
timore R. R. 

To Gray's Ferry 3 

Lazai-etto 7 10 

Chester 4 14 

Marrus' Hook 3 17 

Naaman's Creek 2 19 

Wilmington 8 27 

Newport 4 31 

Stanton 2 33 

Newark 6 39 

Elkton 6 45 

North East 6 51 

Charlestown 3 54 

Cecil 5 59 

Havre De Grace 1 60 

Hall's Cross Roads 5 65 

Perryman's 4 69 

Gunpowder 8 77 

Harewood 3 80 

ClKise's 1 81 

Stenimer's Run 6 87 

Canton 7 94 

Baltimore 3 97 

(2.58) Philadelphia to Baltimore. 

Steamboat. 

To Fort Mifflin 9 

Lazaretto 5 14 

Chester 4 18 

!V!arcus' Hook 4 22 

New Castle 13 35 

J^\w Castle and Frenchtown R. R, 
Frenchtown 16 51 

Steamboat. 

Turkey Point 15 66 

PdoI's Island 21 87 

North Point 15 102 

Fort McHenry 10 112 

Baltimore 3 115 



(259) Philadelphia to Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

To Baltimore, (see 257) ... 97 

Washington, (see 299) 40 137 

7* 



78 



ROUTES IN PENNSYLVAKIA. 



(260) Philadelphia, to Harris- 

Bl EG. 

Columbia and Philadelphia R. R. 
To Head of Inclined Plane. . 4 

White Hall 7 11 

Morgan's Corner 3 14 

Reesville 5 19 

Westchester Turnout* 2 21 

Paoh 3 24 

Whiteland 6 3U 

Downingtown 4 34 

Coatesville 7 41 

Parkesburg 5 46 

Penningtonville 3 49 

The Gap 4 53 

Kinzie's 3 56 

Paradise 4 CO 

Enterprise 3 63 

Lancaster 7 70 

Harrisburg and Lancaster R. R. 

Landisville 7 77 

Moiuit Joy 5 82 

Elizabeth town 6 d8 

Conewago Creek 4 92 

Middletown 5 97 

High Spire 3 lUO 

Harrisbcrg 7 107 

* Branch to Westchester 10—31. 

(261) Philadelphia to Pittsburg. 
Via Harrisburg and HoUidays- 

bvTfr, 

To Harrisburg, (see 260) . .107 
Central R. R. 

Rockville 6 113 

Cove 5 118 

Duiicannon 4 122 

Aqueduct 3 125 

Bailey's 5 1.30 

Newport 4 134 

Millerstown 6 140 

Tuscarora 7 147 

Perryville 6 153 

Mifflintown 3 156 

Lewiston 12 168 

Anderson's 7 175 

McVevtown 5 180 

Hamifion 10 190 

Mt. Union 3 193 

MUl Creek 6 199 

Huntingdon 5 204 

Petersburg 7 iill 

Spruce Creek 6 217 

Tyrone 7 224 



Fostoria G 2J0 

Aliona 8 238 

Hollidaysburg 6 244 

.Alleghany Portage R. R. 

Plane No. 9 4 248 

Plane No. 8 2 250 

Summit 4 254 

Plane No. 4 3 257 

Plane No. 2 3 260 

Jefferson 4 264 

Halt-way House 4 268 

Viaduct 3 271 

Tunnel 3 274 

Pennsijlvania R, R. 

Conemaugh 2 276 

Johnstown 2 278 

Ninevah 10 288 

New Florence 5 293 

Lockport 5 298 

Hoiivar 2 300 

Blairsville Junction 5 305 

Hill Side 4 309 

Derry 5 314 

Latiobe G 320 

Turnpike 2 322 

Turtle Creek 26 348 

Wilkinsonburg 5 353 

Liberty 5 358 

Pittsburg 5 363 

(262) Philadelphia to PIagers- 
town, iMd. 

To Harrisburg (see 260). . .107 
Cumberland Valley R. R. 

Bridgeport 5 112 

Mechanicsburg 3 115 

Carlisle 10 125 

Newville 12 137 

Shippensburg — 10 147 

Green Village 6 153 

Chambersburg ... 4 157 

Franklin R. R. 

Green Castle 11 168 

Hagerstown, Md 22 190 

(263) Philadelp. to Chambersbg. 
Columbia R. R. 

To Lancaster, (see 260) 70 

Dillersville 1 71 

Hemptieid 3 74 

Mount Pleasant 4 78 

Columbia 4 82 



ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 



19 



Wrightsville 1 83 

York and Wrightsville R. R. 

Hoover's 6 89 

York 6 95 

Stage. 

Farmer's 9 104 

Abbottstowu 5 109 

New Oxtord 4 113 

Gettysbiu-g 10 123 

Cashtowu 8 131 

Fayetleville 9 140 

Chambersburg 7 147 

(264) Philadelphia to Nazareth. 

To Rising Sun 4 

Germiintovvn 3 7 

Chesnut Hill 3 10 

White Maish 3 13 

Upper Dublin 2 15 

Montgomery ville 6 21 

Line Lexington 5 26 

Bunker Hill 9 35 

Quakertown 3 38 

Coopersburg 6 44 

Bethlehem 9 53 

Hecklovvn 6 59 

Nazareth 4 03 

(265; Philadelphia to Easton. 

To Rising Sun 4 

Milestovvn 3 7 

Jenkintown 4 11 

Abington 1 12 

Willow Grove 2 14 

Horsham 3 17 

WaiTington 5 22 

Doylestown 3 25 

Danboro' 3 28 

Piumsteaclville 2 30 

Ottsville 8 38 

Bucksville 3 41 

Reiglesville 4 45 

Raubsviile 6 51 

Easton 4 55 

(266) Philadelphia to Potts- 

VILLE. 

Philadelphia^ Readivg, and Potts- 
ville R. R. 

To Inclined Plane 5 

Manayunk 2 7 

Spring Mill 5 12 

Norristown 5 17 

Valley Purge 6 23 

Phoenixville 4 27 

Royer's Ford 4 31 



Pottstown 9 40 

Douglassville 4 44 

Baumstown 5 49 

Reading 9 53 

Althouse's 8 66 

Mohrsville 2 68 

Hamburg 7 75 

Port Clinton 3 73 

Scotchman's Locks 5 83 

Orwigsbm-g 3 86 

Sch uylkill Haven 3 89 

PoTTsviLLE 4 93 

(267) POTTSVILLE to CoRNING,N.Y. 

Fountain Spring 12 

Bear Gap 12 24 

Paxinos .5 29 

Sunbury 12 41 

Northumberland 1 42 

Chillisquaque 8 50 

Milton 4 54 

McEwensville 4 58 

Muncy 10 68 

Montui-esville .10 78 

Williamsport 4 82 

IVilliamsport and Elmira R. R. 

Trout Run 15 97 

Ralston 10 107 

Stage. 

Blossburg 15 122 

Corning and Blossburg R. R. 

Covington 5 127 

Mansfield 5 132 

Tioga 8 140 

Lawrenceville 7 147 

Lindleytown, N. Y 3 150 

Erwin Centre 3 153 

Corning 9 162 

(268) Williamsport to Elmira. 

Williamsport and Elmira R. R, 

To Trout Run 15 

Ralston 10 23 

Stage. 

Canton 20 45 

Alba 4 49 

Troy 6 55 

Columbia Cross Roads. — 4 59 

South Creek 10 69 

Southport. N. Y 8 77 

Elmira 2 79 

(269) Williamsport to Holli- 
daysburg. 

To Linden 9 

Jersey Shore 6 15 



80 



ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 



WestBi-anch 5 20 

Duniisbur--- 6 2(5 

Lock Hiiven .2 28 

Mill HaU 3 31 

Lamar 5 36 

Hublersburg 8 44 

Bellefonte 4 48 

Buffalo Run 6 54 

Hall Moon 8 62 

Warrior's Mark 10 72 

Birmingham 5 77 

Union Furnace 4 81 

Water Street 3 84 

HOLLIDAYSBURG 19 103 

(270) Easton to Port Jervis. 

To Martin's Creek 8 

Richmond 5 13 

Mount Bethel 4 17 

Slate Ford 2 19 

Dulotsburg .5 24 

Experiment Mills 1 25 

Stroudsburgh 4 29 

Craig's Meadow 5 34 

Coolbaugh's 4 38 

Bushkilf 4 42 

Delaware 6 48 

Dingman's Ferry 6 54 

Millord 7 61 

Port Jervis 8 09 

(271) Easton to Binghamton. 

To Nazai-eth 8 

Jacobsburg 3 11 

Wind Gap 4 15 

Shater's 7 22 

Mount Pocono 8 30 

Stoddarlsville 12 42 

Bear Creek 8 50 

WiLKESBARRE 10 60 

Kingston 1 61 

Wyoming 4 C5 

Exeter 9 74 

North Moreland 6 80 

Eaton 6 86 

Tunkhannock 2 88 

Lynn 11 99 

Sprinsville 4 103 

Dimock 4 107 

Montrose 7 114 

Lawsville Centre 9 123 

Binghamton, N. Y 12 135 

(272) Easton to Pottsville. 

To Hecktown 6 

Bath 4 10 



Petersville 5 15 

Cherryville 4 19 

Lehigh Gap 5 24 

Parrysville 5 29 

Lehighton 3 32 

Mauch Chunk 4 36 

Summit Hill 8 44 

Tamaqua 5 49 

Blythe 4 53 

Middleport 4 57 

Port Carbon C 63 

Pottsville 2 65 

(273) Easton to Trenton, N. J. 

To Raubsville 6 

Reiglesville 4 10 

Upper Black Eddy 5 15 

Erwinna 2 17 

Point Pleasant 6 23 

Lumberville 2 25 

New Hope 7 32 

Brownsburg 4 36 

Taylorsville 2 38 

Yardlevville 4 42 

Trenton, N.J. 3 45 

(274) Easton to Harrisdurg. 

To Butztown 9 

Freemansburg 2 11 

Bethlehem 4 15 

Allentown 6 21 

Trexlertown 8 29 

Kutzlown lO 39 

Rhiiden Creek 9 48 

Reading 8 56 

Sinking Spring 5 61 

Womelsflorf 9 70 

Myerstown 7 77 

Lebanon 7 84 

Annville 5 89 

Palmyra 5 94 

Hummellstown 5 99 

Harrisburg 9 108 

(275) Harrisburg to Baltimore 

Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R. 

To Bridgeport 

Goldsboro 

York 25 

GladCelter's 10 35 

Smyser's 11 36 

Strasburg 8 44 

Summit 2 46 

Piukton 8 54 

Monkton 5 59 



ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA, 



81 



Phoenix Factory 5 64 

Ashhiiui rumace 2 C6 

Cockevsvillo 1 67 

New Texas 2 69 

Kelay House 6 75 

Baltimore 7 82 

(270) Harrisburg to IIagers- 

TOWN, Md. 

Via Oettysburrr. 

To Shiremanton • . . . 4 

Shepherdslown 5 9 

Dillsburg 4 13 

York Sulphur Springs 8 21 

Heidlersburg 4 25 

Gettysburg 10 35 

Fairfield 8 43 

Fountain Dale 4 47 

Waynesboro' 10 57 

Leitersburg, Md 5 62 

Hagerstovvn 6 68 

(277) Harrisburg to Northum- 
berland. 

To Dauphin 8 

Benvenue 7 15 

New Buffalo 4 19 

Montgomery's Ferry 5 24 

Liverpool 5 29 

McKee's Half Falls 12 41 

Chapman 2 43 

Selin's Grove 9 52 

Sharaokin Dam 4 50 

Sunbury •••• 2 58 

NO'::iTHUMBERLAND 1 59 

(278) Lancaster to Reading. 

To NefFsville 4 

Litiz 4 8 

Ephratah 8 16 

Reamstown 4 20 

Adamstown 5 25 

Reading 9 34 

(279) York to York Sulphur 

Springs. 

To East Berlin 12 

l''0RK Sulphur Springs-.. 8 20 

(280) Philadelphia to Berwick. 

Via Allentown. 
To Coopersburg, (see 264). .44 

Allentown 8 .52 

North VVhitehaU 8 60 

Lehigh Gap 10 70 

ParrysvUle 5 75 



Lehighton 3 78 

Mauch Chunk 4 82 

Lausanne 8 90 

Beaver Meadows 3 93 

Hazleton 4 97 

Conyngham 6 103 

Nescopec .10 113 

Berwick 1 114 

(281) Philadelphia to Port De- 

posit, Md. 

To Kingsessing 4 

Darby 2 6 

Gibbons' Tavern 3 9 

Nether Providence 2 11 

Lima 2 13 

Joy Mills 3 16 

Concordville 2 18 

Chadd's Ford 4 22 

Hamorton 2 24 

Kennett's Square 3 27 

Avon Dale 4 31 

West Grove 3 34 

New London Cross Roads. . 5 39 

Brick Meeting House, Md. . 8 47 

Farmington 4 51 

Port Deposit 6 57 

(282) Northumberland to Hones- 

dale. 

To Danville 12 

Catawissa 10 22 

Bloomsbm-g 3 25 

Espy 3 28 

Berwick 10 38 

Beacli Grove 6 44 

Shickshinny 10 54 

Nanticoke 5 59 

WiLKESBARRE 8 67 

Plainsville 5 72 

Pittston Ferry 4 76 

Lackawanna 4 80 

Hyde Park 4 84 

Providence 3 87 

Blakely 3 90 

Carbondale 6 96 

Waymart. 6 102 

HONESDALE 10 112 

(283) WiLKESBARRE tO ElMIRA, 

N. Y. 

To Kingston 1 

Wvoming 4 5 

Exeter 9 14 

Noith Moreland 6 20 

Eaton 6 26 



82 



ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 



Tunkhnnnock 2 28 

SterlinsviUe 10 38 

Braintree 4 40 

Skiiiiier's Eddy 3 45 

Wyaliising 8 53 

Runnerfield Creek 6 59 

Standing Stone 3 62 

VVysox 4 66 

Towanda 2 68 

Burlington 10 78 

Eastfmithfield 7 85 

Nortli Smithfield 2 87 

Ridgelniry 8 95 

Wellsburg, N, Y. 5 100 

Elmira 5 105 

(284) Pout Jervis to Owego, N.Y. 

ToMilford 8 

Darlingsville 12 20 

Tafton' 10 30 

Honesdale 9 39 

Proni[)ton 5 44 

Wayuiart 6 50 

Carbo.ndale 6 56 

Dundaff 8 64 

Lenox 8 72 

Brooklyn 9 81 

Montrose .7 88 

Forest Lake 6 94 

Friendsville 6 100 

Warrenliam 8 108 

Owego 9 117 

(285) Towanda to Erie. 

To Burlington 10 

West Burlington 4 14 

Troy C 20 

Sylvania 5 25 

Sullivan 6 31 

Covinsfton 8 39 

Charleston 8 47 

Wellsboro' 3 50 

Pine Creek 12 62 

Pike Mills 14 76 

Sweden 12 88 

Lymansville 4 92 

CoinERSPORT 3 95 

RouU'tie 9 104 

Port Alleghany 5 109 

Smithpor't 12 121 

La Fayette 12 133 

Kenjua 16 149 

Warren 13 162 

Irvine 7 169 

Youngsville 3 172 

Spring Creek 14 186 



Cook 8 194 

Union Mills 8 202 

Waterford 8 210 

Erie 14 224 

(286) Philadelphia to Erie. 
To Lewistown, (see 261) . .168 

Reedsville 5 173 

Valley 4 177 

Potter's Mill 7 ]84 

OldFort 4 188 

Bellefonte 9 197 

Milesburg 2 199 

Phillipsburg 26 225 

Clearfield Bridge 15 240 

Curwinsville 5 245 

Luthersbiu-g 13 258 

Brookville 23 281 

Corsica 6 287 

Strattonsville 7 294 

Clarion 4 298 

Shippenville 4 302 

Cranberry 19 321 

Franklin 3 324 

Canal 8 332 

Sugar Creek 4 336 

Meadville 12 348 

Woodcock 9 357 

Rockdale 3 360 

Waterford 10 370 

Erie 14 384 

(287) Chambersburg to Wheel- 

ing, Va. 

To Bedford, (see 262) 56 

White Horse 23 79 

Somerset 14 93 

Donegal 18 111 

Mount Pleasant 10 121 

McKean's Old Stand 5 126 

West Newton 7 133 

Gamble's 4 137 

Monongahe'a City 3 140 

Diinningsville • . • " 10 150 

Washington 10 160 

Claysville---- 10 170 

West Alexander 7 177 

Triadelphia, Va 4 181 

Wheeling 10 191 

(288) Pittsburg to WnEELiNG,VA. 

To Herri otts\i lie 10 

Cannonsburg 8 18 

Washington 7 25 

Wheeling, (see 287)...... 31 56 



ROUTES IX PENNSYLVANIA. 



83 



(289) PiTTSBURa to Steuben- 

VILLE, O. 

To Fayette 13 

North Slar 6 19 

Bavingtou 3 22 

Florence 4 2G 

Paris 5 31 

Holliday's (Jove, Va 4 35 

Steubenville, 3 38 

(290) Pittsburg to Cleveland, O. 

To Allea,iiany 1 

Sewickly Bottom 14 15 

Economy 3 18 

Freedom 7 25 

Beaver 3 28 

Darlinston 12 40 

Euon Vallev 4 44 

Petersbars<,'0 6 50 

New Middletown 4 54 

Poland 5 59 

Boardman 3 62 

Caiifield 6 68 

EUsworth 6 74 

Frederick 6 80 

Palmyra 5 85 

Edinburg 5 90 

Ravenna 6 9(5 

Franklin Mills 6 102 

Stow 4 106 

Hudson 6 112 

Twinsburg 5 117 

Bedford 7 124 

Newbmg 6 130 

Cleveland G 13G 

(291) Pittsburg to Mercer. 
Via Beaver, 

To Beaver, (see 290) 28 

Fallston 2 30 

Brighton 2 32 

Irish Ripple 10 42 

Mount Jackson 2 44 

Cross Cut 5 49 

New Custle 5 54 

New Bedford 10 64 

Pulaski 4 68 

New Wilmington 6 74 

Mercer 7 81 

(292) Pittsburg to Erie. 

To Alleghany 1 

Bakerstown 16 17 

Glade Mills 6 23 

Butler 9 32 

Forest 12 44 



Slippery Rock 4 48 

Nonh Liberty 4 52 

Mercer 12 04 

Culbertson's 15 79 

Meadville 15 94 

Woodcock 9 103 

Rockd;ile 3 106 

Waterford 10 116 

Erie H 130 

(293) Pittsburg to Baltimore. 
Steamboat, 

ToMcKeesport 16 

Elizabeth town 8 24 

Monongahela City 9 33 

Bel Vernon 12 45 

Brownsville 12 57 

Stage, 

Uniontown 12 69 

Farmington 13 82 

yoraeriield 8 90 

Addison 5 95 

Grantsville, Md 13 108 

Shade Mill 9 117 

Frostburg 4 121 

Cumberland 10 131 

Baltimore, and Ohio R. R. 

Pattei-son's Creek 8 139 

Little Cacapon Creek 13 152 

Paw Paw Tunnel 4 156 

Doe Gully Tunnel .12 168 

Great Cacapon Creek 9 177 

Hancock 9 186 

Walnut Bend 5 191 

Back Creek Viaduct 7 198 - 

H edges ville Depot 4 202 

Martinsburg 7 209 

KernevsviUe 8 217 

Dutfieid's 5 222 

Harper's Ferry 6 228 

Knoxville 3 231 

Berlin 3 234 

Point of Rocks 6 240 

Frederick 8 248 

Monocacy Bridge 3 251 

Ijamsville 5 256 

Monrovia 4 260 

Mount Aiiy 6 266 

W^oodbine 6 272 

Sykesville 6 278 

Marriottsville 3 2S1 

Eiysville 8 289 

Ellicott's MiUs 6 295 

Ilchester 2 297 

Relay House 4 301 

Baltimore 9 310 



8'i 



ROUTES IN DELAWARE MARYLAND. 



DELAWARE. 

(294) Wilmington to George- 

town. 

To New Castle 5 

Saim George's 10 15 

IMcDoiioiigh 3 18 

CaiitWfll^Bridge 4 22 

Hkick Bird 6 28 

Smynia 6 34 

Dover 12 46 

Camden 3 49 

Canterbury 5 54 

Fredrica 5 59 

Millord 8 67 

Wilton 12 79 

Georgetown 8 87 

(295) Georgetown to Cape 

Charles, V^a. 

ToMillsboro' 8 

Dogsboro' 5 13 

St. Martin's, Md 10 23 

Berlin 8 31 

Newark 8 39 

Snow Hill 8 47 

Sandy Hill 9 56 

Horntown, Va 6 62 

Accotnan 7 69 

Modest town 9 78 

Acco.MAcC H 10 88 

Onaiicoclv 8 96 

Punguteagiie 4 100 

Bellehaven 6 106 

Franktown 7 113 

Eastville 12 125 

Capeville 12 137 

(296) Georgetown to Princess 

Anne. 

To Concord 12 

Laurel 6 18 

Salisbury, Md 15 33 

Forktown 4 37 

Princess Anne 11 48 

MARYLAND. 

(297) Baltimore to Philadel- 

phia. 

Philadelphia^ JVilmington^ and 

Baltimore R. R. 

To Canton 3 

Stcninier's Run 7 10 

Chase's 6 16 

H&rewocd 1 17 



Gunpowder 3 90 

Ferryman's 8 28 

Hall's Cross Roads 4 32 

Havre de Grace 5 37 

Cecil 1 38 

Charlestown 5 43 

North East 3 46 

Elktown .6 52 

Newark 6 58 

Stanton 6 64 

Newport 2 66 

Wilmington 4 70 

Naaraan's Creek 8 78 

Marcus' Hook 2 80 

Chester 3 83 

Lazaretto 4 87 

Gray's Ferry 7 94 

Philadelphia 3 97 

(298) Baltimore to Philadel- 

phia. 

Steamboat. 

To Fort McHeury 3 

NorthPoint 10 13 

Pool's Island 15 26 

Turkey Point 21 49 

Freuchtow n 15 64 

JSTcio Castle and Frcnchtoion R. R. 

Newcastle 16 80 

Steamboat, 

Marcus' Hook 13 93 

Chester 4 97 

Lazaretto 4 101 

Fort WifHin 5 106 

Philadelphia 9 115 

(299) Baltimore to Washington, 

DC. 

Baltimore and Ohio R. R. 
To Relay House 9 

IVashina-ton Branch R. R. 

ElkridKC Landing 1 10 

Jessup's Cut 5 15 

Annapolis Junction 3 18 

Savage Factory 2 20 

Laurel Factory 1 21 

"White Oak Bottom 4 25 

Beltsville 3 28 

Paint Branch 2 30 

Bladensburg 3 33 

Washington 7 40 

(300) Baltimore to Annapolis. 
Railroad. 

To Relay House 9 

Elkridge Landing 1 10 



ROUTES IN MARYLAND. 



85 



Jessup's Cut 5 15 

Annapolis Junction 3 18 

Patuxt'iit Forge 4 22 

Millersville 6 28 

Annapolis 11 39 

(301) Baltimore to Wheeling, 
Va. 

Baltimore and Ohio R. R. 

To Relay House 9 

Avalon 1 10 

Ilchesler ... 3 13 

EUicotl's Mills 2 15 

Klysville 6 21 

Putney's Bridge 3 24 

Woodstock 1 25 

Marriottsville 4 29 

Sykesville 3 32 

Hood's Mills 3 35 

Woodbine 3 38 

Mount A iry 6 44 

Monrovia 6 50 

Ijamsville 4 54 

Reel's Mill 4 58 

Monocacy Bridge 1 59 

Frederuk 3 62 

Doup's Switch 4 66 

Point of Rocks 4 70 

Catoctin Switch 2 72 

Berlin 4 76 

Knoxville 3 79 

Hari'er's Ferry 3 82 

Peach er's MiU 2 84 

Duffield's 4 88 

Leetown Road 3 91 

Kernevsville 2 93 

Drake's 4 97 

Martinsbijrg 4 101 

Warm Spring Road 2 1 03 

Tabb's . 1 104 

Hedgesvile Depot 2 106 

Back Creek Bridge 4 110 

Runner's Ferry Road 2 112 

Licking Water Station 5 117 

Walnut Bend 2 119 

Hancock 5 124 

St, John's Run 5 129 

Great Cacapon 4 133 

RockweirsRun 7 140 

Doe Gully Tunnel 2 142 

' Water Station 9 151 

Paw Paw Tunnel ■ . ., 3 1 54 

Little Cacapon 4 158 

Green Spring Run 7 165 

Patterson's Creek 6 171 



North Branch Viaduct ... 2 173 

Cumberland 6 179 

BradysMill 7 186 

Rawlins Station 6 192 

New Creek ..10 202 

Piedmont — 5 207 

Frankville 9 2l6 

Altamont 8 224 

Oakland 9 233 

Cr. Summit ^j 243 

Rowlesburg 11 254 

Tunnelton 7 261 

Independence 8 209 

Thornton 5 274 

Fetterman 8 282 

Nazum's Mills 9 291 

Benton'-s Ferry 8 299 

Fairmount 4 303 

Barrackville 5 308 

Farminirton 5 313 

ManniniTton 7 320 

Glover's Gap 7 327 

Littleton 11 333 

Bellton ... •••• 7 345 

Welling Tunnel 5 3.50 

Cameron 2 852 

Moundsville 17 369 

Wheeling 11 380 

(303) Baltimore to Pittsburg. 

To Hookstown 5 

Pikesville 3 8 

Owing's Mills 4 12 

Reistertown 4 16 

Finksburg 5 21 

Westminster 7 28 

Union Mills 7 35 

Littlestown, Penn 7 42 

Gettysburg. 10 52 

Cashtown 8 60 

Fayetteville 9 69 

Chambersburg 7 76 

Pittsburg, (see 262) 151 227 

(3041 Baltimore to Winchester 
and White Sulphur Springs, Va. 

To Harper's Ferry, (see 301)82 
Winchester and Potomac R. R. 

Halltown 6 88 

Charlestown 4 92 

Summit Point 7 99 

Stephenson's Depot 10 109 

Winchester 5 114 

Stng-e. 

Newtown Stephensburg ... 8 122 

8 



86 



ROUTES IN MARYLAND. 



Middletown 5 127 

Strasbiirg 5 ]32 

Tom's Broot 6 138 

Woodstock 6 144 

Edinburg 5 149 

Red Banks 4 153 

Mount Jackson 4 157 

New Mai-ket 7 164 

Spartapolis 8 172 

Harrison burg 11 183 

Moiuit Crawford 8 191 

Mount Sidney 6 197 

Staunton 11 208 

Bufifalo Gap 13 221 

Deerfield 15 236 

Cloverdale Hotel 9 245 

Green Valley 7 252 

Warm Springs or Bath C. H.14 2G6 

Hot Springs 5 271 

Morris Hill 14 285 

Callaghan's 8 293 

White Sulphur Springs .14 307 

(305) Baltimore to Carlisle, Pa. 

To Hookstown 5 

Pikesviile 3 8 

Owing's Mills 4 12 

Reistertown 4 16 

Upperco 5 21 

Hanlstead 5 26 

Manchester 4 30 

Hanover, Pa. 12 42 

Hampton 10 52 

York Sulphur Springs 6 58 

Papertown 8 66 

Carlisle 6 72 

(306) Baltimore to Lancaster, 

Pa. 
Baltimore and Susqitehannah R.R, 

To Woodberry 3 

Melvale 1 4 

Washington Factory 2 6 

Relay House 1 7 

Ryder's Lane 3 10 

Tiraonium 2 12 

Clark's Station 2 14 

Cockeysville 1 15 

Ashland 1 16 

Westerman's Mills 2 18 

Love's Station 3 21 

Monkton Mills 2 23 

Whitehall 4 27 

Parkton 2 29 



Freeland's 5 34 

Summit 2 36 

York and Maryland Lin^ R. R. 

Strasbm-g 2 38 

Heathcote's 4 42 

Smyser's 5 47 

Glatleller's 2 49 

Tunnel 1 50 

York 7 57 

JVrightsville and York R. R. 

Heaston's Mills 7 64 

Wrightsville 6 70 

Columbia 1 71 

Columbia R. R. 

Mount Pleasant 4 75 

Hempfleld 4 79 

Dillersville 3 82 

Lancaster 1 83 

(307) Baltimore to Norfot^k,Va, 

Steamboat. 

To Fort McHenry 3 

North Point 10 13 

Sandy Point 14 27 

Thomas Point 10 37 

Curtis Point 5 42 

Holland Point 10 52 

Sharp's Island = .. 8 60 

Cove Point 17 77 

Cedar Point 8 85 

Point Lookout, mouth of the 

Potomac River 17 102 

Windmill Point, mouth of 

Kapjiahannock River 32 134 

Old Point Comfort 45 179 

Norfolk, Va 15 194 

(308) Elkton to Snow Hill. 

To Warwick 15 

Head of Sassafras 3 18 

Georgetown Cross Roads... 5 23 

Chestertown 16 39 

Church Hill 6 45 

Centreville 9 54 

Wye Mills 8 62 

Easton 14 76 

Trappe 9 85 

Cambridge 7 92 

Hicksburg 8 100 

Big Mills 6 106 

Vienna • 4 110 

Barren Creek Springs 5 115 

Sidisbmy 11 126 

Snow Hill 20 146 



ROUTES IN MARYLAND. 



87 



(309) Washington to Gettys- 

burg, Pa. 

To Georgetown 2 

Tennally Town 2 4 

Rockvilie 11 15 

Middle Brook 10 25 

Clarksburg 3 28 

Hyattslowu 4 32 

Urbanna 4 3G 

Frederick 7 43 

Utica Mills 8 51 

Creagerstown 4 55 

Gracehara 3 58 

Emmittsburg .... 7 65 

Green Mount, Pa 5 70 

Gettysburg 5 75 

(310) Washington to Annapolis. 

Long Old Fields 9 

Upper Marlboro' 8 17 

Queen Anne 9 26 

Davidsonville 4 30 

Annafolis 9 33 



(311) Washington to Hancock. 

To Frederick, (see 309) 43 

Middletown 8 51 

Boonsboro' 8 59 

Fiinkslnw!) 8 67 

Hagerstown 2 69 

Clear Spring 11 80 

Park Head 8 88 

Hancock 7 95 

(312) Washington to Ridge. 

To Palmer's Tavern 10 

Piscataway G 16 

Pleasant Hill 10 26 

Port Tobacco 6 32 

Allen's Fresh 9 41 

Newport 3 44 

Chaptico 8 52 

Saint Clement's Bay 6 58 

Leonardtown 6 64 

Great Mills 12 76 

Saint Inegoes 6 82 

RiDOB 5 83 



THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 



Under this head are included the states of Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Geoi-gia, and Florida, which occupy a tei'ritory of more 
than 900 miles in length, or from Rlason and Dixon's line to the south- 
ernmost point of the peninsula of Florida. Their geogi-aphical position 
is between 40° 43 and 25° N. lat.; and between 75° and 88' W. 
long. They are boimded N. by Pennsylvania : N. E. and E. by Mary- 
land and the Atlantic (jcean ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by that 
Gulf and the states of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio ; and 
include an aggregate area of 248,120 square miles. 

The surface of this section of the United States exhibits several dis- 
tinct and different physical conditions. Along the Atlantic coast is an 
extensive level tract, having its western limits marked by the rocky 
ledge over which the i-ivers fall, and to the loot of which, in several in- 
stances, the tides penetrate. Morasses and swamps, sluggish streams 
and wide arms of the sea, stretching far inland, are among the featiu-es 
of this plain, which slopes gently eastward, and is continued under the 
sea. Succeeding this, a table-land, with an elevation of 800 or 1,200 feet 
above the sea-level, intervenes to the mountains. The AUeghanies form 
the background, but do not attain the great elevation which distin- 
guishes them in the more northern parts of the range. Black Moun- 
tain, 6,476 feet high, is the loftiest culmination. Vii-ginia is the only one 
of these states that extends beyond the mountains. The soil, climate, 
and products of these several divisions are essentially different each 
from the other. On the Atlantic plain the soil and chmate are suitable 
for the growth of tobacco, cotton, and rice — the latter of which is chiefly 
grown in the Pouth Carolina swamps. The elevated plateau succeeding 
this low region, is well adapted to cereal agriculture, while the moun- 
tains and theu- intervals are appropriate for grazing and sheep-farming. 
The whole range of the AUeghanies abounds in minerals— coal, iron, 
granite, &.C., being the chief products; and at the eastern base of the 
mountains, considerable deposites of gold have been discovered. Be- 
yond the mountains in Virginia, bitummous coal and iron are very abun- 
dant, and find a ready mai-ket in the manufacturing estabhshments in 
the neighborhood of the mines, and for steamboats plying on the Ohio 
and other western rivers. 

The southern states hav ^ hitherto been almost wholly devoted to ag« 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA.. 89 

riculture ; but of late years, manufactures of several oescriptions have 
been established in various sections. The manufacturw of cotton goods 
has especially been advanced, and there is a fair prospect of ultimate 
success in this new branch of southern industry. The woollen business 
has also received a similar impetus, and many planters ju-e turning their 
attention to these and like manixfactures, with a view to supply their 
home-market with materials hitherto imported. The direct foreign 
commerce of the southern states is by no means proportionate to the 
amount of products furnished by the agricultmlst ; but the coasting- 
trade with the northern ports is immense ; and internal traffic, facilitated 
by the advance of railroad communication and steam navigation on the 
rivers, is rapidly increasing in amount and value. Within the past ten 
years, indeed, mdustry in these states has been completely revolutionized, 
and capital been diverted to a hundred dilTereut employments, hereto- 
fore never thought of by the people. 



THE STATE OF YIRGINIA. 

Jirea 61,352 square miles. — Population 1,4^1,661. 

Virginia is situated between 36° 33' and 40<3 43' N. lat., and between 
75° 25' and 83^ 40' VV. long. : and is bounded N. by Pennsylvania and 
Maryland ; E. by the Atlantic ocean ; S. by Norih Cai-oUna and Tennes- 
see, and W. by Kentucky and Ohio. It is the lai'gest of the Atlantic 
states, and has been the longest time settled by Europeans of any portion 
of the Union, with the exception of those parts settled by the Spaniards. 

Several ridges of the Alleghany mountains from Pennsylvania pass 
through this state in a southwestern direction, into North Carolina and 
Tennessee. The most easterly is known by the name of the Blue Ridge. 
On the west the Laurel Mountain andChesnut Ridge extend from Penn- 
sylvania, and terminate in this state. The Cumberland Mountains oc- 
cupy the western border. There are other ridges, as Greenbrier, North 
Mountain, Back Bone, Iron Moimtain, Great Flat Top, &c. The loftiest 
summits are the Peaks of Otter, 4,250 feet high. The state is watered 
by a great number of rivers, among which may be mentioned the Poto- 
mac, Rappahannock, Yoi-k, James, and Staunton, on the east side of the 
mountains, and the Ohio, Kanawha, &c., on the west side. The south- 
em part of Chesapeake Bay belongs to this state ; and by its depth and 
extent, and the numerous fine rivers it receives, is of the highest value 
to navigation. Most of the large towns ai-e situated a considerable dis- 
tance up the rivers. The estuary of James' river forms a spacious 
haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads are strongly fortified, and 

8* 



90 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

the entrance is impracticable to an enemy. A peninsula, about 60 miles 
long, and from 10 to 15 wide, lies on the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay, 
and is bordered towards the sea by a string of low, sandy islets. The 
■waters of the Chesapeake enter the sea between capes Charles and Hen- 
ry, forming a strait about 15 miles in width. 

From the Atlantic to the head of tide-water in the rivers, the coimtry 
is low, flat, and swampy, and has a meager, sandy soil, covered with 
pines and cedars, except on the margins of the streams, which are loamy 
and rich, and in these parts the vegetation is abundant and luxurious. 
This territory is alluvial, and beneath the surface exhibits strata of ma- 
rine deposites. In the valley between the Blue Ridge and the main ridge 
of the Alleghanies, we come to a limestone countiy ; and here, the soil 
restmg on a bed of that rock, is very fertile. In some parts the soil is 
chalky. Between the mountains and the Ohio river the surface is much 
broken, and the soil indiiferently fertile ; but occasionally lai-ge tracts 
of good land are met with. 

The most remarkable natural features in Virginia are, Weir's Cave, 
the Rock Bridge over Cedar Creek, and the Passage of the Potomac 
through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry. The Rock Bridge has been 
formed by the bursting of accumulated waters through a wall of rock 
more than 200 feet in height. The bridge is CO feet m width, with 
perpendicular sides. A road passes over the top, and the scenery from 
this is exceedingly grand and romantic. Weir's Cave, in Augusta coun- 
ty, extends 1,260 feet into the earth, and contains upwards of 80 lai'ge 
chambers, glittering with stalactites and stalagmites in the shape of col- 
umns, thrones, statues, petrified water-falls, and other fantastic figures. 
The Passage of the Potomac presents the appearance of an immense 
rent, three quarters of a mile wide, through a stupendous mass of rock. 
The broken fragments of the moimtain which lie scattered all around, 
and its craggy front torn down to its base, attest the violence of the dis- 
ruption, and forcibly remind the spectator of the period when the moim- 
tain opposed a barrier to the stream, and when its collected waters 
swelled to such a volume as to tear away the mountain from its founda- 
tion. In the S. W. corner of the state there is a natural tunnel, winding 
like an S in the solid rock, 450 feet long, and from 50 to 150 feet wide, 
and from 70 to 80 feet high, through which runs a branch of Clinch river, 
400 feet below the summit of the hill that thus crosses it. These chance 
works of nature are frequently visited by the tourist ; and certainly few 
places in the United States present more impressive or imposing objects 
for contemplation, while the buoyant atmosphere and the grand scenery 
around, ai-e alike prolific in health and that species of /ecreation so con- 
genial to the summer traveler seeking forgetfuhiess of the eveiy-day 
cares of hfe. 

In the mountainous and western part of the state is an abundance of 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 91 

iron, lead, and bituminous coal. Gypsum is also fomid in the same re- 
gion. At the eastern foot of the mountains, between the Potomac and 
James' rivers, gold has been discovered near the surface, and consider- 
able quantities have been obtained by washing the earth. Since 1827 
a large amount of this gold has been annually coined at Philadelphia. 
Almost every part of the state W. of the mountains abounds in salt 
springs; and in the mountains is also a gi-eat number of mineral spi-ings. 
The principal are the White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier county, and 
the Warm and Hot Springs in Bath county. The Sweet Springs of 
]\]onroe, and the baths of Berkley county, ai-e also much frequented by- 
invalids. 

Virginia is essentially an agricultural state, and produces the finest 
tobacco. The cultivation of this staple is chiefly confined to the region 
E. of the mountains, in thB valleys between the ridges of the Alle- 
ghanies, the staples are wheat and Indian corn ; while cattle, hogs, and 
other live-stock are reared in abundance in the western sections of the 
state. Cotton, flax, hemp, &c., are also cultivated ; and upwards of 
four million ]>()unds of wool are gathered annually. The manufactures 
of the state are comparatively small, but are rapidly increasing, espe- 
cially those of iron, wool, and cotton. Virginia had in 1849 about 40 
cotton factories. Leather, glass, earthenware. &c., are also manufac- 
tured. As a commercial state, Virginia ranks the eighth in importance. 
The exports consist of tobacco, cotton, and some other staples. The 
coasting trade is also very extensive, and employs a large tonnage. The 
shipping employed in the foreign trade is about 75,000 tons. The fish- 
eries are little attended to, except those on the immediate coast. The 
length of railroad in the state is 578 miles, and of canal 211 miles. 

Education in Virginia is confined to the white population. William 
and Mary College at Williamsburg, founded in 1692, is the oldest in- 
stitution of the kind in the southern states. There are nine or ten others 
in the state, which have from three to ten professors each, and libraries 
containing frotn 1,200 to 7,000 volumes. The number of poor schools 
in 18r)0 was 3.<;()4, and the total number of children educated 31,655 ; the 
amount expended for tuition was $6rf,135. The children of the wealthy 
are generally taught at the academies, (of which there are about 500,) 
at private schools, or at home by private teachers. 

Virginia is divided into two districts, Eastern and Western; and con- 
tains 137 counties. The chief cities and towns are Richmond, Norfolk, 
Petersburg, Fredericksburg, &c. 

Richmond City, the capital, is beautifully situated on the N. bank of 
James' river, 150 miles from its mouth, immediately below the falls. It 
is a great commercial depot, having an extensive back .country abound- 
ing in tobacco, wheat, hemp, and coal, which is reached by the James' 
river Canal and branches. The flouring-mills of Richmond have a 



92 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

world-wide celebrity. The city itself has many handsome buildings; 
among which the Capitol is the cynosure. The City HalU the Armoiy, 
the Penitentiary, churches, &c., are all substantial and fine buildings. 
The private residences are equal to any Oj'"the same description in other 
large cities. Three large reservoirs supply the city with water. Manu- 
factures of various kinds are rapidly increasing; and within the last 
two or three years several cotton-mills have been erected, and ;u'e now 
in profitable employment. Richmond has many facilities for this spe- 
cies of industry, which must ultimately become advantageous to the 
whole neigh borht)od. The river is navigable to its raouih, and travel, 
north and south, is maintained by railroad. Population 27,4f<3. Man- 
chester is a flourishing village on the opposite bank of the river, and 
is chiefly noted for its manufactures. It is comiected with Richmond 
by two bridges. 

Norfolk, the chief sea-port, is situated on the N. bank of Elizabeth 
river, just below the confluence of its two branches, 8 miles above its 
entrance into Hampton Roads, and 32 from the ocean. It has a safe and 
commodious harbor, the entrance to which is between Oid Point Com- 
fort and a sand-bar called the Rip-Raps, and which is de ended by Fort- 
ress Monroe and Fort Calhoun. These fortifications completely com- 
mand the entrance from Hampton Roads. Population 14,321). Oppo- 
Bite to Norlblk is Portsmouth, with 8,456 inhabitants, and immediately 
above it Gosport, the site of one of the most important naval stations 
in the United States, and where a splendid dry-dock has been con- 
structed of hewn granite. On Washington Point, between the E. and. 
W. branches of Elizabeth river, about one mile from Norfolk, is the 
U. S. .Marine Hospital. The Dismal Swamp Canal comiects Chesapeake 
Bay with Albemarle Sound through Pasquotank river, and opens an 
extensive water communication to the south. Norfolk owns about 
24,2U0 tons of shipping, and has more foreign commerce than any other 
port in Virginia. The site of the city is low, and there are marshes in 
the vicinity. The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad commences at Ports- 
mouth, and nms westward as far as Newsom's depot, 49 mdes, and will 
be further continued to Welden and Gaston. Steamboats run from 
Norfolk to City Point, and a branch railroad thence commmiicates with 
the great southern line. 

Petersburg, on the Appomatox, below the falls, and 12 miles from 
its mouth, is a depot for the staples of the surroimding country. It is 
connected with the N. and S. by railroad, and the river is navigable to 
the city for vessels of 100 tons. Population 14,010. 

Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, below the falls, 100 miles 
from its mouth, and at the head of navigation, is a depot for the corn, 
flour, and tobacco of the neighborhood, and has several manufactm-ing 
establishments driven by water-power. Population 6,000. Other places 



THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 93 

of note in the tide-water section of the state are— Yorktown, famous for 
the surrender of Cornvvallis to Washington; Williamsburg, the seat 
of the oldest college in Virginia, and formerly the c;ipital; and James- 
town, on an island in James' river, the first settlement made in Virginia 
by the English. Wt. Vernon, on the Potomac, is noted for the home- 
stead of Washington, and his final resting-place. Alexandria, for- 
merly in the District of CoUimbia, but now in Virginia, is a place of 
commercial activity. Population 8,752. 

In the region between the Blue Ridge and the tide-water region are 
also several important places. Charlotteville is the seat of the 
University of Virginia; and Monticello, about 3 miles thence, is fa- 
mous for the home and grave of " Thomas Jefferson^ author of the Dec- 
laration of Independence^ and founder of the University of Virginia^^* 
Lynchburg, on the S. bank of James' river, is one of the largest tobacco 
markets in the world. Harper's Ferry, the seat of the U. S. Armory; 
Winchester, 32 miles from Harper's Ferry by railroad ; and Staunton, 
94 n\i:C-s b" stage from Winchester, the seat of the State Lunatic Asy- 
lum, are situated in the central valley. These are all important centers, 
from each of which several great lines of travel diverge. West of the 
AUeghanies, the chief towns are — Wheeling, a flourishing manufactur- 
ing town on the E. bank of the Ohio, at the head of low-water navi- 
gation; Parkersburg, near the mouth of the Little Kanawha; and 
Charleston, at the head of steam navigation on the Kanawha, near 
the great salt-works in that vicinity. Several other towns of considera- 
tion are found on the Ohio. 

Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent settlement form- 
ed by Europeans within the original territory of the United States. The 
country was granted to Sir Walter Raleigh by Queen Elizabeth, who 
named it Virginia, in honor of his virgin sovereign ; but the grant was 
vacated by the execution and attainder of Raleigh, under James I., who 
gave the country to the London Company. Jamestown was then set- 
tled. The early history of the colony is replete with romance, and many 
highly affecting incidents occurred during the Indian wars. The colony 
was originally governed by a council of seven, and a president chosen 
from that body by themselves ; but afterwards by a governor appointed 
by the Crown. Shortly after the war of the Revolution broke out, a 
provisional government was appointed, and in 1776 a constitution was 
foiTned, which, until 1830, when the present constitution was adopted, 
was the fundamental law. Virginia has produced a number of eminent 
statesmen: among whom are Washington, Jefferson, Mom-oe, and Mad- 
ison,— all of whom have been presidents of the United States ; Patrick 
Henry, and the late Chief-Justice Marshall. Many of ovu- most illustri- 
ous living statesmen are also natives of this state. 

* Such is the inscription on a granite obelisk placed over his grare. 



94 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

THE STATE OE NORTH CAROLINA. 

Jirea 45,000 square miles. — Population 868,903. 

North <,'a.rolina lies between 33° 53' and 36° 33' N. lat., and between 
750 25' and 84° 20' VV. long. : and is bounded N. by Virginia ; E. by the 
Atlantic ocean; S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee. 

Except in the extreme W., where the Blue Ridge from Virginia 
crosses the country, the greater part of the state is level, and the soil 
mainly sandy and poor, with extensive swampy tracts. There are, how- 
ever, fertile tracts here and there, and the margins of the rivers are gen- 
erally productive. The soil in the western part is much the best. The 
Btate is watered by the Chowan and Roanoke, which rise in Virginia and 
flow S. to Albemarle Sound ; by Cape Fear river, which empties into 
the sea in the southern part of Ihe state ; by the Pamlico and the Neuae, 
which flow into Pamlico Soimd, and by the Yadkin, which passes into 
South Carolina. A number of low, sandy islands are scattei-ed along the 
coast, and enclose several large sounds; but the entrances to these and 
the mouths of the rivers ai-e so obstructed with shoals that no good har- 
bors are found in the state; and N. of Cape Lookout, the only navi- 
gable pass for sloops is Ocracoke Inlet. This want of harbors has driven 
the trade of North Carolina to the more favored states N. and S. of it. 
The climate in summer is hot and unhealthy in the low regions, but in 
the mountainous country of the W. the air is more elastic and bracing. 
The winters are very mild. The Dismal Swamp in the N. E, is pregnant 
with every evil to which humanity can be exposed. 

A great part of the country is covered with forests of pitch-pine. In 
the low parts this tree is almost exclusively the natural growth of the 
soil, and its products constitute one-half of the exports of the state. 
Several valuable medicinal plants are produced, as snake-root, ginseng, 
Beneca, &c. The rich intervals ure overgrown with canes, the leaves 
of which continue green through the winter, and afford good fodder for 
cattle. The mineral region of the state is chiefly situated between the 
Yadkin and Catawba rivers. Cold is found near the surface in graina 
among the sand and gravel, and is obtained by washing the earth. The 
grains are in general small, but several large lumps have at diflerent 
times been found — one weighing 28 lbs. Iron, coal, salt, and granite, are 
also among the minerals found in this state. 

North C;u-olina is mainly an agricultural state. The products of the 
lov/ country are tar, turpentine, and lumber. Tobacco, wheat, and In- 
dian corn, !ire grown chiefly in the middle counties ; while cattle, and 
other live-siock, aj-e the staples of the upper comitry. Cotton and rice 
«m produced largely. Wool-growing is also becoming an important 



THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 95 

branch. Manufactures are as yet in their infancy ; but, in common with 
the other Atlantic states, mucli of the capital of this state has of late 
years been diverted to the manufacturing of cotton fabrics; and, in 1850, 
at least 28 mills were in full ^oration. Foreign commerce is almost 
unknown, but the coasting-trade is carried on briskly. The exports 
consist altogether of raw staples. Pome fisheries are prosecuted along 
the coast, and a small capital is invested in the whale-fisheries. Within 
the state are 354 miles of railroad, and about 30 miles of ciuial. 

Withiy the last '.iO or 25 years, education has received great encour- 
agement. In 1804, there were only two academies in the state, and in 
1820 not .50. The number at the present time is 173. The University 
at Chapel Hill, founded in 1789, is the oldest college : there are two oth- 
ers of recent date, viz., Davidson College, in Mechlenburg county, and 
Wake Forest College, both founded in 1838. The University has nine 
Professors, and is very flourishing; the other two have each three Pro- 
fessors. The primary and common schools number about 700, and edu- 
cate about 20,000 scholars. The wealthy are educated at the academies, 
and privately at home. 

The state is divided into 79 counties. The principal cities and towns 
ai'e Raleigh, Newbern, Wilmington, Fayetteville, &c. 

Raleigh, the capital, is pleasantly situated near the S. bank of the 
river Neuse, and about the middle of the state. It contains a respecta- 
ble State-House, built of granite, and other public buildings. There are 
also 5 or 6 chui-ches. Remoteness from navigation has been its greatest 
drawback, but it has lately been connected with the Roanoke by railroad, 
and may now become an important center. Population 3,000. 

Newbern is also situated on the Neuse, 30 miles from its entrance into 
Pamlico Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and secures to it a 
considerable commerce in the exportation of flour, naval stores, and 
lumber. It was once the seat of the state government. Population 4,000, 
Kingston, Waynesboro', and Smithfield, higher up the river, are 
places of some importance. 

Wilmington, on the E. bank of Cape Fear river, 35 miles from the 
sea, is the largest and most commercial town in the state. The shipping 
belonging to the port amounts to 15,198 tons. It enjoys a large coasting- 
trade, and exports great quantities of naval stores, &c. Population 6,200. 

Washington is situated on the N. bank of Tar river, at the head of 
navigation. It has considerable commerce. Population 2,600. Regular 
lines of packets sail between it and New York. 

Fayetteville, at the head of steam navigation on Cape Fear river, 
is next in population and commercial importance to Wilmington, and 
has considerable trade with the neighboring coimtiy. Population 5,000. 

Beaufort, in Carteret county, and near Cape Lookout, has an excel- 
lent harbor. Charlotteville, in Mechlenburg comity, is the chief 



9b SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

town in the " gold region." Gaston, Welbon, and Halifax, on the 
Koanoke, are important only as railroad stations. 

Veiy early alter the discovery of North America, several attempt* 
were made to settle on the coasts of Carolma, but without success. The 
first permanent colony was planted by refugees from Virginia, between 
1640 and 1650. In 1663, Charles II. granted the Cai-olinas to the Earl of 
Clarendon and others, who had charge of it until 17:i9, when the coun- 
try was pmchased by the Crow«n, and divided into North and South. 
Dming the Revolution, North Cai-olina took an active pail in the strug- 
gle tor independence ; and, in 1776, adopted a constitution, which, with 
the excej)tion of a few amendments made in 1835, is still that under 
which the government is organized. 



THE STATE OE SOUTH CAEOLIM. 

^rea 24,5C0 square miles. — Population 66P,507. 

South Carolina lies between 32° 02' and 35° 10' N. lat., and between 
78° 24' and 83^ 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. and N. E. by North 
Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. \V. by Georgia, from which 
it is separated by the Savannah river. 

The whole sea-coast is low and level, and towards the south is skirted 
by a multitude of islands, divided fi'om the mainland by narrow channels. 
These islands, like the neighboring mainland, are low and flat, but cov- 
ered with forests of live-oaks, pines, and palraettoes, and many of them 
are now imder cultivation. The long, sandy beaches which border these 
towards the sea, are the resort of thousands of water-fowl. The tide- 
water region of the state is also chiefly covered with pitch-pines, inter- 
spersed with swamps and morasses. The staple of this section is rice. 
Beyond this is a parallel belt of territory, called the JNliddle Country, 
consisting of low- sand-hills, resembling the waves of an agitated sea. 
This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a lew straggling 
pine-trees, and sometimes a field of Qorn or potatoes. Succeeding this 
is another belt, called the "Ridge," where the country rises by a steep 
and sudden ascent, and afterwards continues gradually to ascend ; and 
beyond this the surface exhibits a beautiful alternation of hill and dale, 
interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. 
The Blue Ridge, from North Carolina, forms the boundary on the ex- 
treme west. King's Moimtain, a solitary elevation on the N. state line, 
is the highest land in the country. Several large rivers flow in a S. E. 
direction through the state, the principal of which are the Great Pedee, 
a continuation of the Yadkin from North CaroUna ; the Santee, formed 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 97 

by the union of the Wateree and Congai-ee, and the Savannah, which 
washes the southern boiindaiy. These fall into the Atlantic, but none 
of them have good harbors. The only harbor of consequence on the 
■whole coast is that of Chaiieston, which receives the Ashley and Cooper 
rivers. 

The climate varies in these several regions. Along the coasts the 
atmosphere is moist and warm, and in the hot season intolerable. The 
winters here are of short continuation, and veiy mild. Higher up the 
country, the air becomes cooler, and in the N. W., where the land is 
elevated, the climate is generally salubilous, with a drier atmosphere, 
and a cold winter. The soil is very indifferent, except near the rivers. 
The western highlands, however, are generally productive, and aflbrd 
a plentiful supply of grasses. South Carolina has but few useful min- 
erals. Gold has been foimd in various parts, and this probably exists 
in considerable quantities. Domestic salt is abundant. There are sev- 
eral mineral springs, which are frequented by tourists and invalids. 

South Carolina is an agricultural state, the great staples of which are 
cotton and rice; the former cultivated chiefly on the margins of the 
rivers, and the latter in the swamp lands near the coast. Wheat and 
Indian corn are produced in the regions above tide-water, and cattle and 
sheep are numerous in the west. A'anufactures have scarcely a footing 
in this state. The export of cotton forms an important item, and that 
of rice is equally great. Commerce, however, is carried on chiefly by 
northern shipping. The length of railroad is 5S3 miles, and of ctmals 
52 miles. 

The College of South Carolina, founded in 1804, is the most important 
literary institution in the state, and has attached to it a theological sem- 
inary; but the oldest is the college at Charleston, founded in 1785. 
Erskine College, in Abbeville District, is also a valuable institution. 
In 1850, these colleges had an aggregate of 391 students. The Theolo- 
gical Seminary at Lexington, and the Furman Seminary in Fairfield 
District, are also flourishing institutions, and the Medical College at 
Charleston is a school of high repute. Besides these, there are about 
130 academies and grammar-schools; and the number of free schools 
in 1850 was 1023, attended by 9,122 children. These schools are under 
the superintendence of commissioners appointed by the legislature. 

The state is divided into 29 districts, and these are subdivided into 
parishes. The principal cities and towns are Columbia, Charleston, 
Georgetown, &c. 

Columbia, the capital, is situated on the Congaree, below the tmion 
of Broad and Saluda rivere. It is a handsome and regularly built town. 
The f^tate House is a plain wooden building, but the College of South 
Carolina, here located, is a tine and spacious edifice. The city has cou' 
eiderable trade with Charleston, and several manufactmes. The river 



98 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

is naviiorated by steamboats ; and a branch raikoad connects it with the 
South Carolina Railroad. Population 6.0G0. 

Charleston, situated at the confluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, 
7 miles from the sea, is the most commercial and populous city m tLo 
state. It is pleasantly located, but so low that parts of it have some- 
times been inundated. The principal buildings are the City Hall, Ex- 
change, Coiu-t House, Custom House, &c. ; besides which, there are 
several handsome chiu-ches. About 33.292 tons of shipping belong to 
the port. The hai-bor is spacious, and well protected by fortifications. 
Charleston is connected with New York and Philadelphia by regular 
lines of steamboats and packets, and with the west by the South Caro- 
lina Railroad, which is completed to Hamburg on the Savannah river, 
where it connects with the Georgia lines to Chattanooga, and thence to 
Nashville, Tenn. The population of the city proper in 1850 was 26,451, 
but with the suburb St. Philip's, it is about 42.9S5. A canal, 22 milea 
long, from the head of Cooper river, connects the harbor with the San- 
tee, 50 miles to the north. 

Georgetown, on Winyaw Bay, near the mouth of the Pedee, is 13 
miles from the ocean, and well situated for trade, being backed by a 
fertile country. There is a bar at the entrance of the bay, however, 
which prevents vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water from entering. 
Population about 4,600. 

The other principal towns are — Hamburg, at the head of steam navi- 
gation on the Savannah, and the depot of the N. W. part of the state ; 
Cheraw, on the Pedee, at the lower falls; and Beaufort, on Port 
Royal Island, which has a fine anchorage. Eutato Springs^ King^s 
Mountain. Coicpens, and Camden, are famous for victories of the Amer- 
icans in the revolutionary w'ar. 

The first permanent settlement in this state was made on Port Royal 
Island, in 1670 ; but the emigrants soon after removed to the present 
site of Charleston. Until 1729, when it became a Crown colony, the 
settlement was under a proprietary government. In 1776, the British 
authority was thrown ofif, and in 1790 a constitution was framed. It baa 
since been several times amended. 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 

^rfffl 58,000 square miles. — Population 905.999. 
Georgia is situated between 30° 19' and 35° N. lat., and between 
80° 50' and 85° 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Tennessee and 
North Cai-oUna ; N. E. by South Carolina ; S. E. by the Atlantic ocean 
S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama. 



THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 99 

The southern part of the state is generally level ; but in the N. sev- 
eral ridges of the Alleghanies pass from Tennessee and North Carolina 
into this state, all of which, however, terminate before reaching the 33d 
pai-aJlel of N. latitude. The soil is of various characters, and near the 
coast there is much swamp land. The Savannah washes almost the 
whole of the N. E. boundary. The Ogeecliee and Alatamaha rivers 
have their whole course m the state, imd the Flint and Chattahoochee 
pass south into Florida, the latter forming part of the western border. 
The coast is lined by a chain of islands, which for fertility are unequal- 
led, and on which is produced the finest cotton in the world, well known 
in the markets as the '• sea island staple." The land here, and along the 
coasts, consists of marshy tracts or hummock lands. On the Florida 
border is the great swamp of Okefinokee, and beyond, a belt of pine bar- 
rens, interspersed with swamps ; still fm-ther the country becomes sandy, 
but towards the hilly region the soil is strong and productive. There 
are many large forests, which supply timber for exportation. In those 
parts which are flooded by the rivers, the laud is devoted to rice culti- 
vation. 

The low country has an agreeable and healthy climate for seven or 
eight months in the year; but in the latter part of summer and in the 
fall, it is sickly, except on the sea islands, which are comparatively 
healthy. The climate of the upper countiy is temperate ; and in the 
N. W., at the foot of the mountains, it is esteemed one of the healthiest 
in the Atlantic states. Georgia has a number of valuable mineral springs. 

The mineral resources of the state are inconsiderable : some few mines 
of iron have been discovered, and coal is said to be abundant. Gold, 
in large quantities, however, has been from time to time found in the 
northern parts, and this metal is annually sent to Dahlonega (or coinage 
in various amounts. Granite is also quarried to some extent. The great 
agricultural staples are cotton and rice, and some tobacco is gi-own. In- 
dian corn is more cultivated than any of the cereals, and wheat and oata 
ai'e grown largely in the uplands. Cattle, sheep, and swine are numer- 
ous ; and wool-growing has long been a favorite employment in the 
mountains. Georgia is making rapid progress in mauutactures. Large 
cotton-mills have lately been established at Columbus, Augusta, Gran- 
iteville, &c. ; and other branches of this species of industry are spring- 
ing up in various parts of the state. The number of cotton-mills in 1850 
was 3.5, being an increase since 1840 of 16. These are as yet employed 
in the manufacture of heavy goods; as osnabm-gs, drillings, and similai- 
fabrics. The Georgians do their own carding, spinning, and weaving ; 
and as they also grow their own cotton, and have a home-market for 
their goods, enjoy many advantages over the northern manufacturers. 
AH the machinery is driven by water-power. Georgia has also several 
large tanneries and leather factories, and will soon manufacture its own 



100 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

Bhoes, boots, harness, &c. The state has also a large number of floiLing* 
mills. The exports I'rora Georgia to foreign countries are of considera- 
ble value, and consist of the agricultural staples peculiai- to the state. 
The coasting and internal trade are also in a floui'ishing condition, and 
are being daily increased in importance by the extension of railroads, 
and the establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and coasts. The 
total length of railroad in the state is 842 miles, and of canal 28 miles. 

The principal educational institutions are Franklin University at Ath- 
ens, (founded 1785,) Oglethorpe College at Milledgeville, Emory College 
at Oxford, Mercer Ujuversity at Penfield, and Christ College at Montpe- 
lier. These have from four to eight Professors each, and an aggregate 
of 400 students. There are Theological Seminaries at Montpelier and 
Penfield, and a medical school at Augusta. Besides these, there are 
about 200 academies and grammar-schools, and some 700 common- 
schools, scattered over the state. 

Georgia is divided into 94 counties. The chief cities and towns are — 
Milledgeville, Savannah, Augusta, Columbus, &,c. 

MiLLKDGEviLLE, the Capital, is situated near the center of the state, on 
the W. bank of the Oconee. It contains the State House, Penitentiary, 
Arsenal, &c., and, being at the head of steam navigation, has an exten- 
eive business with the back country. Population 3,200, Indian Springs 
are 50 miles N. VV. from this. 

Savannah, the largest and most commercial city, is built on a sandy 
plain on the S. bank of the Savannah river, 18 miles from its luouth. 
Vessels drawing 14 feet of water can come up to its wharves, but thoso 
of a larger size are obliged to anchor three miles below. The streets 
and buildings are regular and well planned, and the streets being lined 
with trees, the city has a rural appearance. The Exchange, City Hall, 
Com-t House, Hospital, &c., are the principal pubhc buildings. Churches 
are numerous, and generally built in excellent taste. The trade of Geor- 
gia centers here, and the greatest portion of cotton and rice grown in the 
state is exported hence. Railroads extend from Savannah to Chatta- 
nooga on the Temiessee river, 428 miles, and will ultimately be carried 
on to Nashville. Population 16,0(50. 

Augusta, on the VV. bank of the Savannah below the falls, 145 milea 
from the sea, is the entrepot of the produce of a lai-ge district, which la 
sent down the river to Savannah in steamboats, or to Charleston by rail- 
road. Population 7,400. The Georgia R. R. extends hence to Atlanta. 

Columbus, at the head of steamboat navigation on the Chattahoochee, 
is an important place, and has lately commenced manufacturing cotton 
goods on a large scale. In 1828 it was a wilderness; it now contains 
7,000 inhabitants. Sunbury, Brunsvvicic, and St. Mary's, are small 
ports S. of Savannah. Darien, on the Alatamaha, 12 miles frcma its 
moutb , is a place of trade, and a depot for the produce of the river val« 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 101 

ley. Among the interior towns not before mentioned, the most impor- 
tant ai-e — Athens, the seat of Franklin University ; Macon, at the head 
of steam navigation on the Oclvinulgee, and an important point on the 
Central Railroad; Decatur, on the Georgia Railroad, and Dal ton, a 
new and thriving village on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. At all 
these places a large amount of business centers. Dahlonega, in the 
"gold region," is the seat of a branch of the United States' Mint. A 
number of new towns have of late sprung up along the lines of railroad, 
and are rapidly increasing in population and importance. 

Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen original states. Previous 
to 1732, it was a wilderness. At this period tlie territory was granted to 
a company whose object was to transport gratuitously such persons as 
were unable to earn a subsistence in England. In honor of the grantor, 
George II., it was called Georgia. In November of that year, 160 per- 
sons arrived, under Gen. James Oglethorpe, and the town of Savannah 
was then settled. Emigrants from Scotland and Germany arrived at 
successive periods, Georgia was retroceded to the Crown in 1752, and 
a regular civil government was established in 1755. From this period 
the colony began to make rapid progress in prosperity and population. 
During the revolutionary war, it was several times overrun by British 
troops, and immediately after the termination of that, suffered much 
from the incursions of the Seminoles. In 1795 its present constitution 
was formed. In 1802 the state ceded all its lands W. of the Chattahoo- 
chee river to the United States; from which, at a subsequent period, 
the states of Alabama and Mississippi were formed. The recent history 
of Georgia is barren of important events, but the state is making rapid 
strides m all that is conducive to prosperity and permanent wealth. 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 

Area 59,208 square miles. — Population 87,401. 

Florida, the most southerly of the United States, is situated between 
25° and 31° N. lat., and between 80° and 87° 30' W. long. : and is bound- 
ed N. by Georgia and Alabama; W. by Alabama and the Gulf of Mexi- 
co ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and E. by the Atlantic ocean. 

This state occupies two distinct territories— the one the southern part 
of the mainland of the United States, and the other a long, narrow pe- 
ninstila, lying between the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Rlexico. The 
greater portion of both these sections consists of swamps and hum- 
mock.s, overgrown with oaks and other valuable timbers. Much of the 

9* 



102 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 

soil is a rich alluvium, but there are also extensive tracts of sandy 
wastes. The climate is such that vegetation is perennial, and tropical 
fruits ixrow luxuriantly. From October to June it is generally mild and 
pleasant, but the summer months are extremely hot and sultry, and in 
the low and swampy parts very unhealthy. San Augustine and the isl- 
ands, however, enjoy an excellent climate, and ai-e often resorted toby 
those suflferiug under pulmonic affections. 

The shores are indented by bays and lagoons, and aJong the south- 
ern point of the peninsula a siring of small islands, very dangerous 
to navigation, stretch fai- away to the south-west. The principal rivers 
ai-e the St. IMary's and St. John's, emptj'ing into the Atlantic, and the 
Apalachicola, formed by the \mion of the Flint and Chattahoochee riv- 
ei-s, which falls into the Gulf. The Withlacoochee, Escambia, Suannee, 
Oscilla, Ocklocony, and the Chocta watch ie, are also considerable 
streams. The Pei'dido divides the state from Alabama. There are sev- 
eral lakes in the interior, some of which arc noted for the q.uiet beauty 
of their scenery. 

The natural productions of Florida are live-oak and other timbers of 
great value. The fig, orange, date, &c., are among its fruits. Its min- 
erals are unimportant. Cotton, sugar, rice, and indigo are the staples of 
its agriculture ; but much of the land is devoted to pasture and cattle- 
rearing, which is a business with many of the settlers. Very little grain 
is grown in the state. Manufactures are chiefly of a domestic natiu-e, or 
of a minor character. Foreign commerce is very hmited, the produce 
being exported coastwise. The fisheries, however, are actively cai-ried 
on, and are increasing in importance. Owing to the unsettled condition 
of the country, and to the Indians that still infest several districts, indus- 
try of all kinds is retarded, and but few undertakings of permanent value 
are attempted ; nor has much as yet been done towards facilitating in- 
tercommunication. Perhaps the most needed improvement is a canal 
across the northern part of the peninsula, so as to direct oiu- commerce 
through a safer passage than by the Florida Channel, or the intricate 
labyrinth of islands which forms the eastern boundary of the Gulf of 
Mexico. No great obstacle opposes such an enterprise, and its realiza- 
zation would be of incalculable value to navigation. The total length of 
railroad in Florida is 54 miles. 

Of the public lands of Florida, only 942,248 acres had been sold up to 
IstJauuaiy, 1849; and the total, including all other disposals, entered 
upon, was only 4,487,136 acres, or about one-ninth of the whole. 

Florida is divided into five districts, each composed of several coun- 
ties. The principal towns ai-e San Augustine, Tallahassee, Pensacola, 
Jacksonville, &c. 

Tallahassee, the capital, lies in the northern part of Leon coimty, 
upon an elevated site. It contains the State House, a Jail, and several 



THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 103 

chiirches. The permanent population numbers about 2,000 ; but in the 
winter season it is much augmented by casual \isiters. A railroad, 26 
miles long, extends to Port Leon on Appalachee Bay. 

San Augustine, the chief town in East Florida, is the oldest one in 
the state, and has a population of about 2,993. It is situated about two 
miles from the Atlantic on the S. side of a peninsula protected from the 
ocean by Anastasia island. Its climate is pure and healthy, and the 
town is embosomed in orange groves. The public buildings are the U. 
S. bai-racks, the Land Office, and several churches. As in all old places, 
the streets are narrow. Fort Marion, standing at the mouth of the har- 
bor, protects the town. 

Pensacola, in Escambia county, is the most westerly of the Florida 
towns. It lies on Pensacola Bay, 10 miles from the Gulf, and is accessi- 
ble to vessels drawing 8 feet of water. The U. S. Navy Yard, at this 
place, is the principal station for the Gulf squadron. Population 2,000. 

Jacksonville, on the St. John's; Apalachicola, on the river of the 
same name ; and St. Joseph's, on St. Joseph's Bay, have good harbors, 
and maintain considerable commerce. Lancaster, Smyrna, and some 
other settlements, locally important as depots for their immediate 
neighborhoods, will ultimately rank high. 

Key West, one of the islands of the southern point of the penin- 
suhi, has a fine harbor, and is important as a naval station. The Wreck- 
ers' Court, established here, adjudicates in salvage cases. The wreckers 
of Key West are a hardy set of men, and have done much in rescuing 
goods and passengers from vessels stranded on the shoals, which beset 
the northeastern entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. The number and value 
of ships lost in this section has annually increased: in 1845, 24 vessels 
were adjudicated upon; in 1849, the number was 46. In the latter year 
the value of property rescued was $1,304,600, upon which the salvage 
amounted to $127,870, and the incidental expenses to $219,162. This 
increase may perhaps be owing more to the increase (»f commerce in 
the Gulf, than to any increased ratio of disaster; but on this point no 
reliable information is accessible. The late Dr. Samuel Forry recom- 
mended this island as a residence for invalids, and preferred it even to 
far-famed Malta for those suffering under pulmonic diseases. 

Florida was discovered by Cabot in 1496. It was first visited by the 
Spaniards in 1512, and in 1562 we find the Spaniards and Frenci. eon- 
testing its possession. Subsequently the English from Georgia and 
Carolina attempted to gain it, but misuccessfully. In 1763 it was ceded 
to England in exchange for Cuba, which had been captured from Spain 
the year previous. Spain recovered it in 1781, and at the peace of 1783 
its possession was confirmed to that nation. The United States pup- 
chased the tei'ritory in 1819, and, after the usual territorial probation, 
Florida was admitted as a state of the Union in 1845. 



104 

ROUTES IN THE 

SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. 



VIRGINIA. 

(313) Washington to Parkers- 
burg. 

To Gooi-getown, D. C 2 

Pros|M'ct Hiil, Va. 10 12 

DruiH'Sville 9 21 

Belinoiit 8 29 

Leeslmrg 6 35 

Hamiiton 6 41 

Purceli's Store 4 45 

Hnickersville 8 53 

Snicker's Ferry 6 59 

Berryville 4 G3 

^VlNCUKSTER 12 75 

Back Creek Valley 13 88 

Cauou Bridge 8 96 

Hanging Rock 5 101 

ROMNEY 10 117 

Burlington 10 127 

Rid'-reville 5 132 

Clavsvillo 6 138 

HuVsburg 14 1.52 

Glade Valley 9 161 

German Settlement C 167 

Evansville 24 191 

Three Forks 7 198 

Prunlvtuwu 8 206 

Brid'/eport 10 216 

Clarksburg 6 222 

New Salem 14 236 

West Union 16 252 

Pennsljoro'. 12 264 

Schurala 21 2t<5 

Parkkrsburg 20 305 

(314) Washington to Staunton. 

Via Cidpeper C. H. 

To Alexandria 7 

Fairiax Court House 14 21 

Centreville 7 28 

Grovelon 7 35 

Buckland 7 42 

New Baltimore 3 45 

W'arrenton 6 51 

Wai Teuton Springs 5 56 



Jeffersonton 5 61 

Rixeyville 6 67 

Culpe|)er Court House 9 76 

Col vin's Tavern 4 80 

LocustDale 8 88 

Orange Court House 8 96 

Gordonsville 8 104 

Everiltsville 15 119 

Charlottesville 6 l25 

Hardin's Tavern 8 133 

Yancey's Mills 8 141 

Brookville 4 145 

Waynesboro' 7 152 

Fishersville 5 157 

Staunton 6 163 

(315) Washington to the Vir- 
ginia Springs. 
Steamboat. 

To Alexandria 7 

Fort Washington, Md. 7 i.4 

RJount Vernon 2 16 

Crane Island 6 22 

Sandy Point — 12 34 

Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 

Railroad. 

Fredericksburg 14 .sa 

Stage. 

ChancellorsviUe 10 68 

Wilderness 5 73 

Locust Grove 5 78 

Verdiei-sville 6 84 

Orange Court House 12 96 

Gordonsville 8 104 

Everiltsville 15 119 

Charlottesville 6 125 

Hardin's Tavern 8 133 

Yancey's Mills 8 141 

Brookville 4 145 

Waynesboro' 7 152 

FishersviUe 5 157 

Staunton 6 163 

Buffalo Gap 13 176 

Deerlield 15 191 

Cloverdale Hotel 9 200 

Green Valley 7 207 



ROUTES IN VIRGIKIA. 



105 



Warm Pprings or Bath C.H. 14 221 

Hot Spiiiigs 5 2-26 

Morris Hill 14 240 

Callaglian's 8 248 

White Sulphur Springs* 14 '■2{y2 

Levvisburght 9 271 

Bluk Sulphur Springs... 13 284 

* Sweet Springs ..17—279, 

t Second Creek. . 13—282. 

Union 9-291. 

Salt Sulphur Spa 3—294. 

In. iiau Creek: 9-303. 

Red Sulphur Spa 8-311. 
(31G) Washington to Frederick. 
Stage. 

Georsretown 2 

Tenuallv Town 2 4 

Kofkvil'e . 11 15 

MitMJL' Brook 10 25 

Clarlisburg 3 23 

Hyattstown 4 32 

Urbanna.... 4 36 

Fkeueuick . — 7 43 

(3164) ErcHMOND to Staunton. 
Virginia Central R. B. 

To Storrs. 6 

Crenshaws 1 T 

Atloy's 2 9 

Peake's 6 15 

Hanover C. 11 •••. 3 18 

Wyekliains 9 2T 

Junction 3 30 

Andersons 8 33 

Noel's 2 35 

Hewietts. 5 40 

Beaverdam . • • — 5 45 

Bnmpass 5 50 

Frederick's Hall 6 56 

Tollersnlle 6 62 

Louisa C. H. 5 67 

Treviilians 9 76 

Gordonsville 5 81 

Lindsay's Turnout 2 S3 

Keswick 7 90 

Bhadwell 3 93 

Charlottesville 4 97 

University 1 98 

Woodville 6 104 

Mechum's Eiver 3 107 



(317) Richmond to Keesetillr. 

RiuhmDiid and Danville R. R. 

To Kobios 10 

Coalfiel.l 3 13 

Tumaliawk 4 17 

Powliattan 5 22 

Mattoax 5 27 

ScotfsShop 6 33 

Amelia C. H. 3 36 

Wyanoke 7 43 

Jenninss Ordinary 7 50 

Haytokah 4 54 

Liberty Cliurch 5 59 

Mehlierrin 6 65 

Keeseville •• 8 73 



(317i) Washington to Wilmino 

TON, N. C. 

Steamboat. 

To Alexandria 7 

Fort Washington, Md. 7 14 

ftlount Vernon 2 16 

Crane Island 6 22 

Sandy Point 12 34 

Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 

Richmond., Fredericksburg.^ and 
Potomac R. R. 

Fredericksburg.., 14 58 

Gurney's Depot 12 70 

Milford Depot H 81 

RutherGlen 10 91 

Junction, (Louisa R. R.) . . • 6 97 

Taylorsville 2 99 

Hungary Station 13 112 

Richmond 8 120 

Richmond and Petersburg R. R. 

Manchester 2 122 

CloverHiU H 133 

Port Walthall 3 136 

Petersburg 6 142 

Peter shuro- and Roanoke R. R. 
Stony Creek Warehouse • . .21 163 

Jarrett's 9 172 

Hicksford 10 183 

Pleasant Hill, N. C. 11 193 

Gareysburg 6 199 

Weldon 5 204 

Wilmina-ton and Wddon R. R. 

Halifax... 7 211 

Enfield 11 222 

Battleborough 1 1 233 

Rockv Mountain 8 241 

JoyneVs 9 250 



106 



ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. 



Tossnot 7 

Black Creek 6 

Nahunta 7 

Goldsborough 11 

Dudley 9 

Faison's 12 

Warsaw 8 

Strickland's 8 

Teachy's -. 10 

South Washington 9 

Bergaw 7 

Rocky Point 8 

Wilmington 14 



(318; Washington to Norfolk. 

Steamboat. 

To Alexandria 7 

Fort Washington, Md 7 14 

Mount Vernon, Va 2 16 

Crane Island 6 22 

Sandy Point 12 34 

Aquia Cieek Landing 10 44 

Boyd's Hole 10 54 

Matthias Point 8 62 

Cedar Point, Md 7 69 

Swan Point 4 73 

Piney Point 25 98 

Point Lookout 13 111 

Smith's Point, Va. 12 123 

Windmill Point, mouth of 

Rappahannock River 22 145 

Point no Point 15 160 

New Point Comfort 7 167 

Back River Point 12 179 

Old Point Comfort 11 190 

Norfolk 15 205 

(319) Washington to Lynch- 

burg. 

To Charlottesville, (see 

315) 125 

Garland's 14 139 

Covesville 7 146 

Lovin'j;ston 15 161 

Rose Mills 9 170 

New Glasgow 5 175 

Amherst Court House 5 180 

Lynchburg 15 195 

(320) Alexandria to Winches- 

ter. 
To Fairfax Court House. ... 14 

Chantilly 6 20 

Pleasant VaUey 4 24 

Ai-cola 5 29 



Aldie 6 35 

Middleburg 5 40 

Upperville 8 48 

Paris 4 52 

Berry's Feny 5 57 

Millwood 2 59 

Winchester 11 70 

(321) Winchester to Hancock. 

To WhitehaU 8 

Oakland 19 27 

Berkley Springs 10 37 

Hancock, Md 6 43 

(322) Winchester to Stai nton. 
Newtown Stephensburg ... 8 

Middletown " " 

Strasburg 

Tom's Brook 

Woodstock 6 

Edinburg 

Red Banks < 4 

Mount Jackson 

New A'arket 

Spartapolis 

Harrisonburg 

Mount Crawford 

Mount Sidney 

Staunton 



5 


13 


5 


18 


6 


24 


6 


30 


5 


35 


4 


39 


4 


43 


7 


50 


8 


58 


11 


69 


8 


77 


6 


83 


11 


94 



(323) Winchester to Karper's 

Ferry. 
Winchester and Potomac R. R, 

To Stephenson's Depot 5 

Summit Point 10 15 

Charlestown 7 22 

Halltown 4 26 

Harper's Ferry 6 32 

(324) Richmond to Gordonsville. 
Richmond, Fredericksburg; and 

Potomac R. R. 

To Hungary Station 8 

TaylorsviUe 13 21 

Junction 2 23 

Louisa R. R. 

Beaver Dam Depot 13 36 

Frederickshall 12 48 

Tolersville 6 54 

Louisa Court House 6 60 

Gordonsville 14 74 

(325) Richmond to Lynchburg. 

To ]\Tanchester 2 

Coal Mines 13 15 

Hallsborough 3 18 



ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. 



107 



Flat Rock 8 26 

ScottsviUe 7 33 

Macon 7 40 

Ballsville 8 48 

Cumberland Court House . . 9 57 

Laughorue's Tavern 5 62 

Raines 8 70 

Farmville 5 75 

Prospect 10 85 

Walker's Church 6 91 

Clover Hill 7 98 

Spout Spring 8 1-06 

Concord 3 109 

Lynchburg 14 123 

(326) Richmond to Tappahannock. 

To Old Church 15 

Ayletts 13 28 

Fleetwood Academy 8 36 

Miller's Tavern 4 40 

*Tapi'ahannock 10 50 

(327) Richmond to Hampton. 

To Frazier's Tavern 17 

New Kent Court House • • • • 13 30 

Barhamsviile 10 40 

Burnt Ordinary 8 48 

WilHamsburg 12 60 

York TOWN 12 72 

Halfway House 12 84 

Hampton 12 96 

(328) Richmond to Norfolk. 

Steamboat. 

To Warwick 7 

City Point 40 47 

Gniysviile 5 52 

Williamsburg Landing 30 82 

Burwell's Bay. 13 95 

Norfolk 30 125 

(329) Petersburg to Lynchburg. 
South Side R. R. 

To Sutherland's 10 

Ford's 10 20 

Wilson's 8 28 

Wellville 3 31 

Blacks and Whites 6 37 

Nottoway C. H.... 6 43 

Burkvdle ....9 52 

Rice's 10 62 

Farmville 6 68 

Prospect.... --lO 78 

Clover Hilt ....13 91 

Spout Sprins; •••• 8 99 

Concord 3 102 

Ly^;cubukg 14 116 



(330) Petersburg to Siiffolk. 
To Prince George's C. H.. . . 7 

Garrysville 10 17 

Cabin Point 9 26 

Surry Court House 12 38 

Bacon Castle 8 46 

Burwell's Bay 6 52 

Smitutield 6 58 

Chuckatuck 10 68 

Suffolk 10 78 

(331) Petersburg to City Point. 
By Railroad 12 

(332) Norfolk to Weldon, N. C. 
Portsmouth and Roanoke R. R. 

To Portsmouth 1 

Sufifolk Court House 17 18 

Carrsville 14 32 

Franklin 5 37 

Newson's Depot 12 49 

Boykin'g Depot 5 54 

M.u-garettsviile, N. C 9 63 

Gareysburg 12 75 

WeXdon 5 80 

(333) Farmville to Greensboro', 

N. C. 
To Prince Edward C. H. . . . 7 

Midway Inn 8 15 

Roanoke Bridge 6 21 

Charlotte Court House 7 28 

Midland 10 38 

Mount Laurel 7 45 

Halifax Court House 12 57 

Bioomsburg 13 70 

Cimningham's Store, N. C. . . 13 83 

Milton 10 93 

Yancey ville 13 106 

Slades 9 115 

Lenox Castle 7 122 

High Rock 3 125 

Munticello 8 133 

Greensboro' 13 146 

(334) Lynchburg to Knoxville. 
Virginia and Tenn. R. R. 

Halsey's 5 

C'lav's Crossing 3 8 

Forest Depot 2 10 

Poindexter's 3 13 

Goode's. 3 16 

Lowry's Crossing 3 19 

Liberty 6 25 

Oakmulga 4 20 



108 



ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. 



Lisbon 3 82 

Buford's Gap 5 37 

Fluke's 5 42 

Bonsack''s 5 47 

Big Lick 6 53 

Salem 7 60 

Chr IstiaBsburg 25 85 

Newbern 20 105 

Wytheville 28 133 

Warion 27 160 

Glade Spring 18 178 

Abingdon 11 ]89 

Sapling Grove 13 202 

Blol'ntsville, Tenn. 9 211 

Eden's Ridge 9 220 

Kingsport (3 226 

New Canton 9 235 

Lyon's Store 7 242 

Yellow Store 3 245 

Roi^ersviJle 8 253 

Red Bridge 10 263 

Rijcky Spring 7 270 

Bean's Station 4 274 

Rutledge 9 283 

Blair's Cross Roads 14 297 

Academia 9 306 

Knoxville 10 316 

(335) Lynchburg to Greensboro', 

N. C. 
To Campbell Court House. .12 

Yellow Branch 5 17 

Castle Craig 5 22 

Ward's Bridge 5 27 

Chalk Level 13 40 

Robertson's Store 5 45 

Pittsylvania Couit House • • . 7 52 

Danville 20 72 

Graves, N.C 9 81 

Rawlingsburg 8 89 

Reidsville 9 98 

Troublesome 4 102 

Monroeton 4 lOG 

Hillsdale 5 111 

Martinsville 6 117 

Greensboro' 7 124 

(330) Lynchburg to Lewisburq. 

To New London 11 

Otter Bridge 7 18 

Liberty 8 26 



Blue Ridge 8 

FlNCASTLE 14 



8 34 



Craig's Creek 10 66 



Middle Mountain 10 76 

Potl'sCreek 4 80 

Sweet Springs 4 84 

White Si lphur Springs .17 101 
Levvisburg 9 110 

(337) Lewisburg to Guyandotte. 

To Clintonville 10 

Seweli's Mountain 19 29 

Locust Lane 10 39 

Mountain Cove 9 48 

Gauley's Bridge 14 62 

Loop Creek 5 67 

PaintCreek 10 77 

Kanawha Saline 16 93 

Kanawha Court House ..6 99 

Coalsraouth 12 111 

Mount Salem 9 120 

Long Level 6 126 

Cabell Court House 12 138 

Guyandotte 7 145 

(338) Lewisburg to Newbern. 

To Second Creek 10 

Union 9 19 

Salt Sulphur Springs 3 22 

Indian Creek 9 31 

Red Sulph ur Springs 8 39 

Peterslown 9 48 

Giles Court House 9 57 

Poplar Hill 10 67 

Newbern 12 79 

(339) Staunton to Knoxville, 
Tenn. 

To Greenville 12 

Steel'sTavem 6 18 

Fairfield 6 24 

Timber Ridge 6 30 

Lexington 5 35 

Fancy Hill 8 43 

Natural Bridge 7 50 

Pattonsburg 10 60 

FlNCASTLE 12 72 

Amsterdam 6 78 

Cloverdide 3 81 

Big Lick 9 90 

Salem, (see 334) 5 95 

Christiansburg 25 120 

Wytheville 48 168 

Abingdon 55 223 

Blountsville 22 245 

Knoxville 105 350 



ROUTES IN VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 



109 



/340) Kanawha to Pt. Pleasant. 

To Mouth of Pocotaligo .... 16 

Walnut Grove 4 20 

Redhouso Shoals 6 26 

Buffalo 6 32 

Arbuckle 7 39 

Point Pleasant 16 55 

(341) Fincastle to Cumberland 

Gap. 

To New Castle 17 

Sinkhii,' Creek 12 29 

Newport 18 47 

Giles Court House 13 60 

East River 16 76 

Bio; Spring 12 88 

Blue Stone 15 103 

Tazewell Court House 14 117 

Maiden Spring 11 128 

Horton's Valley 14 142 

Elk Garden 11 153 

Lebanon 9 162 

Dickinsonville 11 173 

Osborne's Ford 14 1 87 

Clinch River 9 196 

Pendleton 11 207 

Stock Creek 5 212 

Powell's Mountain 10 222 

Jouesville 14 236 

Rose Hill 18 254 

Walnut Hill 8 262 

CUiMBERLAND GaP, Ky 9 271 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

(342) Wilmington to Washing- 

ton, D. C. 
Wilviington and fVeldon R. R. 

To Rocky Point 14 

Bergaw 8 22 

South Washington 7 29 

Teachy's 9 38 

Strickland's 10 48 

Warsaw 8 56 

Faison's 8 64 

Dudley 12 76 

Goldsborough 9 85 

Nahunta U 96 

Black Creek 7 103 

Tossnott 6 109 

Joyner's 7 116 

Rocky Mount 9 125 

Battleborough 8 133 

Eafi'ild 11 144 



Halifax 11 155 

Weldon 7 162 

Petersburg and Roanoke R. R. 

Gareysburg 5 167 

Pleasant Hill 6 173 

Hicksford, Va. 11 184 

Jarrett's 10 194 

Stony Creek Warehouse ... 9 203 

Petersburg 21 224 

Richmond and Petcrsbum- R. R. 

Port Walthall 6 230 

Clover HUl 3 233 

Manchester 11 244 

Richmond 2 246 

Richmond, Fredericlcsburg, and 
Potomac R. R. 

Hungary Station. 8 254 

Taylorsville 13 267 

Junction (Louisa R. R.) • . . . 2 269 

RutherGlen 6 275 

Milford Depot 10 285 

Gurney's Depot 11 296 

Fredericksbitrg 12 308 

Aquia Creek. Landing 14 322 

Steamboat, 

Sandy Point ID 332 

Crane Island 12 344 

Mount Vernon 6 350 

Fort VVashinsjton, Md 2 352 

Alexandria, Va 7 359 

Washington City 7 366 

(343) Wilmington to Norfolk, 

Va. 
Via Wilmington and Raleigh R.R 
To Gareysburg,. (see 342). .167 
Portsmouth and Roanoke R. R. 

Margaretsville 12 179 

Boykins, Va. 9 188 

Newson's Depot 5 193 

Franklin 12 205 

Carrsville 5 210 

Suffolk Court House 14 224 

Portsmouth 17 241 

Norfolk 1 242 

(344) Wilmington to Nkwbern. 

To Strickland's, (see 342). . .48 
Stage. 

Kenansville 10 58 

Hallsville 8 66 

Richland 20 86 

Market Place 9 95 

Trenton 10 105 

Nkwbern 20 125 

10 



110 



ROUTES IN NORTH CAROLINA. 



(345) Wilmington to Charles- 

ton, S. C. 

Steamboat. 

To Smith ville 30 

CuARJKsroN 140 170 

(346) Wilmington to Fayettk- 

VILLE. 

To Robinson^ 16 

Westbiook 15 31 

Elizabethtown 17 48 

Prospect Hall 17 65 

Fayktteville 21 86 

(347) Fayetteville to Marion 

CctuRT House, S. C. 

To Little Rock 6 

SLPaiifs 9 15 

Lumberton 16 31 

Leesville 11 42 

Gaddvsville 10 52 

Marion C. H. 23 75 

(348) Fayetteville to Cheraw, 

S.C. 

To Davis' Springs 14 

Randailsville 12 26 

Montpei.ei- 6 32 

Laurel Hill 8 40 

Brightsville, S. C 18 58 

Cheraw 12 70 

(349) Fayetteville to Char- 

lotte. 

To Davis' Springs 14 

Randailsville 12 26 

Montpelier 6 32 

Rockinuhara 25 57 

Tindalsville 11 68 

Lilesville 5 73 

Wadesboro' 5 78 

Lanesboro' 13 91 

Jenkin's ?=tore 13 104 

Cobuni's Store 9 113 

Orrville 5 118 

Maxwell's Store 5 123 

Charloite 7 130 

(350) Fayetteville to Salisbury. 

To Pearson's Mills 14 

JohnsunviUe 9 23 

Carthage 16 39 

Peets' 12 51 

Caledonia 6 57 

Sugg's Bridge 6 63 

Hili'sStore 15 78 



Mount Lebanon 8 88 

Healing Springs 8 94 

Salisbury 18 112 

(351) Fayetteville to Warsaw. 

To Owensville 20 

Clinton 15 35 

Springvale 8 43 

Warsaw, (on railroad) 6 49 

(352) Fayetteville to Raleigh. 

To Averysboroiigh 25 

MiddleCreek 23 48 

Raleigh 12 60 

(353) Raleigh to Washington, 

D G. 
Raleigh and Gaston R. R. 

ToNeuse 9 

Forestville 6 15 

Frnnklintoa 11 26 

Staunton 11 37 

Henderson 7 44 

Ridgeway 13 57 

Macon Depot 10 67 

Littleton 11 78 

Gaston 9 87 

Orecnville R. R. 

Rnland's,Va. 10 97 

Hicksford's 11 108 

Washington, (see 342). ..182 290 

(354) Raleigh to Washington, 

N. C 
Via Rocky J\Iount, 

To Eagle Rock 12 

Wakefield 8 20 

Stanhope 13 33 

Nashville 12 45 

Rocky Mount (on railroad) .16 61 

Tarboro' 17 78 

Sparta 8 86 

Falkland 8 94 

GreenvUle 9 103 

Pactolus 13 116 

Washington 13 129 

(355) Raleigh to Beaufort. 
Via TVnynfsboro'' and JSTcwbern. 

To Gulley's Store 9 

Smithfield 18 27 

Boon Hill 10 37 

Waynesborough 14 51 

Goldsboro' (on railroad) — 1 52 

Moselv Hall 11 63 

Kioaton 16 79 



ROUTES IN NORTH CAROLINA, 



111 



Trenton 26 105 

PoUoksviUe 12 117 

Nkvvbern 8 125 

Craveasville 17 142 

Beaufort 31 173 

(356) Nevvbern to Norfolk, Va. 
Via Plymouth and Edenton. 

To Swift Creek Bridge 17 

Washington 18 35 

Plymouth ••••... .35 70 

Edenton, (by steamboat) . . .20 90 

Hertford 12 102 

Woodville 11 113 

Elizabeth City 10 123 

New Lebanon 12 135 

Deep Creek 25 160 

Norfolk 10 170 

(357) Edenton to Norfolk, Va. 

Via Currituck C. H. 

To Hertford 12 

Woodville 11 23 

Elizabeth City 10 33 

Camden 5 38 

Shiloh 6 44 

Indianto wn 6 .50 

Currituck Court House 10 60 

N. W, River Bridge, Va . • .15 75 

Great Bridge 14 8fl 

Norfolk 10 99 

(358) Halifax to Plymouth. 

Via IViUiainston, 

To Scotland Neck 22 

Palmyid 7 29 

Roanoke 5 34 

Hamilton 8 42 

Williamston 13 55 

Gardner's Bridge 11 66 

Plymouth 11 77 

(359) Raleigh to Salisbury. 

Via Greensboro''. 

Moringsville 20 

Chapel Hill 8 28 

Hillsborough 12 40 

Mason's Hall 9 49 

Haw River 11 60 

Albright's 6 66 

AUemance 6 72 

Greensboro' _ 13 85 

Jamestown ". U 96 

BrummeU's 10 106 

Rich Fork 6 112 

Lexington 8 120 

Salisbury 17 137 



(360) Raleigh to Salisbury* 

Via Ashboro\ 

To Grove 20 

Hackney's Cross Roads 7 27 

Pittsborough 8 35 

St. Lawrence 12 47 

Marley's Mills 10 57 

Ashboro' = 16 73 

Carraway 9 82 

Spencer 8 90 

Cotton Grove 11 101 

Salisbury 16 in 

(361) Salisbury to Ashville. 

Via Lincolnton. 

To Miranda 14 

Mount Jlourne 12 2tv 

Bealtie's Ford 8 .34 

Catawba Springs 4 38 

Vesuvius Fui'nace 4 42 

Lincolnton 10 52 

Wilsonville 13 65 

Garner's Ford 7 72 

Rutherford ton 23 95 

Fairview 29 124 

Ashville 12 136 

(362) Salisbury to Warm Springs. 
Via Morgantown and JishviUe. 

To Cowaiisville 16 

Statesville 11 27 

PoplarGrove 9 36 

Newton 5 41 

Chestnut Oak 11 52 

Drowning Creek 11 63 

Morgantown 15 78 

Marion Court House 26 104 

Old Fort 10 114 

Swannano 12 126 

Ashville 13 139 

Lapland 20 159 

Warm Springs 17 176 

(363) Salisbury to Yorkvillf, 

S. C. 

To Concord 20 

Harrisburg 12 32 

Charlotte 7 39 

White Hall 8 47 

Ranaleburg 8 55 

Yorkvile, S. C 17 72 

(364) Salisbury to Cheraw, S.C. 

To Rockville 15 

Kendall's Store 10 25 

Albemarle 3 28 



112 ROUTES IN N. CAROLINA- 



CAROLINA. 



Norwood 12 40 

Cedar IJill 5 45 

Beverly 6 51 

Wadesboro' 6 57 

Morven 10 67 

Sneedsboro' 4 71 

Cheraw, S. C 10 81 

(365) Greensboro' to Halifax, 

Va. 

Monticello 13 

High Rock 8 21 

Lenox Castle 3 24 

Slade's •••• 7 31 

Yanceyville 9 40 

Milton 13 53 

Cunningham's 10 63 

Bloomsburg 9 72 

Halifax 13 85 

(366) Greensboro' to Wythe- 

VILLE, Va. 

To New Garden 6 

Friendship 3 9 

Kernersville 7 16 

Salem 11 27 

OldTown 6 33 

Bethania 3 36 

Little Vadk in 9 45 

Olive iMoimt 6 51 

Tilmont 6 57 

Mount Airy 11 68 

Good Hpur, Va 22 90 

Hillsvihe -... 8 98 

Jackson's Ferry 9 107 

WVTHEVILLE 13 120 

(367) Salem to Knoxville, Tenn. 

To Panther Creek 11 

Huntsville 10 21 

Hamptouville 18 39 

Chapell's Cross Roads 6 45 

Dennyville 5 50 

VVilkesboro' 16 66 

Reddy's River 13 79 

Jeflerson 17 96 

North Fork 12 108 

Taylorsville, Tenn 14 122 

Moore's Iron Works 9 131 

Dagger's f-'erry 9 140 

Elizabethtown 13 153 

Jonesboro' 18 171 

Leesburg 5 176 

Rheatown 10 186 

Hendt:rson's Mills 4 190 

Greenville 6 196 



Gustavus 13 209 

Cheek's Cross Roads 14 223 

Morristown 6 229 

Panther Springs 5 234 

Mossy Creek 8 242 

New Market 4 246 

Strawberry Plains 9 255 

Knoxville 16 271 

(368) Salem to Raleigh. 

To Kernersville U 

Friendship 7 18 

New Garden 3 21 

Greensboro' 6 27 

Alleraance 13 40 

Albright's 6 46 

Haw River 6 52 

Mason's Hall H 63 

Hillsboro' 9 70 

Chapel Hill : 12 84 

MoringsvUle 8 92 

Raleigh 20 112 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

(369) Charleston to Augusta, 

Ga. 
Via South Carolina R. B. 

To Sineath's 13 

Ladson's 5 18 

Summerville 4 22 

Inabnet's 9 31 

Ross's 6 37 

St. George's 1 1 48 

Branchville 14 62 

Ed isto Turnout 4 66 

Midway 6 72 

Graham's 9 81 

Blackville 9 90 

WiUiston 9 99 

Windsor 8 107 

Johnson's 8 115 

Aiken 5 120 

Marsh's 8 128 

Hamburg 8 136 

Augusta, Ga 1137 

(370) Charleston to Savannah. 

Steamboat. 

To Sullivan's-Island 6 

North Edisto River 28 34 

St. Helena Sound 15 49 

Port Royal Entrance 20 69 

Savannah River 20 89 

Savannah 18 107 



ROUTES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 



113 



(371) Charleston to Savannah. 

To Jacksoiiboro' 32 

Ashepo Ferry 9 41 

Blue House 9 50 

Collins Cross Roads 10 60 

Pocotaligo 4 64 

GillisonviHe 5 69 

Grahamsville 10 79 

Perrysburg 15 94 

Savannah, Ga 18 112 

(372) Charleston to Camden. 

To Camden Junction, (see 373) 106 

Camden Branch R. R. 
Camden 44 150 

(373) Charleston to Columbia. 

Via South Carolina R. R. 

ToSineatli's 13 

Ladsun's 5 18 

SummerviUe 4 22 

Inabnel's 9 31 

Ross's 6 37 

St. Geori?e's 11 48 

Branchville 14 62 

Cohanbia and Branchville R. R. 

Orangeburg 18 80 

Semerson's fi 86 

Lewisvilie 5 91 

Fort Motte 8 99 

Camden Junction 7 106 

Gadsden 5 111 

Hopkins 8 119 

Woodlands 5 124 

Columbia 5 129 

(374) Columbia to Augusta, Ga. 

To Lexington Court House. 12 

Leesville" 18 30 

Ridge 10 40 

Edgefield Court House 17 57 

Hamburg . . 18 75 

Augusta — . 1 76 

(375) Columbia to Fayetteville, 

N.C. 

To Camden 33 

Tiller's Ferry 25 58 

Cheravv 34 92 

Brightsville 12 104 

Laurel Hill, N. C. 18 122 

Montpelier 8 130 

Randallsville 6 136 



D avis' Springs 12 148 

Fayetteville 14 162 

(376) Columbia to Salisbury, N.C. 

To Cookham 20 

Winsboro' 9 29 

Yonguesville 12 41 

Blackstock's 5 46 

Chester Court House 11 57 

Brattonsville 12 69 

(iuthriesville 3 72 

Yorkville 7 79 

Ranaleburg 17 96 

White HaU 8 104 

Charlotte 8 112 

Harrisburg 7 119 

Concord 12 131 

Salisbury 20 151 

(377) Columbia to Rsstherford- 

ton, N. C. 

To Cedar Creek 12 

Thompson's 12 24 

McMeekin's 4 28 

Monticello 3 31 

Glympville 6 37 

Maybintown 5 42 

Goshen Hill 8 50 

Beaverdam 5 55 

Unionville 12 67 

Bogansville 11 78 

Glenn Springs 5 83 

Spartansburo 12 95 

Damascus 9 104 

Buck Creek 7 111 

Island Ford, N. C 6 117 

RUTHERFORDTON 15 132 

(378) Columbia to Warm Springs, 

N.C. 
Via Oreenville. 

ToOakville 13 

Pomaria 13 2G 

Newberry Court House 16 42 

Pagesville 9 51 

Huntsville 7 58 

Holland's 5 63 

Lauren's Court House 9 72 

Greenwood 11 83 

Fountain Inn 9 92 

Greenville C. H 15 107 

Traveller's Rest 10 117 

Orleans 8 125 

Verrittsville 5 130 

FlatRock,N.C 13 143 

Hendersonville 7 150 

10* 



114 ROUTES IN SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA. 



Mud Creek 5 155 

Limestone 5 160 

ashville 10 170 

Warm Springs 37 207 

(379) Augusta, Ga., to Gillison- 

VILLE. 

To Silverton, S. C 17 

Four Mile Branch 9 26 

Speedwell 32 

Lower Three Runs 10 .42 

Erwinton 11 53 

KingCrcek 6 59 

Robertsville 28 87 

GiLLISONVILLE 12 99 

(380) Augusta, Ga., to Green- 

ville. 

To Hamburg 1 

Edgefield 18 19 

Duntonsville 9 28 

Longmire's 9 37 

Winter Seat 5 42 

Fraziersville 9 51 

Abbeville Court House .... 9 60 

Temple of Health 10 70 

Varennes 10 80 

Anderson Court House 5 85 

Steel's 9 94 

Pendleton 7 101 

Double Branches 8 109 

PickensviHe 8 117 

Greenville 13 130 

(381) Charleston to Darlington 

Court House. 

ToPineville 51 

Kingslree 23 74 

Camp Bridge 13 87 

Effingham ....13 100 

Darlington, C. H 20 120 

(382) Charleston to George- 

town. 
To Georgetown 60 

(383) Georgetown to Wilming- 

ton, N. C. 

To Bucksville 35 

Conwavboro' 9 44 

Little River 28 72 

Shallotte, N. C 22 94 

Bmithsville 21 115 

Wilmington 30 145 



(384) Georgetown to Cheraw. 

To China Grove 24 

Lvnch's Creek 19 43 

Jeffrey's Creek 23 66 

Mars' Bluff 7 73 

Darlington C. H 13 86 

Society Hill 15 101 

Cheraw 15 116 

(385) Georgetown to Sumtkr- 

VILLE. 

To China Grove 24 

IndianTown 13 37 

Kinsstree -...13 50 

Salem 14 64 

Bradlevville 14 78 

Sumterville 10 88 

(386) YoRKviLLE to Abbeville. 

To Blairsville 10 

Pinckney ville 10 20 

Decatui- 9 29 

Unionville 7 36 

Cedar Grove 6 42 

Cross Keys 6 48 

Huntington 8 56 

Lauren's Couj-t House 12 68 

Waterloo 11 79 

Stony Point 5 84 

DeadFall 7 91 

Abbeville 10 101 

(387) YoRKviLLE to Camden. 

To EbenezerA'ille 13 

Coates' Tavern 8 21 

Landsford 10 31 

Catawba 12 43 

Long Street 3 46 

Drv Cieek 4 50 

Russell Place 8 58 

Liberty Hill 8 66 

Red Hill 6 72 

Camden 16 88 

GEORGIA. 

(3S8) Savannah to Macon. 
Central Railroad. 

To Eden Depot 20 

Reform 10 30 

Armenia J6 46 

Halcyondale 4 50 

Scarborough 20 70 

Millen....". 10 80 

Midville 10 90 



ROUTES IN GEORGIA. 



116 



Holcomb 10 100 | 

Davisborough 22 12-2 

Tenville 14 13G 

Oconee 11 147 

Emmeti 5 152 

Gordon 18 170 

Larksviile 10 180 

Macon II 191 

(389) Macon to Atlanta. 

M'lcon and Western R. R. 

To Howard's 6 

Prattsviile. 11 17 

Forsylh 7 24 

Collier's G 30 

Goggau's 5 3.5 

Barnesville 5 40 

Milner's 7 47 

Griffin 11 58 

Fosterville 15 73 

Jouesboro' 7 80 

Tucker's Cabin 7 87 

PoolesviUe 3 90 

Atlanta 11 101 

(390) Atlanta to Chattanooga. 
Western and Atlantic R. R. 

To Bolton ville 8 

Marietta 12 20 

Acwonh 15 35 

AUatoona 5 40 

Cartersville 10 50 

Hamilton 5 55 

Kingston 5 60 

Adairsville 10 70 

Oothcalo'^^a 9 79 

Oostanuula 5 84 

Dalton 15 99 

Tunnel 7 lOG 

Ringold 7 113 

Tennessee Line 7 120 

Chattanooga 16 136 

(391) Savannah to Augusta. 

ToMillen, (see 8S8) 80 

Augustd and Waynesboro R. R. 

Lumpkins 10 90 

Thomas 5 95 

Waynesboro 6 101 

Augusta 30 131 

(392) Savannah to Milledge- 

ville. 
ToEmmctt 152 

Stage. 

MiLLKDGEVILLE 22 174 



(393) Savannah to Columbus. 

To Macon, (see 388) 191 

Columbus, (see 405) 94 285 

(394) Savannah to St. Augustine, 
Vk. 

To Old Court House 17 

Riceboro' 17 34 

South Newport 9 43 

Darien 19 62 

Bethel 18 80 

VVaynesville 12 92 

Langsburg 7 99 

Jeffei'sonton 18 117 

St. Mary's 22 139 

Kirkland 20 159 

Jacksonville 30 189 

St. Augustine 40 229 

(395) Darien to Bainbridqe. 

To Bethel 18 

Wavnesville 12 30 

VVaresboro' 55 85 

Allapaha 48 133 

Troiipville 22 155 

Sharp's Store 12 167 

Okapilco 10 177 

Thomasville 26 203 

Cairo 22 225 

Bainbridge 20 245 

(396) Augusta to Atlanta. 
Georgia R. R. 

To Belair 10 

Berzelia U 21 

Lorabaniy 8 29 

Thompson 9 38 

Camac 9 47 

Double Wells 5 52 

Camming 5 57 

Crawfordsville 8 65 

JeflFerson Hall 6 71 

Union Point 5 76 

Greensboro' 7 83 

Buckhead 13 96 

Madison 8 104 

Rutledge 8- 112 

Social Circle 8 120 

Covington 10 130 

Conyer's 11 141 

Lithonia 6 147 

Stone Mountain 8 155 

Decatur 10 165 

Atlanta 6 171 



116 



ROUTES IX GEORGIA. 



(397) Augusta to Charlestox, 

ToHamburjj..^.'..' 1 

Marsh's 8 9 

Aiken 8 17 

Johnson's 5 22 

Windsor 8 30 

VViliiston 8 38 

Blackville » 47 

Graham's 9 56 

Wedway 9 65 

Edislo turnout 6 71 

Branchville 4 75 

St. George's 14 89 

Ross's 11 100 

Inabnet's 6 106 

Summerville 9 115 

Ladson's 4 11!) 

Sineath's 5 124 

Charleston 13 137 

(398) AuGiSTA to Athens. 
To Union Point, (see 396) . .76 
,'ltlicns Branch R. R. 

Woodville 5 81 

Bairdstowu 3 84 

Maxev's 4 88 

Salmunville 5 93 

Lexint,'ton Depot 5 98 

Athens 18 116 

(399) Augusta to Clarksvili.k. 

To Darby's 12 

Culbreattrs 10 22 

Eubank's 6 28 

Double Branches 3 31 

Lincolnton 10 41 

Goshen 6 47 

Petersbiug 8 55 

Cook's LaV Office 14 69 

Elberton 9 78 

Eagle Grove 19 97 

Bowersville 12 109 

Fairview 5 114 

Carneriville 6 120 

Bancroft 7 127 

Clarksville 20 147 

(400) Augusta to Milledge- 

VILLE. 

To Camac, (see 396) 47 

Warrenton • 4 51 

Mayfield 10 61 

Sparta 12 73 

Devereaux's Store 8 81 

MlLLEDGEVlLLE 15 96 



(401) MiLLEDGEVILLE tO MaCON. 

To Wallace 16 

Macon 15 31 

(402) Macon to Darien. 

To Rutland G 

Websterville 5 11 

Busbavville 6 17 

Perry.' 12 29 

Hayneville 10 39 

Hawkinsville 12 51 

Copeland 26 77 

Temperance 8 85 

Jacksonville 15 100 

Lumber City 23 123 

Boxville 6 129 

Colquit 7 136 

Perry's Mills 11 147 

Surrency 16 163 

Fort Barrington 45 208 

Darien 12 220 

(403) Macon to t 'hattahoochee. 
South Western B. R. 

Echecnnnee 12 

Mule Creek 8 20 

Fort Yallev 8 28 

Marshalville T 35 

Marthn^ville 7 42 

Montezuma 6 43 

Oglf.thokpe 2 50 

Americus 23 74 

Slarkville 25 99 

Palmyra 12 111 

Albany 5 116 

Newton 25 141 

Bainbridge 38 179 

Chattahoochee 25 204 

(404) Macon to Athens. 

To Clinton 15 

Blountsville 10 25 

Cloplon's Mills 7 32 

?=tanibrdsville 5 37 

Eatontou 11 48 

Madison 20 68 

Salem 10 78 

Farmington 5 83 

WatkinsviUe 7 90 

Athens 7 97 

(405) Macon to Columbus. 

To Warrior 11 

Echoconna 3 14 

Knoxviile 11 25 

Fraucisville 6 31 



ROUTES IN GEORGIA. 



117 



Union 7 38 

Davistiiii 1-2 50 

Talbothm 12 62 

EUerslie 16 78 

Columbus 16 94 

(40G"> Columbus to Griffin. 

To Harrison 9 

Catawba G 15 

Hamilton 7 22 

King's Gap 8 30 

White Sulphur Springs-... 6 36 

Farmersvillo 5 41 

Greenville 6 47 

Texas 14 61 

Erin 4 65 

Mount Mourne 11 76 

Griffin 8 84 

(407) Columbus to Atlanta. 

To EUerslie 16 

Waverly Hall 7 23 

Blufif Springs 3 26 

Bellevue 7 33 

Pleasant Hill 5 38 

Double Bridges 5 43 

Thomaston.. 10 53 

Union Hill 11 64 

Barnesville 7 71 

M cun and fVestern R. B, 

Milner's 7 78 

Griffin 11 89 

Fosterville 15 104 

Jonesboro' 7 111 

Tucker's Cabin 7 118 

Poolesville 3 121 

Atlanta 11 132 

(408) Columbus to Rossville. 

To Harrison 9 

Catawba 6 15 

Hamilton 7 22 

Cochran's Cross Roads 5 27 

Carlisle 5 32 

Cane Point 4 36 

La Grange 8 44 

Corinth 15 59 

Willow Grove 6 65 

Newnan 9 74 

Lodi 9 83 

Rotherwond 4 87 

Carrollton 12 99 

Tallapoosa 2» H9 

Cedai-town 18 135 



Courtesy 13 148 

Rome 10 158 

Dirttovvn 16 174 

Summerville 8 182 

Islandtown 5 187 

La Fayette 17 204 

Rock Spring 8 212 

RossviLLE 13 225 

(409) Atlanta to Montgomery. 
Fia La Grange R. R. 

To Junction 6 

Fairburn 12 18 

Palmetto. 7 25 

Newnan 15 40 

Hogansville 19 59 

La Grange 13 72 

Long Cane 10 82 

West I'oint - • • 5 87 

Montgomery and West Point R. R. 

Opelica 21 108 

Auburn 7 115 

Loachapoka 7 122 

Notasulga 5 127 

Chehaw 8 135 

Franklin 7 142 

Montgomery 33 175 

(410) Griffin to Montgomery. 

To Mount Mourne 8 

Greenville 29 37 

Mounlville 10 47 

La Grange 9 56 

Long Cane 10 66 

West Point 5 71 

Montgomery, (see 409) . . .97 168 

(411) Covington to Newnan. 

To Oak Hill 11 

McDonough 12 23 

Fosterville 11 34 

Fayetteville 9 43 

Kidron 11 54 

Newnan 12 66 

(412) Athens to Clayton. 

To Diniplsville 20 

Madison Springs 6 26 

Carnesville....^ 12 38 

Bancroft 7 45 

Clarksville 20 65 

Clayton 19 84 



118 



ROUTES IN GEORGIA FLORIDA. 



(413) Athens to Dahlonega.. 

To Jefferson 17 

Cunningham's Store 9 20 

Gainesville 14 40 

Lucksville 6 46 

New Bridge 12 58 

Auraria 4 62 

Dahlonega 5 67 

(414) Dahlonega to Dalton. 

To Amicolola 16 

Prince Edward 12 28 

EUijay 11 39 

Coosawattee 16 55 

Spring Place 10 65 

Dalton 8 73 

(415) Greensboro' to Abbeville, 

S.C. 

ToWood-^ille 8 

Woodstock 8 16 

Washington 15 31 

Danburv 10 41 

Petersburg 13 54 

Calhoun's Mills, S. C. 8 62 

Lebanon 6 68 

Abbeville 6 74 

FLORIDA. 

(416) St. Augustine to Darien, 

Ga. 

To Jacksonville 40 

Kirkland 30 70 

St. Mary's, Ga. 20 90 

Jeffersonton 22 112 

Langsburg 18 130 

Wavnesville 7 137 

Bethel 12 149 

Darien 18 167 

(417) St. Augustine to Tampa 

Bay. 

To Fort Peyton 9 

Pilatka ^ 20 29 

Orange Springs 20 49 

Fort King 25 74 

Long Swamp 15 89 

Okahumpka 18 107 

Fort D:ide 40 147 

Fort Foster 20 167 

Tampa 21 188 



(418) St. Augustine to Talla- 

hassee. 

ToPicolata IS 

Carey's Ferry 23 41 

Fort Harlee 25 66 

Newnansville 21 87 

EUisville 17 104 

Alligator 18 122 

Little River P. O. 15 137 

Lower Mineral Springs .... 14 151 

Columbus 17 168 

Madison Court House 13 181 

Talofa 7 188 

Fort Hamilton 10 198 

Maiion ^ 22 220 

Lipona 10 230 

Tallahassee 14 244 

(419) Tallahassee to Alligator. 

Via Monticello. 

To Miccosukee 20 

Monticello 18 38 

Cherry Lake 30 68 

Woodland 10 78 

Benton 6 84 

Jasper 16 100 

^V'hite Springs 17 117 

Alligator 15 132 

(420) Tallahassee to St. Marks. 
To St. Marks 22 

(421) Tallahassee to Bain- 

ERIDGE, Ga. 

To Salubrity ...12 

Quincy 12 24 

Bainbridge 24 48 

(422) Tallahassee to Mobile, 

Ala. 

To Salubrity 12 

Quincy 12 24 

Chattahoochee 21 45 

Marianna 31 76 

Webbville 10 86 

Campbellton 13 99 

Geneva 24 123 

Almirante 53 176 

Milton 45 221 

Floridatown 9 230 

Pens AC OLA 14 244 

Blakely 58 302 

Mobile 14 316 



ROUTES IN FLORIDA. 



119 



(423) Appai.achicola to Colum.- 
Bl'S, Ga. 
!Sl.ea III boat. 

To Fort Gadsden 24 

lola 28 52 

Blouiitstown 40 92 

Ochesee 15 107 

Chattahoochee 16 123 



Brown's Ferry 30 153 

WoodvUle, Ala 18 171 

Columbia 16 187 

Fort Gaines, Ga. 35 222 

Eufaula, Ala. 30 252 

Roanoke, Ga 23 275 

Fort Mitchell, Ala 48 323 

CoLUMBua, Ga 13 336 



120 



THE SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 



The states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisianaj 
find Texas, are comprised in tiiis division of the Union. They are bound- 
ed N. by the southern line of Virginia and Kentucky, and the parallel 
of 36° 30' N. lat. ; VV. by New Mexico and the Rio Grande , S, by the 
Gulf of Mexico, and E. by Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina. 

This section lies between latitudes 26° and 36° 42 N., and between 
longitudes 81° and 103° W. from Greenwich; and includes an area of 
459,428 square miles. 

These states are situated in the lower valley of the Mississippi, and in 
the bashi of the Gult of Mexico. Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Texas are m-ostly within the latter; while Tennessee and Arkansas, with 
the northern poi-tions of the other states, are drained by the tributaries 
of the Mississippi river. The rivers of the south fall into the Gulf, and 
have generally a dii'ect southern descent. Considerable diversity of soil, 
climate, and productions obtains in the several states: in the north the 
land is generally elevated, but with trifling exceptions not mountainous; 
and has a rolling surface, and a climate much cooler than that of the 
south. The southern section is low and level, and in many parts 
swampy. The climate here is almost tropical, and in the lower regions 
Veryimhealthy. The varied productions of these states, however, form 
Bome of the great staples of the Union, and contribute largely to th» an- 
nual aggregate enrninLrs of American industry. 

The social institutions of these states are much akin each to the other, 
and slavery, in a greater or lesser degree, is common to all. ' 

With the exception of a few scattered settlements along the Mississippi 
and the Gulf of Mexico, the commencement of the present century 
found the whole of these states a wilderness, inhabited only by the In- 
dian, and the wild animals of the forest and prairie. The i-apidity of 
settlement, and the progress of population since that period, though not 
so great as in the north-west, have been wonderful. The chief part of 
that wilderness is now mider cultivation, and the population which then 
numbered only 30,000, has now swelled to upwards of 3,000,000 : while 
the material wealth of the settlers has been developed with astonishing 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 121 

Except Texas, which formed a part of the Vice-royalty of New Spain, 
the country now divided into the several states above named belonged 
originally to the French. That portion E. of the INlississippi was ceded 
to Engkmd in 1763, and reverted to the United States by the terms of the 
treaty of 1783 ; and Louisiana, mider which title was included all the 
lands W. of the Mississippi as far north as the British Possessions, (49P 
N. lat.) was piuchased of France in 1803. Texas became a part of thtf 
Union in 1846. 



THE STATE OE TENXESSEE. 

Area 45,600 square miles. — Population 1,002,625« 

Tennessee, once a part of North Carolina, lies between 35° and 360 
42' N. lat., and between 81° 30' and 90° 10' W. long. : and is bounded 
N. by Kentucky and Virginia ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia, 
Alabama, and Mississippi, and W. by Arkansas and INlissoiiri, from 
which it is separated by the Mississippi river. 

The Cumberland IVlountains traverse this state centrally from north- 
east to south-west, and divide the temtory into two unequal paits. The 
eastern section is mountainous, being intersected by several ridges ; the 
elevated valleys between which ai'e very fertile, and the climate con- 
genial to the perfection of the cereals and fruits which flourish in the 
middle latitudes. The western section is chiefly level, but towards the 
central range of hills becomes first imdulating, and then more abrupt 
and elevated. In this region the soil, especially on the margins of the 
rivers, is deep, rich, and fertile. Tennessee produces cotton, tobacco, 
hemp, and a variety of other staples, both of the North and South. The 
state is watered by the Tennessee and Cumberland rivtrs, the first of 
which rises in the eastern section of the state, traverses it from north to 
south, and thence has its course in Alabama, from which it again 
emerges W. of the mountains, and then passes northward through the 
state to the Ohio, into which it empties. The Cumberland rises on the 
W. side of the mountains in Kentucky, and traverses the nui-them part 
of the western section, and also falls into the Ohio a few miles E. of the 
mouth of the Tennessee. These are large rivers, and navigable for a 
great distance. Several small streams belonging to this state, fall into 
the Mississippi. 

The climate is generally healthy, and vegetation commences from six 
to seven weeks earlier than in the New England States. Cattle reqture 
BO housing in the winter. 

Like the state of Kentucky, Tennessee has numerous caves, some of 

11 



122 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 

Vhich contain human skeletons, and the bones of various animals. Ona 
«ave has been explored for a distance of 10 miles. In the Cumberland 
Mountains are some very singulai- impressions of the feet of men, horses, 
and other animals, as distinctly marlied in the solid limestone as if made 
in moist clay. Petrifactions of various kinds are found in m:uiy places : 
petrified trees and animals ai-e abundant ; and among these are the bones 
of the Mastodon, and the organic remains of animals long since extinct. 
Immense banks of oyster-shells, of enoi'mous size, have been found in 
the southern part of the state. 

The mineral pi-oductions of Tennessee are iron, bituminous coal, and 
some small amounts of lead and gold. Granite and salt are also ob- 
tained. The immense water-power afforded by the rivers gives to the 
state great advant;iges for manufactming, and these advantages are being 
developed by artificial improvements, and the erection of factories and 
mUls on the courses of the streams. Great progress has been made in 
the manufacture of cotton goods, and the woollen business is also be- 
coming extensive. But as yet agriculture is the chief employment of the 
people, cotton and tobacco being the great staples. Wheat, oats, and 
Indian corn are the chief cereal products, scai'cely any rye, barley, or 
buckwheat being grown. Flax and hemp are also largely cultivated. 
The direct foreign commerce is very small, but no inconsiderable amount 
of produce finds its way to New Orleans for exportation. The internal 
trade is considerable, but is much impeded from the want of good roads. 
Of railioads 2S7 miles only are built, but in a few years many more 
now in progress will pass through the state, uniting the western rivers 
with the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. 

There are two universities and six colleges in Teimessee, each having 
from two to seven professors, and an aggregate of some 500 students. A 
Roman Catholic seminary has been established at Nashville, and a 
Presbyterian seminary at Maiyville. At Memphis there is a medical 
college, and at 1 .ebanon a law school. There are also about 170 acad- 
emies and grammar schools, attended by 6,000 students, and about 1,200 
primary and common schools, attended by 28,000 scholars. This is but 
a small number in so lai'ge a population. Education, however, is liber- 
ally pi-ovided for, and it seems to depend more on the people them- 
selves than on their governors, that it is not more generally diffused. 

The Slate is divided into three districts, viz. the Eastern. Jliddle, and 
Western, and into 79 counties. The principal cities and towns are — 
Nashville, Knuxville, Fayetteville, Memphis, &c. 

Nashvillk, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Cumberland 
river, at the head of steam navigation, 122 miles from its mouth. The 
city is built on an elevated site, and the streets are laid out in regular 
equares. The public buildings are the State House, Lunatic Asylum, 
Penitentiary, 3 banks, 13 churches, the University buildings, &c. Water 



THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 123 

l8 raised by a steam-engine from the river for tlie supply of the city. 
Numerous steamboats ply between Nashville and Cincimiati, and other 
places. The city is rapidly rising to importance, and Us prosperity will 
be much enhanced when the projected railroad to Chattanooga is com- 
pleted, as it will then have an miintenupted access to the Atlantic sea- 
boai-d at Charleston and Savannah. Owing to its healthy situation, 
Nashville is much resorted to in the Summer season by people from the 
lower country. The population is 10,478. Carthage, Lebanon, Gal- 
latin, Franklin, and Clarkksville, in the valley of the Cumberland, 
are thriving villages. 

Knoxville, on the N. bank of the Holston river, a few miles W. 
of its junction with French Broad river, and at the head of sfcam navi- 
gation, is a considerable town, and was formerly the state capital. East- 
ern Tennessee college is located here. The population amounts to 
between 4,000 and 5,000. A railroad is in progress from this place to 
miite with the Western and Atlantic, by which the town will enjoy the 
advantages of two ports on the Atlantic. The vicinity is thickly settled, 
and a number of large villages occupy the surrounding country. 

Chattanooga, on the S. bank of the Tennessee, is a thriving vil- 
lage, and derives importance from being the present terminus of the 
Western and Athmtic Railroad, which is to be continued to Nash- 
ville. Kingston, on the Tennessee at its junction with the Holston, is 
also a thriving place. The other places of note in the sta*i.e are— Fay- 
etteville, at the head of navigation on the Elk river; Savannah, 
Reynoldsburg, and Perrysburg, on the Tennessee; Columbia, 
on Duck creek; INIurfreesboro', on Stone river, formerly the capital, 
&c. Memphis is the most important place on the J ississippi. It is 
situated on the site of old Fort Pickering. The commerce of the city ia 
perhaps more extensive than that of any other in the state. The Uni- 
ted States have a rope factoiy at this place. Population 6,000. Bolivar, 
Randolph, Covington, and some other extensive villages, lie to the N. 
of Memphis. 

Temiessee was originally included in North Carolina. Fort Loudon 
was built on the Little Tennessee in 1757, but in 1760 the garrison and 
settlers were massacred by the Cherokees. The first permanent settle- 
ment was eiffcted in 1768 by emigrants from Virginia. The territoiy 
was ceded by North Carolina to Congress in 1790, when it was erected 
into a separate government. In 1796 the inhabitants Ibi-nied a constitu- 
tion, and the state was admitted as an independent member of the 
Union. Tennessee has given two presidents to the United States, in the 
persons of Andrew Jackson and James Knox Polk. 



124 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 

THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 

^irea 50,722 square miles. — Population 771,671. 

Alabama is situated between 30° 17' and 35° N lat., and between 
84° 58' and 88° 26' W. long. ; and is bounded N. by Tennessee; E. by 
Georgia ; S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi. 

The noi-thern districts, being penetrated by several ridges of the Alle- 
ghanies, are mountainous, but the remaining portions of the state are 
generally level, sloping towards the Gulf of Mexico. The soil, climate, 
and products of these two sections are essentially diffei-ent. In the north 
the soil is fertile, and covered with immense forests of oak, hickory, elm, 
ash, cedar, and poplar. The center of the state is com])aratively sterile ; 
and here the pine flourishes in luxuriancy. The soil of the south is 
rich and deep, and the natural gi-owths are cypress, swamp-oak, holly, 
and live-oak. Here also the olive, the orange, and lemon, come to per- 
fection ; and the climate is proper for the cultivation of cotton, sugar, 
and rice. The country between the Tombigbee and Alabama is the 
best portion of the state. 

Alabama is traversed by several fine rivers. The Tennessee drains 
the country northwest of the mountains. The south is drained by the 
Alabama and Tombigbee, which about 31° N. lat. unite and form the 
Mobile, which, after a short course, falls into Mobile Bay. The Ala- 
bama is formed by the miion of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, which 
unite in 32° 30' N. lat. The Tombigbee rises in the state of Mississippi, 
and before its junction with the Alabama, receives many considerable 
streams : the Black Warrior, one of its tributaries, is navigable almost 
to its source. The Pordido separates the state from East Florida. The 
bay of Mobile, which receives the maui body of the waters of the state, 
is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and affords some of the best harbors on 
the Gulf of Mexico. The waters, except at its entrance, are deep, and 
the anchorag'e safe. 

The moiuitainous regions of the north are rich in minerals. Iron and 
coal are abundant: the gi-eat coal region is in the neighborhood of Tus- 
caloosa. Gold is found in Randolph and Tallapoosa counties, in the 
north-eastern portion of the state. Besides these, granite, marble, lime, 
and gypsum are abundant. Salt is made in several parts. The prod- 
ucts of agricuUm-e are the various cereals, and the staples peculiar to 
the south, as tobacco, sugar, cotton, rice, &c. The forests yield lumber, 
with laj-ge amounts of resin and tm-pentine. In manufactures, the state 
Is rapidly increasing ; and several cotton-miUs have lately been erected. 
There are also lai'ge numbers of tanneries, and some minor manufactures. 



THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 125 

Alabama eoioys an extensive foreign commerce, of which Mobile is 
the center. Thete are 143 miles of railroad in this state. 

The University at Tuscaloosa, founded in 18'28, is the chief collegiate 
institution ; it has 9 professors and about 100 students. The colleges at 
La Grange, Spring Hill, and Marion are also well attended. Attached to 
the Univeisity is a law school, and there are theological seminaries 
at Spring Hill and Marion. There are in the state about 130 academies 
and grammar schools, and between COO and 7U0 primary and common 
schools. Education, however, is far from being miiversal even among 
the white population. 

Alabama is divided into 52 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are — Tuscaloosa, ftlobile, Montgomery, &c. 

Montgomery, the state capital, at the head of steam navigation, on 
the east bank of the Alabama, is situated on a high bluff, and commands 
an extensive prospect. A large trade is carried on in this city, it bemg 
the center of an extensive cotton region. It is connected by railroad 
with West Point on the Georgia line, and steamboats ply regularly hence 
to Mobile. Population 6,400. 

Mobile, the most important place in the state, is situated on the west 
bank of Mobile river, at its entrance into the bay. It is built on a 
shghtly elevated plain, and has a splendid prospect. The commerce 
of the whole state centers here, and as a cotton mart, Mobile ranks 
next to Charleston. Immense quantities of this and the other staples 
from the upper districts, and also from western Georgia and eastern 
Mississippi, are brought down the rivers in steamboats, and exported 
hence to the northern ports and foreign countries. The city is supplied 
with water brought for a distance of two miles through iron pipes. 
The harbor, though dilHcult of access, is good, and well protected. The 
port is situated on a low simdy point, at the mouth of the bay, opposite 
to Dauphin Island. Mobile was founded by the Spaniards in 1700, but 
did not become a place of importance until captiued in 1811 by the 
Americans. A number of regular steam and sailing vessels ply between 
this port and the principal cities in the Gulf and the Atlantic coasts ; 
and a railroad is projected to extend to the Ohio river, and ultimately 
to Chicago. Blake ley, opposite Mobile, on the Tensaw, has many 
advantages as a commercial point, but has never been able to supersede 
Mobile, although it enjoys a finer climate, and is perlectly healthy. The 
population of Mobile in 1840 was 12,672, and is at the present time 
about 20,513. 

Tuscaloosa, the fonner capital, is situated on Black Warrior river, 
at the head of navigation. It is a small, but thriving lown, being the 
center of an extensive agricultural and mining district. The University 
and old State House are the principal public buildings. 

The other principal places south of the mountains ai-e — St. Stephen'*! 
11* 



126 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 

on the Tombigbee ; Cahawba, at the confluence of the Alabama and 
Cahawbu rivers ; Wetumpka, at the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa 
rivers ; and several floiu-ishing towns besides St. Stephen's ai'e found on 
the Tombigbee. 

HuNTsviLLE, Florence, and Tuscumbia are flourishing villages in 
the northeru pai't of the state. The latter is connected with Decatur by 
raihoad. The natural outlet of this section is the Tennessee river, which 
la navigated by steamboats to Florence dui-ing the seasons of high 
water. 

The first settlement was made by the Spaniards at Mobile in 1700, at 
which period the southern part of the state formed a portion of Flori- 
da ; but it was also claimed by the French as a portion of Louisiana^ 
After the pm-chase of the latter by the United States, the Spaniards still 
held possession, and not imtil 1811 was the American claim to the coun- 
try south of 31° N. lat. enforced. In that year an expedition was fitted 
out, and the city captured; and the territory, which extended from the 
Eio Perdido to Pearl river, was subsequently divided between Alabama 
and Mississippi, which ensures to each a considerable seaboard. At tho 
time it came into the hands of the United States, very few inhabitants 
were found in all the district. In 1817, Alabama, within its present lim- 
its, was erected into a separate territorial government, and in 1820 be- 
came an independent state of the Union. That p;irt of the state N. of 31° 
was originally a portion of Georgia, and so remained until ceded to the 
United States in 1602. 



THE STATE OF inSSISSIPPI. 

Area 47,156 square viiles. — Popidation 60G,555. 

Mississippi lies between 30° 10' and 35° N. lat., and between 88° IC 
and 91° 35' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Tennessee ; E. by Alaba- 
ma; S. by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, and W. by Louisiana and 
the Mississippi river. 

The southern part of this state, for 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, 
is almost a dead level, and chiefly composed of swamps and marshes, 
overgrown with pines and cypresses. Further north, the country rises, 
and in some places is hilly and broken, but nowhere becomes moun- 
tainous. A range of bluffs stretches along the Mississippi, sometimes 
reaching almost to the margins of the river : these are an extension of 
the table-lands, which cover a portion of the state, and which have gen- 
erally a fertile soil. The low alluvial is the richest land, but this is not 
nnfrequently overflowed duiing the floods. The lands bordering on the 



THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 127 

Yazoo are especially fertile, being a fine black mould. The great staple of 
Mississippi is cotton, but Indian corn, tobacco, indigo, &.C., are also 
lai-gely cultivated. The natural growths consist of valuable timber, with 
a great vai-iety of spices and fruits. 

The Gulf of Mexico skirts the southern shore of the state for 70 or 80 
miles, and a chain of low and sandy islands line the coast. The princi- 
pal of these are Cat and Ship islands. The Bay of Pascagoula, lying 
between these and the mainland, is 65 miles long, and from 7 to 8 wide, 
and forms an inland navigation from Mobile bay to Lake Borgne and 
Lake Pontchartrain. No harbor admitting vessels of more than eight 
feet draught is found in all this distance. The Mississippi river winds 
along the western border for 520 miles. The Yazoo is the largest river 
entirely within the state, and is navigable foi- 50 miles. The Big Black 
is also a large river, but not so capacious as the Yazoo. The other riv- 
ers emptying into the Mississippi are small, and, except the Homochitto, 
not navigable. The Pascagoula and the Pearl flow S. into the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

The climate of this state is more mild and agi-eeable than Louisiana, 
except along the S. coast, where the atmosphere is uncomfortably hot 
and every way unhealthy. In these regions, however, the Ume and the 
orange flourish luxuriantly. In the N. the temperature ranges during 
the year between '20° and 94P Fahr. ; but these points may be consider- 
ed as extremes and of short duration. 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The staple crops 
are cotton, tobacco, and rice. Manufactm-es have scai-cely a footing, and 
at best include only such as are imperatively necessary to the comfort of 
man and the protection of stores— among which we may include brick 
and lime making, and a few establishments for tanning leather and the 
manufacture of soap. Foreign commerce is carried on through the me- 
dium of New Orleans. The state contains 97 miles of railroad. 

The chief collegiate institutions in Mississippi are— the University at 
Oxford, founded in 1846; the CoUege at Oakland, foimded in 1830, and 
Centenaiy College in Rankin county, founded in 1841. The first is still 
in its infancy, but the two latter have established a reputation, and are 
well attended. Besides these, there are between 70 and 80 academies, 
and some 400 common schools in the state. A law on this subject was 
passed in 1846, by which each school-district, of which there are five in 
each county, is compelled to support common schools by taxation, and 
several small items of revenue are devoted to the same purpose. The 
larger towns have already adopted this system, but the sparseness of the 
population in the country is a formidable obstacle to the success of any 
general system. 

The state is divided into 50 counties. The chief cities and towns are, 
Jackson, Natchez, Vicksburg, Colmnbus, &.c. 



128 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 

JACKaON, the capital, is situated on the W. bank of Pearl river. II 
contain* the State House, a Penitentiary, and some other public build- 
ings. It is connected with Vicksburg by a railroad. Population 4,000. 

VicKSBURG lies on the western declivity of Walnut Hills, juid from 
the Mississippi river has a picturesque appearance. It contains several 
handsome buildmgs. Vicksburg is the depot of an extensive back- 
country, and the steamboat traffic in the cotton season is immense. 
Population between 5,000 and 6,000. 

Port Gibson, on Bayou Pierre, and between Vicksburg and Natchez, 
is a flourishing village. Population 2,600. Grand Gui.f, its port, is sit- 
uated oil the Mississippi. 

Natchez, 106 miles S. of Vicksburg, is the largest and most business- 
like town in the state. It is situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 
121 miles below the mouth of Yazoo river. It consists of two parts; the 
lower town, which is situated immediately on the river, and the upper 
town, which is built on a bluff which rises abruptly 300 feet above the 
level. The first is devoted to the conveniences of those trafficking on the 
river, and the latter for the residences of the better class ol society. The 
streets are wide, regular, and shaded with ornamental trees. Natchez 
contains many elegant buildings, and during a pai't of the year is a pleas- 
ant and not mihealthy abode. It is the great cotton mart of the lower 
Yazoo district. Population about 8,000. 

Yazoo City, on the river of the same name; Commerce, on the 
Mississippi near the north boundary; Monticello, the former capi- 
tal ; WooDViLLE, in the S. VV. corner of the state ; and Mississippi City 
and SiiiELDSBORo' on the Cult; are some others of the more considera- 
ble towns. 

CoLLMBLS, at the head of steam navigation on the Tombigbee river, 
enjoys considerable commerce, and is the depot of a large agricultural 
neighborhood. An immense trade is done here. Population about 8,000. 

This portion of the United States was discovered by De Soto, a Span- 
ish adventuier, who, in 1540, reached the Mississippi from Florida, and 
died on the banks of that river in 1542. The first settlement in the 
present state was made at Natchez by the French in 1710, but in 1719 
the colony was massacred by the Indians. In 1763 it was ceded to Eng- 
land, and became a part of Georgia. In 1802 the whole territory W. of 
Georgia was purchased by the General Government, and organized tm- 
der the title of the Mississippi Territory ; but in 1817, Mississippi was 
portioned off as a state, while the remainder of the territory w.is erected 
into a sepaiate government. The portion of the state below 31° N. lat 
belonged to Florida until 1811, when it was captured by the United 
Stales on the assumption of its being a pari of the Louisiana purchaae, 
and then attached to the Mississippi Territory. 



THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 129 



THE STATE OF AKKAXSAS. 

Area 52,198 square miles.— Population 209,639. 

Arkansas is situated between 33° and 36° 30' N. lat., and between 
89° 50' and 940 30' W. long. ; and is bounded N. by Missoiu-i ; E. by the 
Mississippi river ; S. by Louisiana, and \V. by Texas and the Indian 
Territo;y. 

The eastern portion of the state, bordering on the Mississippi, is an 
extended plain, and so low as to be frequently inundated. In the central 
districts the siu-face is undulating, and in some p;u-ts broken. The westr 
em section is hilly and the soil sterile, and a large portion absolutely 
worthless for any agricultural purpose. The Black ISIoimtains, N. of the 
Arkansas river, and the Washita Hills, at the head-waters of the Wa- 
shita, are considerable elevations. The principal rivers in the state are 
the Arkansas, which is navigable to Fort Cibsun ; the White, a consid- 
erable stream which joins the Arkansas near its mouth, and has itself 
several large atfluents ; the Red River, which passes through the S. W. 
corner of the state, and forms its southei-n boundary for a few miles, and 
the St. Francis, on the N. E. The W^ashita, Saline, and other affluents of 
the Red River, drain the southern districts. The mineral resources of 
Arkansas are little known. The mountains contain iron, lead, coal, and 
salt, but they have been but little worked. Extensive deposites of ma- 
rine shells are found, and a large number of hot and warm springs exist 
near the head of the Washita. The shell deposites have proved useful 
in supplying the settlers with lime. The soil in the low country is very 
rich, but requires draining. In the undulating region it is easily culti- 
vated, and pi-oduces very fine crops of grain and gi-asses. 

The climate is generally mild and equable, but the winters are oc- 
casionally severe, owing to the cold north winds which sweep over the 
countiy, and at times lay waste large districts. Except in the swamp 
regions on the Mississippi, it is remai-kably healthy. Grapes, plums, and 
several other descriptions of fruits, grow wild. 

Arkansas is altogether an agricultural state. The attention of the peo- 
ple is generally bestowed on the cultivation of cotton, for which the 
more thickly settled part of the country is well adapted. Indian corn is 
largely grown, but the crops of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, are very 
small: no buckwheat is gi-own. The cultivation of cotton has trebled 
in amount during the past 10 years. Cattle and hogs are numerous, but 
the flocks of sheep are small in proportion to the means of rearing 
them. Lumber, pitch, and turpentine are produced in large quantities, 
and the furs and skins of animals are exported to some extent. Manu- 



130 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 

factm-es extena only to a few articles of immediate necessity. The state 
has no direct foreign commerce : its cotton and other products are sent 
down the Mississippi and Red River to New Orleans, and thence shipped 
to Europe and the northern ports. The internal trade is not extensive, 
being impeded from the want of good roads, and from obstructions in the 
rivers. No railroads have yet been built in the state. Perhaps on the 
whole, Arkansas is the least improving or progressive state in the 
Union, and the one least inviting to settlers. 

Education is not fostered in Arkansas. Though Congress granted 
seventy-two sections of land for the endowment of a seminary of learn- 
ing, there is neither miiversity nor college in the state. In some of the 
larger towns there are academies, but we have no means of ascertaining 
their condition. There are but few common schools in the state. 

The state is divided uito 51 counties. Little Rock, Van Buren, Bates- 
viUe, Fayetteville, &c., are the principal places. 

Little Rock, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Arkansas, 
on a blufl' risuig 150 feet above the river. It is laid out in regular 
squares, and contains the State House, a Court House, the U. S. Arsenal 
and Land Office, the State Penitentiary, several churches, an academy, 
and other public buildings. It is accessible by steamboats from the 
Mississippi, and has considerable trade with the neighborhood. Popu- 
lation 4,500. 

Van Buren, on the Arkansas near the western boundarj', has about 
1,200 inhabitants and is a point of some importance in western travel. 
Batesville, on White River, and Fayetteville, near the N.W. comer 
of the state, are also important villages. The jwpulation of each is 
about 1.000. Few other villages have more than 5U0 or 600 inhabitants, 
the majority of the people being thinly scattered over the cotmtry. Co- 
lumbia, Napoleon, and Helena lie on the Mississippi. 

Hot Springs, a lew miles N. of the Washita river, and 84 miles S.W. 
of Little Rock, derives its importance from the medicinal virtues of its 
waters, and has lately become a popular resort. Visiters ai'e well pro- 
>ided with hotel accommodation. 

Arkansas was a portion of the Louisiana purchase. Previous to 1819 
it was attached to Missouri, but in that yeai- it was formed into a sepa- 
rate territorial government ; and in 1836, having formed a constitution. 
it was received into the Union as an independent state. 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 131 

THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 

Area, 46,431 square miles. — Population 511,974. 

Louisiana is situated between 29° and 33° N. lat., and 88<-' 40' and 
94° 05' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Mississippi and Arlcansas ; E. 
by the Mississippi and Pearl rivers; S. by tiie Gulf of Mexico, and W. 
by Texas, from whicJi it is separated by the Sabine river. 

The whole southern part of the state consists of swamps and marshes, 
destitute of trees, but covered with a strong reedy vegetation. Through 
this district the Mississippi flows in a south-eastern direction, dividing in 
its course into numerous branches called bayous, which diverge from 
each other and skiggishly wind their way to the Gulf, forming the delta 
of that great river. So low is the general smface, that a sixth part of 
the state is annually inundated by floods and high tides, and it has be- 
come necessai-y to build levees to protect the settlements. In this low 
alluvial region the soil is very fertile. The northern part of the state 
has an undulating surface, and is covered with a heavy natural growth 
of white, red, and yellow oak, hickory, black-walnut, sassafras, mag- 
nolia, and poplar. The uplands, which ai-e sandy and less fertile, are 
overgrown with extensive pine forests. The climate is almost tropical, 
and the heat of summer very oppressive. In the winter season, how- 
ever, the cold is frequently intense, owing to the "northers" which 
sweep over the country from the pole. The summers and falls are very 
unhealthy, and frequently the yellow fever causes great destruction of 
life in the swampy region of the south. 

Tiie staple productions of Louisiana are sugar, cotton, and rice. Sugar 
grows chiefly on the shores of the Gulf and the delta of the Mississippi: 
little is grown north of 31° N. lat. Cotton is grown almost everywhere, 
but the best cotton-lands are found on the lower courses of the Red 
river, which has not inaptly been termed the " cotton-planter's para- 
dise." Rice is grown in the swamps and other places convenient for 
irrigation. The quantity of land adapted to sugar has been computed at 
250,000 acres, and a like quantity suitable for rice, exclusive of sub- 
merged lands which might be recovered. The cotton lands have an 
estimated area of 2,400,000 acres. Some tobacco is also grown, but 
with the exception of Indian corn, the cereals ai-e little attended to. 
Manufactures can scarcely be said to form an item of industry in this 
state, being confined to a few of the minor branches. Some tanneries, 
Boap-boihng establishments, brick-yards, &c., exist, but the value of 
their products is insignificant. The commerce of liOuisiana is that of 
the whole Mississippi Valley. The exports are not confined to its own 
products, but much of that of all the western states goes down the great 
rivera and is cleared at New Orleans. The receipts of produce at that 



132 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 

port during the year ending 31st Aug. 1849, were valued at $81,989,691, 
and in some years the vaiue has reached as high as 90 millions. Of thia 
amount about one-third is exported to foreign countries, and the re- 
mainder is either consumed in the state, or goes coastwise to other porta. 
The foreign imports average about $7,000,000 annually. There are sev- 
eral short railroads in the state. 

Education in Louisiana is lamentably backward, but suitable provision 
has been made in the new constitution for its support. A university 
has been lately established at New Orleans; and within the last 10 or 12 
years colleges have been founded at Jackson, Grand Coteau, Baton 
Rouge, and Opelousas. There is also a medical college at iXew Orleans. 
Academies and common schools are found in almost every district, but 
hitherto less than an average of 23,000 scholars have taken advantage of 
these institutions. 

The state is divided into two districts and 47 parislies. The prmcipal 
cities and towns are — Baton Rouge, New Orleans, &c. 

Baton Rouge, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Missis* 
sippi, 140 miles above New Orleans. The city lies chiefly on one street, 
and on a blufi'from 30 to 40 feet above high-water mark. The United 
States' barracks at this place are among the most commodious buildings 
of the kind in the Union. Population 3,G00. The view from the espla- 
nade is magnificent. 

New Orleans, tlie former capital, and one of the great commercial 
marts of the Union, stands on the E. bank of the river, 105 miles from 
the Gulf, and four from Lake Pontchartrain. The city is built on a plain 
inclined from the river to the swamp in its rear, so that when the Mis- 
sissippi is full, the streets are frequently inundated ; the /ewe<>, however, 
prevents the great body of water from overwhelming the place, and at 
the same time affords to the citizens a pleasant promenade. The public 
buildings of New Orleans are conspicuous objects. The Cathedral, or 
Church of St. Louis, strikes the stranger forcibly by its venerable and 
antique appearance. Many of the other churches ai-e worthy of notice. 
The Charity Hospital and Franklin Infirmary are noble institutions, and 
the mai-kets, theatres, cotton-presses, &c., command attention. The St. 
Qiai-les' Hotel is world-renowned for its magnificence ; and the Custom 
House, United States' Branch Mint, the banks, &e., are worthy the opu- 
lence of the city. There are in New Orleans, besides the new uni- 
versity, two colleges, several academies, and forty, or upwards, of prima- 
ry and common schools. The city is supplied with water from the Mis- 
sissippi. The harbor is one of the most capacious in the world, and the 
local conveniences for the shipping, and the transaction of an immense 
business, unsurpassed. It is the great receiving and distributing dep6t 
of the whole West, and the greatest cotton mart in the world. During 
the business season, or from November to July, the port is crowded with 



THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 133 

ressels of all sizes and of every nation, together with hundreds of large 
and elegant steamers, and a multiplicity of river-craft. Nothing can 
present a more busy scene than the levee at this time : the loading and 
unloading of steamers and ships, and the throng of drays transporting 
the varied products of the Great West, is truly exhilarating, and im- 
presses the beholder with an idea of the vastness of the commerce that 
requires all this commotion in its prosecution. Besides the immense 
number of steamers and other craft coming down the Mississippi, the 
arrivals from foreign parts in 1849 were 1,013 vessels, of a burden of 
408,079 tons, and manned by 14,741 seamen; and the arrivals coastwise 
in the same year were 1,491 vessels, of a burden of 448.374 tons, and 
manned by 17,741 seamen. The city is divided into three municipalities, 
each having a distinct council : \he first includes the city proper, extend- 
ing from the river back to Lake Pontchartrain, and occupying the center; 
the second adjoins it above, and the third below, both extending from the 
river to the lake. The inhabitants are composed of Americans, French, 
Spaniards, Creoles, and the colored races in every shade ; and eveiy 
other nation is well represented in this modern Babylon. The French 
and Spaniards occupy chiefly the central and lower parts of the city, 
where the buildings are of an ancient and foreign construction, and 
where the manners, customs, and languages of those nations are pre- 
served in all their purity. On entering this portion the stranger could 
scarcely realize that he was in an American city. Population 119,461. 
New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Bienville, the then governor of 
Louisiana. 

Madisonville, on Lake Pontchartrain, is a healthy and pleasant re- 
sort for the inhabitants of New Orleans during the hot season ; Donald- 
SONVILLE, on the opposite bank of the Mississippi above New Orleans, 
was once the capital of the state. Alexandria, on the Red Eiver, 150 
miles from its mouth, is the center of a fine cotton region : it is well laid 
out, and contains about 2,00W inhabitants. Natchitoches, on the W. 
bank of the Red River, 80 miles above Alexandria, is the largest town 
W. of the Mississippi, and was formerly a militai-y post of great strength. 
It is situated at the head of steam navigation, and has a very mixed pop- 
ulation of French, Spaniards, Americans, and Indians. Wallace and 
Shreveport ai-e towns fm-ther west ; and St. Francisville, Opelou- 
SAS, and St. Martinsville, are also considerable towns, and enjoy 
trade with their immediate neighborhoods. 

Louisiiuia comprises the southern part of the purchase made by the 
United States in 1803. The first settlement waa made at Iberville, in 
1699. In 1804 the present state was erected into a separate govenmient, 
under the name of the Territory of Orleans ; and in 1812 it became a 
state of the Union under its present title. It is now one of the most 
jjrosperous of the United States. 

12 



134 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 

Area 237,321 square miles.— Population 212,592. 

Texas, tlie largest of the United States, lies between 28° and 340 n. 
iat., and between 91° 26' and 102° W. long. : and is bounded on the N. 
by New Mexico and the Indian Territory; E. by Louisiana; S. by the 
Gulf of ^Texico. and W. by th»! Rio Grande del Norte, which separates 
It from the RepubUc of Mexico. 

Along the coast and far inland, the surface is a low level, free from 
swamps, however, and composed of excellent soil. The bottoms along 
the rivers which flow through this section are well wooded, and very 
fertile. Over this vast plain immense droves of wild horses and cattle 
roam at large. In the north the land is elevated and undulating, and 
clothed with thick forests. The northwest is mountainous, and spanned 
crosswise by several ranges, which form the natural border of New Mex- 
ico. The flanks of these mountains are covered with oak, pine, cedar, 
and a great variety of trees and shrubs, and their alluvial intervales af- 
ford some of the finest of lands. Few countries, indeed, have so small 
a portion of land unfit for agriculture. The surface is everywhere cov- 
ered with a flue growth ofgi-asses, and affords excellent pasture. Among 
the remarkable features of the country, the "cross-timbers" of northern 
Texas are conspicuous. These are a continuous series of forests, vaiying 
in width from 5 to 50 miles, and extending in a direct line about 97° W. 
long, from the woody region, at the sources of the Trinidad, northwai-d 
to the Arkansas river. They appear from a distance as an immense wall 
of wood, and from the west, such is the lineal regularity, that they ap 
pear to be rather the handwork of man, than a natural growth. Here 
the praiiies terminate. The comitry between the Nueces and Rio Grande 
is comparatively barren, and it is only in the neighborhood of the rivers 
and lakes that cultivation could be profitable. 

The v/hole coast is lined with long, low islands, which enclose a great 
number of shallow bays, into wSnich the rivers empty. But few go di- 
rectly to the sea. The largest are the Sabine, the Neches, Trinidad, Bra- 
zos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, Nueces, and Rio Grande. These 
are all navigable for steamboats, and are so many avenues of commerce 
from the interior to the sea. The Red River and Arkansas wind along 
the northern frontier, and are partially navigable for boats. Galveston 
Bay., into which the Trinidad, San Jacinto, &c., fall, is by far the finest 
on the coast, but its entrance is obstructed by a sand-bar. 

The climate of the low region is essentially tropical. A wet and dry 
. di> ide the year. From December to March the rains are inoea- 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 135 

sant, and the rivers swell and inundate the country, frequently rendering 
it impassable. Snow, except on the mountains, is seldom seen, but cold 
blasts fj'ora the north render the winters chilly and unpleasant. '• Nine- 
tenths of the country," however, says Mr. Kennedy, " are considered 
healthier than the most healthy parts of the United States." This may 
be an exaggeration; but there is little doubt that in the main Texas is a 
fine and healthy region, and well fitted for agricultui-al settlement. 

The mineral wealth of Texas consists of coal and iron ore in the lo\T 
countries, and the precious metals in the mountains. Saltpetre, salt, 
bitumen, &c., abound, and granite, limestone, gypsum, shale, &c., are 
plentiful in the west, and higher regions of the north. The wild animals 
common to Texas are bears, cougars, panthers, peccaris, wolves, foxes, 
racoons, &c. ; birds of all kinds, and excellent fish, oysters, &c., in 
the lagoons. Alligators inhabit the Red river, and turtles and tor- 
toises the estuaries of the rivers emptying into the Gulf. Reptiles and 
insects are prolific, and alike daiigerous and troublesome. The vegeta- 
tion is very various, but consists of nothing peculiar to the state. The 
principal grasses ai-e the common prairie grass, the gama, musquite, 
wild clover, wild lye, &c. 

Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The reai'ing of stock 
is largely pursued. Cotton is the great staple, and it is affirmed, and 
perhaps truly, that it is of superior quality and of a fine staple. Its cul- 
tivation is principally confined to the rich alluvial soils of the Red river, 
the Brazos, the Trinidad, and Colorado rivers. In some cases a bale and 
a half is yielded from an acre. Planting begins in February, and pick- 
ing in June. The grains cultivated are maize and wheat. Rye, barley, 
and oats are suited to the upper country, and rice is cultivated near the 
river estuai-ies. Sugar-cane grows well, and yields heavily. The plan- 
tations, however, are as yet very limited, and hitherto its culture baa 
been experimental. Tobacco will probably become a staple. The mul- 
berry grows vigorously, and the climate is suitable for the silkworm. 
Texas has no maimfactures, except those of the ordinary domestic kinds, 
which every family makes for its own use. The commerce of Texas is 
as yet limited, and must long be retarded, for want of avenues. The 
staples are brought down the Red river to the Mississippi, or to Galves- 
ton, whence they are shipped to New Orleans, or the northern Atlantic 
ports. The building of railroads, and clearing the rivers from drift, which 
now obstructs them, will soon be demanded by the advance of the coun- 
try ; and it is only by such improvements as these that Texas can ever 
become that flourishing state which nature has designed her to become. 

The provisions made for education are much on the same basis as in 
the other new states. Public schools are supported by the revenues of 
the school lands, and one-tenth of the taxation is devoted to the same 
object. No statistics have yet been published with respect to learning. 



136 SOUTH-WESTERIf STATES. 

Texas is divided into 92 counties. The principal cities and towns are 
Austin, Gaheston, Houston, Zodiac, &c. 

The City of Austin (San Felipe de JJustin) the capital of the state, 
is situated on the west bank of the Brazos river, at the northeast corner 
of an extensive prairie about 90 miles from the Gulf coast, and contains 
about 2500 inhabitants. The country in the neighborhood is being 
rapidlj brought under cultivation. 

Galveston, the commercial capital, is located at the eastern point of 
the island of the same name. Its harbor is one of the best on the Gulf, 
and is about 450 miles from New Orleans. The commerce of the port 
is rapidly increasing, and although the city was founded so lately aa 
1837, it now numbers at least 6,000 inhabitants. 

Houston, tiie foi-raer capital, is situated at the head of navigation of 
Buffalo Bayou. Matagorda, Goliad, San Antonio de Bexar, &c., 
are ancient Spanish presidios, and were formerly strongly garrisoned. 
Zodiac is a new town on the Pedernales river, inhabited by Germans 
and Mormons, who from thrift and industry have converted the neigh- 
borhood into a garden; and New Braunfels is also a new and flourish 
ing settlement of Germans, near the junction of the Guadalupe and Co- 
mal rivers. Eastern Texas is the most thickly settled part of the country, 
and there new villages are constantly springing up, some of which may 
ultimately become of sectional importance ; but as yet these are small, 
and mere temporary settlements. Several villages are springing up on 
the Rio Gnmde, of which Brownsville is the largest, and has becomo 
a place of commerce and industry. 

Texas separated from Mexico in 1836, and was formed into an inde- 
pendent republic. In 1846, having maintained itself for ten yeara 
against Mexico, it was annexed to the United States, voluntarily on both 
Bides, and has since become an integral portion of the Union. Its pro- 
gress has been rapid, and new accessions ai-e constantly making to the 
popula .ion by ein'gi-ants from Europe, especially those from Germanj, 
who h ive settled in colonies imder their own chiefs. 



THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 137 

THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 

Area 187,171 square miles. — Population 100,000. 

The Indian Territory is situated between 33^^ 50' and 42° N. lat., 
and between 91° 30' and 109° VV. long. : and is bounded N. by Nebraska 
liver; E. by Missouri and Arlvansas; S. by Texas, and W. by Cali- 
fornia. Of the whole area, only 58,346 square miles lie S. of 36° 30' N. 
lat. Its geographical connection, however, with the South-western 
States, makes its description in this place convenient. 

Tlie lands of this region are represented to be generally fertile, and the 
climate adapted to agricultural success. It is watered by numei-ous fine 
rivers, which rise in the IMexican mountains and traverse the covmtry 
from west to east, falling ultimately into the Mississippi. Iron, lead, 
coal, and salt are abundant. This territory was set apart by Congress 
for the pennanent residence of the Indian tribes, and here they are se- 
cured a refuge from the encroachments of the white races. They live 
imder governments of their own, and many of the tribes have made 
great advances in civilization. The number of ndians resident in the 
tenltory is about 100,000, four-fifths of which have been transported from 
the east of the Mississippi. The most mimerous tribes are the Chero- 
kees, the Creeks, the Pawnees, the Choctaws, the Osages, and the Semi- 
noles. The other tribes are numerically small. 

The Choctaw Nation occupies a territory of 19,500 square miles be- 
tween the Red River and the Canadian. The domain is watered by 
numerous streams, has a fine soil, diversified in surface, and enjoying a 
healthy climate. The government is a constitutional republic. The 
Choctaws are employed in wool-growing and the cultivation of cotton, 
which they manufacture into clothing. The missionaries have taught 
them several of the mechanical arts. Manual labor schools are support- 
ed by the public, and education is imparted to all the young people. 
The New Testament, and several useful works, have been translated into 
their language, and a weekly newspaper is pubhshed for general in- 
formation. Census population 12,410. 

The Creek Nation is situated between the Canadian and the Red 
Fork of the Arkansas. Though inferior to the Choctaws, the Oeeks are 
progressuig in intelligence and industry. Their fields produce the ce- 
reals, and cotton is also cultivated; while their homesteads are well- 
built and comfortable, being generally surrounded by garden-plats. They 
have a written constitution, which recognizes a chief and a council of 
the nation. The laws are also written. Census population 24,594. 

The Cherokee Nation lies upon both sides of the Arkansas. They 
12* 



138 THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 

are good agiiculturists, and have a large trade in horses and cattle. Tho 
nation is divided into 8 districts, each of which sends two senators and 
three representatives to the Grand Council. The chief (John Ross, 
elected successively since 1828) receives a salary of $500. The mem- 
bers of the council are elected for two years, and receive each $3 a day. 
They have a public debt of $100,000, which they are devi^siug means to 
pay. Taklcquak, the capital, is a pretty village, and contains a very 
neat Court House, and some very good brick buildings. The residence 
of Ross is u fine building, and having much wealth, he keeps his house 
expensively. Two large edifices, for a male and female seminary, have 
been built at the cost of $70,000. One hundred pupils will be boarded 
in each, at the expense of the nation. For several years the nation has 
likewise supported 22 district-schools ; the teachers receive $333.33 per 
annum each, and stationary and books are supplied from the public 
fund. An orphan school, at the expense of $18,000, is being built, to 
which the orphan fund, now yielding $-2,500 annually, will be devoted. 
The Cherokees are better educated than other Indians ; they live in bet- 
ter style, and are anxious to come up to the whites in every kind of im- 
provement. It is said that in a few years they will ask for representation 
in Congress ; and surely that nation which so freely admits foreigners, 
will not reject the enlightened American Indians. A well-conducted 
paper, the Cherokee Advocate, is published in the nation. Census 
population 29,911. 

The other transported tribes are also improving under the efforts of 
the missionaries. They occupy various determined sections of the 
territory, and are not allowed to interfere with each other's governments. 
They have each their own laws, and are considered as so many distinct 
nations. The indigenous tribes have not, as a general thing, advanced 
in the same degree as their brethren from the east. Some tribes, how- 
ever, are settling into habits of industry. The barbarism of the Indian, 
indeed, is passing away, and the symbols of civilization becoming every 
day more apparent. ( f late years, considerable quantities of cotton, 
peltry, and other staf)les of the territory, have been brought down to 
New Orleans, and there is every prospect of this branch of commerce 
becoming very extensive. 

A proposition is on foot, advocated by the Indians themselves, to pe- 
tition Congress for the removal of all the Indian tribes within the United 
States to the lands at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and there secure 
to them a permarient residence ; and also to constitute them into a state, 
with senators and representatives in Congress. Numerous petitions to 
this effect will also be presented by the white population, and it is ex- 
/lecled by many that such will be granted. 



139 

ROUTES IN THE 

SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. 



TENNESSEE. 

(424) Nashville to Memphis. 

Fia Huntingdon. 

To Chesnut Grove 18 

Charlotte 22 40 

WilliamsviUe 10 50 

Waverley 12 62 

Reynoldsburg .9 71 

Camden 10 81 

Sandy Bridge 8 89 

Huntingdon 12 101 

South Carroll 10 117 

Spring Creek 8 125 

Jackson 13 1:18 

Medon 12 150 

Bolivar 16 166 

Middleburg 7 173 

Newcastle 5 178 

SOMERVILLE 11 189 

White Hall 5 194 

Oakland 5 199 

Hickory Withe 4 203 

Morning Sun 8 211 

Green Bottom 6 217 

Raleigh 7 224 

Memphis 10 234 

(425) Nashville to Memphis. 

Via Pnrdy. 

To Good Spring 13 

Franklin 5 18 

White House 6 24 

Spring Hill 7 31 

Columbia •.• 12 43 

Moiuit Pleasant U 54 

Henry 18 72 

North Bend 5 77 

Waynesboro' • 17 94 

Smith's Fork 15 109 

Savannah 16 125 

Adamsville 8 133 

PURDY 9 142 

Rose Creek 10 152 

Ci-ainsviHe 7 159 

Bolivar 15 174 

Middietiurg 7 181 



Newcastle 5 186 

SOMKRVILLE 11 197 

Memphis, (see 424) 45 242 

(426) Nashville to Holly 

Springs, Ala. 

To Bolivar, (see 424) 166 

Van Buren 10 176 

La Grange 13 189 

Lamar, Miss 10 199 

Hudsonville 6 205 

Holly Springs 8 213 

(427) Nashville to Jackson. 

To Good Spring 13 

Franklin 5 18 

lieiper's Fork 10 28 

LickCreek 25 53 

Centreville 9 62 

Beaver Dam Spring 7 69 

Pleasantville 12 81 

Perryville 26 107 

Decatm'ville 8 115 

Lexington 14 129 

Juno 12 141 

Cotton Grove 8 149 

Jackson 8 157 

(428) Nashville to Hickman, Ky. 
To Reynoldsbiu-g, (see 424) 71 

Sandy Hill 18 89 

Paris 12 101 

Mount Holyoke 8 J09 

Irvine's Store 9 1 18 

Dresden 7 125 

Old Hickory 12 137 

Totteu's Wells 6 143 

Hickman 18 161 

(429) Nashville to Columbus, Ky. 

To Paj-is, (see 428) 10 1 

Barren Hill 9 110 

Boydsville 9 119 

Dukedom 10 129 

Feliciana, Ky 6 135 

Chnton 16 151 

Columbus 12 163 



140 



ROUTES IN TENNESSEE. 



(430) Nashville to Tuscumbia, 

Ala. 
To Columbia, (see 425) .... 43 

Mount Pieiisaiit 11 54 

Lawrenceburg '23 77 

Cherry Grove, Ala 23 100 

Florence 15 115 

TUSCUMBIA 5 120 

(431) Nashville to Huntsville, 

Ala. 
Via Columbia. 
To Columbia, (see 425) .... 43 

Poplar RiJge 12 55 

Lynnville 6 61 

PiLASKi 14 75 

Elkton 16 91 

White Hill 10 101 

Madison Cross Roads 6 107 

Huntsville 15 122 

(432) Nashville to Huntsville, 

Ala. 
Via Murfreesboro'. 

To Mount View 12 

Stewardsboro' 8 20 

Murfreesboro' 14 34 

Fost>^rville 12 46 

Shelbyville 13 59 

Rich Valley 5 64 

Fayette vi lie 20 84 

Hazel Qreen. Ala 16 100 

Meridian ville 6 106 

Huntsville 8 114 

(433) Nashville to McMinns- 

VILLE. 

To Mount View 12 

Stewardsboro' 8 20 

Murfreesboro' 14 34 

Readyville 13 47 

AVooilbury 7 54 

Clermont 10 64 

McMinnsville 11 75 

(434) Nashville to Sparta. 
Via Oallatin. 

To Pleasant Hill 7 

Heiulersonville 9 16 

Gallatin 10 26 

Hartsville 20 46 

Dixon's Spring 6 52 

Carthage 10 62 

Pekiii \\5 78 

Double Springs 8 86 



Newark 12 98 

Sparta 10 108 

(435) Nashville to Knoxvillk. 

To Green Hill 12 

Cjdar Grove 7 19 

Lebanon 11 30 

Three Forks ••. 13 43 

Alexandria 5 48 

Liberty 9 .57 

Sligo 16 73 

Sparta 16 89 

Bon Air Springs 13 102 

Crossville 20 122 

Belleville 12 134 

Post Oak Springs 5 139 

Kingston 7 146 

Wood's Hill 18 164 

Campbell's Station 8 172 

Knoxville 15 187 

(436) Knoxville to Sulphur 

Springs, Va. 

To Academia 10 

Blain's Cross Roads 9 19 

Spring House 7 26 

Rutledge 7 33 

Bo'an's Station 10 43 

Rocky Spring 4 47 

Red Bridge 7 54 

Rogersville 10 64 

Lyons' Store 12 76 

New Canton 6 82 

Kingsport 9 01 

Eden's Ridge 6 97 

Rloi'ntsville 9 106 

Sipling Grove 9 115 

Abingdon 13 128 

GladeSpring 11 139 

Seven Mile Ford 11 L50 

Marion 6 1.56 

Pleasant Hill 11 167 

Rural Retreat 7 174 

Wytheville 9 183 

Draper's Valley 18 201 

Newbern 10 211 

Poplar Hill 12 223 

Giles Court House lu 233 

Peterstown 9 242 

Red Sulphur Springs 9 251 

Indian Creek 8 2.5S 

Salt Sulphm- Springs 9 268 

Union ^ 3 271 

Second Creek 9 280 



ROUTES IN TENNESSEE. 



141 



LlwiSBURG 10 290 

VVhitk Sulphur Springs . 9 299 

(437) Knoxville to Blounts- 

VILLE. 

Via RiissellvUle. 

To Strawberry Plains 16 

New Market 9 25 

Mossy Creek 4 29 

Panther Springs 8 37 

Morrislown 6 43 

RUSSELLVILLE 5 48 

Bay ' ouut .14 62 

Greenville 13 75 

Henderson's Mills 6 81 

Rheatown • 4 85 

Leesburg 10 95 

JONKSBORO' 5 100 

Hiiion 10 110 

Blountsville 7 117 

(438) Nashville to Savannah, Ga. 

NashriUe and Chattanooga R. R. 

To Antiocli 10 

Smyrna 11 21 

Murfreesboro 11 32 

Christiana 9 41 

Fosterville 4 45 

Bell Buckle 5 50 

Wartrace 5 55 

Nf>nnan(lv 8 ft3 

Tullahom'a 7 70 

AlUsonia 7 77 

Decherd 7 84 

Cowan 5 89 

Tantallon 7 9(5 

Anderson 9 105 

Stevenson 10 115 

Shell Mound 15 130 

Station 10 140 

CUATTANOOGA 11 151 

Western and Atlantic B. R. 

Tennessee Line — 16 167 

Dalton 21 188 

Kingston 89 227 

Atlanta 60 2S7 

Macon and Western R. R. 

East Point Junction. 6 293 

Grillin 37 330 

Forsvth 34 364 

Macon 24 388 

Central R. R. 

Gordon 15 403 

Millen 96 499 

Savannah 80 579 



(438!.) Dalton to Knc xvillk. 

Eatit Tennessee & Georgia R. R. 

Varneirs 9 

Ked Ghiy 6 15 

niuo Spring 9 24 

Cleveland 4 23 

Charleston 12 40 

Riceville 7 47 

Athens 8 65 

Mouse Creek.. 6 61 

Sweet Water 8 69 

Philadelphia 7 76 

Loudon 6 82 



(439) Nashville to Charleston, 

S.C. 

To Atlanta, (see 438) 274 

Oeorgia R. R. 

Decatur 280 

Stone Mountain 10 290 

Lithonia 8 298 

Conyer's G 304 

Covington 11315 

Social Circle 10 325 

Rutledge 8 333 

Madison 8 341 

Buckhead 8 349 

Greensboro' 13 302 

Union Point 7 369 

Jefferson Hall 5 374 

Crawfordsville 6 380 

Cumming 8 388 

Double Wells 5 393 

Camac 5 398 

Thompson 9 407 

Lombardy 9 416 

Berzelia 8 424 

Belair H 435 

Augusta 10 445 

Charleston, (see 397) • • .137 582 

(440) Knoxville to Cumberland 

Gap. 

To Wilson's 10 

Clintoa 6 16 



142 



ROUTES IN TENNESSEE ALABAMA. 



Ross 7 23 

Jacksouboro' 13 3l5 

Fiuciistle 12 48 

Speedwell 6 54 

Oldtovvn 12 C6 

CUMBLRLA.ND Gap 10 76 

(441) Knoxville to Raleigh, N.C. 
To Jonesborough, (see 437)100 

Elizabethtovvn 18 118 

Duster's Feriy 9 127 

Moore's Iron Works 13 140 

Taylorsville 9 149 

North Fork, N. C 14 163 

Jeflersoii 12 175 

Reddy's River 17 192 

Wilkesboro' 13 205 

Deniiyville 16 221 

Chapell's Cross Roads 5 226 

Haniptonville 6 232 

Hunlsville 18 250 

Panther Creek 10 260 

Salem 11 271 

Kernersville 11 282 

Friendship 7 2b9 

Greensboro' 9 298 

Allemance 13 311 

Albriirht's 6 317 

Haw River 6 323 

Mason's Hall 11 334 

Hillsboro' 9 343 

Chapel Hill 12 355 

Moringsville 8 303 

Raleigh 20 383 

(442)Knox viLLE to Warm Springs 
and AsHviLLE, N. C. 

To INIecklenbvn-g 5 

Dandridge 30 35 

Oak Grove 8 43 

Newport 10 53 

Warm Spiings 27 80 

Lapland 17 97 

AsnviLLE 20 117 

(443; KNox^^LLE to Savannah. 

To IMarvsville 16 

Foui- MUe Branch 22 38 

Madisonville 8 46 

Athens 15 61 

Mantua 10 71 

Calhoun 5 76 

Cleveland 12 88 

Stat.^ Line 20 108 

Cohiittah Springs, Ga 3 111 



Sprinsr Place 12 123 

Dalton 9 132 

Atlanta, (see 438) 99 231 

Macon, (see 389) 101 332 

Savannah, (see 388) 191 523 

(444) Sparta to Huntsville, Ala. 

To Rock Island 13 

McMiiinville 13 26 

Hickory Creek 13 39 

Hillsboro 9 48 

Elk River 9 57 

Winchester 9 66 

Salem 10 76 

New Market, Ala 18 94 

Huntsville 19 113 

(445) Sparta to Monticello, Ky. 

To FalHng Water 10 

White Plains 10 20 

Oak Hill 14 34 

Livingston 5 39 

Monroe 6 45 

Olympus 8 53 

Albany, Ky. 11 64 

Newberry 11 75 

Monticello 9 84 

ALABAMA. 

(446) Mobile to Montgomery. 

Steamboat. 

To Fort St. Philip .21 

Tombigbee River 23 44 

Tail's Lauding 30 74 

James' Landing 10 84 

French's Landing 6 90 

Oliver's Ferry 9 99 

Gosport 8 107 

Clairborne 7 114 

Bell's Landing 21 135 

Black Bluff Landing 20 155 

Upper Peach Tree Landing 13 168 

Prairie Bluff 12 180 

Canton 10 190 

Portland 21 211 

Cahaba 23 234 

Selma 16 250 

Benton 28 278 

-Miller's Feiry 14 292 

Vernon 9 301 

Lowndesport 9 310 

Washington 10 320 

Montgomery ' 12 332 



ROUTES IN ALABAMA. 



143 



(447) Mobile to Montgomery. 
Stage, 

To Blakely 14 

Stockton 16 30 

Mt. Pleasant 35 (io 

Clairbome 18 83 

Monroeville 13 96 

Burntcora 12 108 

ActivUy 18 126 

Greenville 27 153 

Kirkville 11 164 

Sandy Ridge 5 Ki'J 

Hickory Grove 5 174 

Pint Lala 10 184 

Montgomery 13 197 

(448) Mobile to Tuscaloosa. 

To Mount Vernon 33 

New Wakefield 20 53 

St. Stephen's 15 68 

Coffeeville 17 85 

Pineville 22 107 

Nanafalia .10 117 

Montpelier 9 126 

Linden 11 137 

Spring Hill 9 146 

DenioDolis 7 1 53 

Macuii 8 161 

Greensboro' 16 177 

Havanna 15 192 

Carthuge 9 201 

Tuscaloosa 17 218 

(449) IMOBILK to Sklma. 

To Blakely 14 

Stockton 16 30 

Tensaw 15 45 

Mount Pleasant 21 66 

Clairborne 18 84 

Bell's Landing 21 105 

Black's Bluff 8 113 

Camden 9 122 

Canton 6 128 

Prairie Bluff 6 134 

Cambridge 10 144 

Cahaba 14 158 

Selma 9 167 

(450) Mobile to Columbus, Miss. 
Steamboat. 

To Fort St. Philip 21 

Mouth of Tonibigbee River 23 44 

Crawlbrd's Landing 24 68 

Jackson 20 88 



St. Stephen's 8 96 

Coffeeville 24 120 

Wood's Bluff 20 140 

Nanafalia Bluff 31 171 

Moscow 35 206 

Demopolis 14 220 

iMouih of Black Warrior or 

Tuscaloosa River 2 222 

Jones's Bluff 42 264 

Gainesville 18 282 

Jamestown 12 294 

Vienna 12 306 

Fairfield 15 321 

Pickensville 18 339 

Nashville 9 348 

Columbus 22 370 

(451) Mobile to Citronelle. 
JMnle and Ohio R. R. 

Manvila 1.3 

Citronelle 20 33 



(4.'»2) MONTOOMERY tO ATLANTA. 

Mo-ntir ornery and West Point R. R. 

Tu Franklin 33 

Chehaw 7 40 

Nolasuiga 8 48 

Loachapoka 5 53 

Auburn 7 60 

Opelicu 7 07 

West Point 21 88 

La Grange 15 103 

Hogansville 13 116 

Newnan 19 135 

Pahneito 15 150 

Fairburn 7 157 

Atlanta 18 175 

(453) Montgomery tc Atlanta. 

Fia Griffith. 
To West Point, (see 452)... 97 

Long Cane, (stage) 5 102 

La Gnuige 10 112 

Mount ville 9 121 

Greenville 10 131 

Texas 14 H5 



144 



ROUTES IN ALABAMA. 



Erin 4 149 

Mount Muume 11 160 

Grifiin 8 168 

Macon and Western R. R. 

Fosterville 15 183 

Jonosboro' 7 190 

Tucker's Cabin 7 197 

Poolesville 3 200 

Atlanta 11 211 

(454) Montgomery to Columbus, 

Miss. 

To Lowndesboro' 23 

Church HiU 9 32 

Benton 4 30 

Sehiia 16 52 

Hamburg 19 71 

Marion 7 78 

Greensboro' 18 9G 

Hollow Square 13 109 

Eutaw 13 122 

Clinton 7 129 

Pleasant Kidge 8 137 

Vienna 14 151 

Hope 8 159 

Pickensville 12 171 

Lacy's Hills - 9 180 

Columbus, Miss 14 194 

(455) Montgomery to Tusca- 

loosa. 
Via Sehna. 
To Greensboro', (see 454) . .96 

Havanna 15 111 

Carthage 9 120 

Tuscaloosa 17 137 

(456) Montgomery to Tusca- 

loosa. 
Via Maplesville, 

To Wetnmpka 15 

Hartwood 10 25 

Chesnut Creek 17 42 

Maplesville 18 60 

Randolph 10 70 

Centreville 14 84 

Scuttsville 8 92 

Mars 6 98 

Trion 11 109 

Tuscaloosa 13 122 

(457) ISIONTGOMERY tO ROMK, Ga. 

To Wetnmpka 15 

Rockford 24 39 

Hanover 17 56 



Svlacauga 6 62 

VVeewokaville 10 72 

MardisviUe 8 80 

Talladega 5 85 

Kelly's Springs 6 91 

File 6 97 

Blue Eye 9 106 

Alexandria 9 115 

Jacksonville 9 124 

Griffin's Creek 6 130 

Ladiga 7 137 

Spring Garden 9 146 

State Line, Ga 7 153 

Cave Spring 5 158 

Vann's Valley 6 164 

Rome 12 176 

(458) Montgomery to Columbus, 
Ga. 

To Rlount Meigs 14 

Cabahatchie 6 22 

Cross Keys 10 32 

Tuskegee 10 42 

Society HiU 17 59 

Crawford 16 75 

Girard 11 86 

Columbus 1 87 

(459) SeLMA to HUNTSVILLE. 

To Pleasant Valley 5 

Woodlawn 8 13 

Plantersville 7 20 

Maplesville 15 35 

Montevailo 23 58 

Bridgeton 14 72 

Ei.yton 15 87 

Orearon 7 94 

MoimtPinson 7 101 

Village Springs 8 109 

Blountsville 28 137 

Oleander 25 162 

Mount Hill 6 163 

Lacy's Springs 5 173 

VVhUesburg 4 177 

HUNTSVILLE 10 187 

(460) Tuscaloosa to Columbus, 

1 Miss. 

I ToNorthport 1 

Sipsey Turnpike 12 13 

Gordo 13 26 

Reforni 6 32 

Antioch 6 38 

Providence 6 44 

Columbus 17 Gl 



ROUTES IN ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI. 



145 



(461) Tuscaloosa to Huntsville. 

To McMath's 32 

Jonesl)oio' 11 43 

Elyton 13 56 

HuNTsviLLK, (see 450) 100 156 

(462) Tuscaloosa to Courtland. 

ToNorthport 1 

Nortl) River 10 11 

New Lexington 14 25 

Sheffield 6 31 

Eldridw 25 56 

Thorn Hill 22 78 

Kinlock 7 85 

Camp Spring 14 99 

Moulton 10 109 

Courtland 13 122 

(463) Tuscaloosa to Florence. 

To Northi)ort 1 

North River 10 11 

New Lexintcton 14 25 

Fayette Court House 16 41 

Palo 7 48 

Hughes' Mill 14 62 

PikevJile 6 68 

Toll Gate 10 78 

Russellville 35 113 

Tuscumbia 18 131 

Florence 5 136 

(464) Florence to Rome, Ga. 

To Masonville 10 

Rogersville 12 22 

Athens 23 45 

Shoalford 12 57 

Huntsville 13 70 

Berkley 12 82 

New Hope 10 92 

Cottonvjlle 7 99 

Claysville 6 105 

Gunter's Landing 2 107 

Fall River ^ 6 113 

Van Buren 18 131 

Blue Pond 18 149 

Cedar Bluer 11 160 

Missionary Station. Ga. 16 176 

Coosa 7 183 

Rome 6 189 

(465) GunteIv's Landing to Jas- 
per, Tenn. 

To Claysville 2 

Dodsonville 15 17 

BeUefonte 18 35 



S"''^'"" ••• 16 51 

Rocky Spring G 57 

Battle Creek, Tenn 5 62 

Jasper q 68 

(468) Tuscumbia to Huntsvillb 

Tuscumbia and Decatur R. R. 

To Leighton u 

Courtland 13 24 

Hillsboro' g 33 

Trinity .... •••• 5 33 

IJecatur 5 43 

Mooresville, (stage) 7 50 

Saundei-s 10 60 

Huntsville 14 74 

(467) Tuscumbia to Columbus, 
Miss. 

To Russellville 18 

Toll Gate 35 .53 

Millville 12 f,5 

Quincy, Miss. 17 82 

Athens 7 gg 

Aberdeen 7 90 

Barton 15 1 1 1 

Columbus 12 123 

MISSISSIPPI. 

(468) Jackson to Vicksburo. 

Vickshurg and Jackson R. R. 

To Chnlon 10 

Bolton's Depot 9 19 

Midway 4 03 

Edwards' Depot 5 28 

Big Black River 6 34 

Bo Vina o 36 

Montalban 4 40 

VlfKSBURG 6 46 

(469) Jackson to Grand Gulf. 

To Clinton 10 

Raymond 8 13 

A uburn 13 31 

Cayuga 5 36 

Rocky Springs 8 44 

Willow Springs 8 52 

Grand Gulf H 63 

(470) Jackson to Natchez. 

To Newtown 10 

Line Store 12 29 

Gallatin 18 40 

Hargrave 15 55 

Union Chui-ch 9 64 

13 



146 



ROUTES IN MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. 



Malcomb 14 78 

Hamburg 10 88 

.Washington 10 98 

Natchez 6 104 

(471) Jackson to De Kalb. 
To Brandon, (via R. i?.) •• -13 

Green b.ish, {stage) 17 30 

Hillsbon/ 18 48 

Comily l.ine 12 60 

Union 15 75 

Herbert 11 8G 

DeKalb 20 106 

(472) Jackson to Columbus. 

To Midway 12 

Canton 13 25 

Sharon 10 35 

Pleasant Grove 9 44 

Thomastown 13 57 

Kosciusko 15 72 

Louisville 36 108 

Yanaley 14 122 

Choctav/ Agency 12 134 

CoLUM BUS 24 158 

(473) Jackson to Yazoo City. 

To Midway 12 

Canton 13 25 

Benton 24 49 

YazooCity 10 59 

(474) VicKSBURG to Memphis, 
Tenn. 

To Cardiff 10 

Milldale 5 15 

Claiborneville 13 28 

Satartia 5 33 

Lincoln 12 45 

Benton 10 55 

Lexington • • 27 82 

Black Hawk 15 97 

CarrolUon 16 113 

Gremula 23 136 

Oakachickama 13 149 

Coffeeville 5 154 

Sevier 15 169 

Oxford 16 185 

Aberville 14 199 

Waterford 10 2U9 

Holly Springs 9 218 

North Mount Pleasant 15 233 

Noncoiiner, Tenn. 15 248 

Germantown 11 259 

Memphis 15 274 



(475) Columbus to Memphis,TkN!I. 

To Barton 12 

Aberdeen 15 27 

Prairie Mount 30 57 

Pontotoc 15 72 

Holly Springs 56 128 

Memphis, (see 474) 56 184 

ARKANSAS. 

(476) Little Rock to New Or- 

leans. 
Steamboat . 

To Pine Blufls 90 

New Gascony 25 115 

Richland 6 121 

Nickatoo 15 136 

Arkansas Post 55 191 

Wellington 30 221 

Napoleon 30 251 

New Orleans, (see 491).. 620 871 

(477) Little Rock to Mont- 

gomery's Point. 

To Grand Prairie 35 

Reagan's Bluff 33 68 

Steaviboat. 
Montgomery's Point 140 208 

(478) Little Rock to Fort Gib- 

son. 
Steamboat. 

To Lewisburg 60 

DardaueUe 42 102 

Scotia 13 115 

Spadra Bluff 17 132 

Morrison's Bluff 6 138 

Ozark 25 163 

Van Buren 58 221 

Fort Smith 8 229 

Fort Coffee, I. T. 17 246 

Canadian River 45 291 

Fort Gibson 40 331 

(479) Little Rock to Fort Gib- 

son. 
Stage. 

To Lewisburg 55 

Hnrricane 14 69 

Galley Creek 8 77 

Norristown 7 84 

D.vight 9 93 

Scotia 6 99 

Pittsburg 9 108 

ClarksvUIe 7 115 



ROUTES IN ARKANSAS. 



147 



Horseheacl 11 126 

Ozark 17 143 

Pleasant Ilill 12 155 

Van Biiieu 24 179 

Fort Smith 7 186 

Kidron 25 211 

Fort Gibson 36 247 

(480) Little Rock to Boston, 

Tex. 

To Collegeville 15 

Benton 10 25 

Fail-Play 12 37 

Rockport 8 45 

Raymond 30 75 

Antoine 20 95 

Washington 29 124 

Fulton 14 138 

Boston 50 188 

(481) Little Rock to Fort Tow- 

son, Ind. Ter. 
To Washington, (see 480) . 124 

Columbus 9 133 

Saline 10 143 

Brownstown 5 148 

Paraclifta 12 160 

Ultima Thule 25 J 85 

Eagletown 10 195 

Fort Towson 45 240 

(482) Little Rock to Shreve- 

poRT, La. 
To Washington, (see 480) .124 

Spring Hill 15 139 

Lewisville 16 155 

Walnut Hill 26 181 

Shrkveport 89 270 

(483) Little Rock to Hot 
Springs. 

To Collegeville 15 

Benton 10 25 

FairPiay 12 37 

Hot Springs 18 55 

(484) Little Rock to Memphis, 
Tenn. 

To Grand Prairie 35 

Reagan's Bluff 33 68 

Clarendon 5 73 

Oakland 35 108 

St. Francis 25 133 

Green Plains 19 152 

Marion 16 108 

Memphis, Tenn 10 178 



(485) Little Rock to St. Louis, 
Mo. 

To Oakland Grove 30 

Searcy Court House 25 55 

Rock Point 32 87 

Batesville 11 93 

Reed's Creek 24 122 

Smilhville 12 134 

Jackson 14 148 

Pocahontas 15 163 

Fourche Dumas. 8 171 

Hick's Ferry 15 186 

Cane Creek, Mo 32 218 

Greenville 18 236 

Fredericktown 35 271 

Mine La Motte 12 283 

Farmington 5 288 

Iron Mountain 14 302 

Caledonia .10 312 

Potosi 12 324 

Old Mines 7 331 

Glenfinlay 10 341 

Hillsboro' 10 351 

Herculaneum 11 362 

Sulphur Springs 9 371 

Oakville 8 379 

Jefferson Barracks 5 384 

Carondelet 4 388 

St. Louis 5 393 

(486) Batesville to Memphis. 

To Sulphur Rock 10 

Elizabeth 18 28 

St. Francis 55 83 

Green Plains 19 102 

Marion 16 118 

Memphis, Tenn. 10 128 

(487) Batesville to Memphis. 

Steamboat. 

To Pleasant Island 35 

Elizabeth 13 48 

Clarendon 210 258 

Reagan's Bluff 8 266 

White River 140 406 

Delta, Miss 66 472 

Helena, Ark..... 10 482 

Sterling, Ark 10 492 

Commerce, Miss 45 537 

Memphis, Tenn 27 564 

(488) Arkadelphia to New Oe- 

LEANS. 

Steamboat. 

Manchester 11 

Dallasport 18 SJ9 



148 



ROUTES IN LOUISIANA. 



Camden 65 94 

Champa-^nole 3-2 m] 

Bensoirs L;mdiug 8 134 

Burk's Landing 12 146 

Monroe, La. 125 27 1 

Trinity 165 436 

Mouth Ri-d River 120 5r)6 

New Orleans 236 792 

LOUISIANA. 

(489) New Orleans to Mobile. 

To Lakeport, (on Lake Pont- 

charlrain) 5 

Steamboat. 

Point aux Herbes 15 20 

Fori Coquilles 7 27 

Lake Bor'iue 10 37 

Grand Island 9 46 

West Marianne 9 55 

East Marianne 5 60 

Cat Island 11 71 

Mississippi City 11 82 

Deer Island 5 87 

Pascagonla. Miss 23 IJO 

Cedar Point, Ala. 26 136 

Mobile 30 166 

(490) New Orleans to Galves- 

ton, Texas. 

To Battle Ground 6 

English Turn 6 12 

Fort St. Leon 5 17 

Poverty Point 18 35 

Fort St. Philip 37 72 

Fort Jackson, (opposite) . . . 

South East Pass 23 95 

Balize 10 105 

Galveston 345 450 

(491) New Orleans to St. Louis, 

Mo. 
Steamboat. 

To La Fayette, La, 2 

Carrrollton, La 4 6 

Red Church, La 20 26 

Jeflferson College, La. 38 64 

Donaldsonville, La 19 83 

Plaquoinine, La 34 117 

Baton RoicE.La, 23 140 

Port U udson , La. 25 1(55 

St. Francisville, La 11 176 

Point Coupee, (opposite)- • . 

R id River Island, La. 60 236 

Fort Adams, Miss 11 247 



Horaochitta River, Miss. . • 10 257 

Ellis Cliffs, Miss 26 283 

Natchez, Miss 18 301 

Rodney, M iss 31 332 

Bruinsburg, Miss 10 342 

Grand Gulf, Miss. 10 352 

Carthage, La 27 379 

Warrenton, Miss 19 398 

Vicksburg, Miss 10 408 

Yazoo River, Miss 12 420 

Providence, La. 61 481 

Princeton, Miss 29 510 

Columbia, Ark 45 555 

Bolivar Court House, Miss.53 608 
Napoleon,(raouth of Arkan- 
sas River,) Ark 12 620 

Montgomery's Point, Ark. 20 640 

Victoria, Miss 1 641 

Delta, Miss. ..65 706 

Helena, Ark 10 716 

Sterling, Ark., (mouth of 

St. Francis River) 10 726 

Peyton, Miss 12 738 

Commerce, Ark 33 771 

Memi'his, Tenn 27 798 

(ireenock. Ark. 34 832 

Randolph, Tenn.,(mouth of 

Hatchie River) 33 865 

Fulton,Tenn. 11 876 

Osceola, Ark. 10 886 

Ash port, Tenn 12 898 

Obion River, Tenn. 8 906 

Little Prairie, Mo 29 935 

New Madrid, Mo 30 965 

Hickman, Kv 42 1007 

Columbus, Ky 15 1022 

Cairo, III., (mouth of the 

Ohio River) 18 1040 

Commerce, Mo 28 1068 

Cape G irardeau, Mo. 12 1080 

Bainbridtre, Mo 12 1092 

Chester, 111. 45 1137. 

St. Genevieve, Mo 16 1 153 

Selma, Mo 25 1178 

Herculaneum, Mo 4 1182 

Harrisonville, 111 2 1184 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo. ... 19 1203 
St. Louis, Mo 9 1212 

(492) N. Orleans to Cincinnati, O. 

Steamhont, 
To Cairo, at the mouth of 
Ohio River, (see 491) .1040 

Trinity, m. 5 1045 

Caledonia, lU 9 1054 



ROUTES IN LOUISIANA. 



149 



Fort Massac, II! 24 1078 

Belgrade, 111 3 1081 

Paducah, Kv., (mouth of 

Tennessee 'River) 6 1087 

Smithland, Ky., (mouth of 

Cumberland River) 15 1102 

Golconda, 111. 18 1120 

Elizabethtown, 111. 12 1132 

Cave in Rock, 111 7 1139 

Casey ville, Ky. 13 1152 

Shawneetown, III 9 11(51 

Raleigh, Ky 5 IHiO 

Wabash River 6 1172 

Uniontown, Ky 5 1 177 

Mount Vernon, la 15 1 1 92 

Hendersonville, Ky. 26 1218 

EVANSVILLE, Ia. 10 1228 

Green River, Ky. 8 123G 

Newburg, la 6 1242 

Enterprise, la 15 1257 

Owensburir, Ky 6 12ii3 

Rock-port, la 9 1272 

Le\vis[)ort, Ky 12 1 284 

Troy, la 6 1290 

Carmelton, la. 129G 

Cloversport, Ky 13 1309 

Rome, la. ) 10 j319 

Stevensport, Kv. ) 

Concordia, Ky.' 11 1330 

Alton, la 10 1340 

Fredonia, la. 13 1353 

Leavensworth, la 4 1357 

Amsterdam, la. 8 13(55 

Northampton, la. 3 13(58 

Mauckport, la. 7 1375 

Brandenburg, Ky. 1 1376 

West Point.'Ky. 17 1393 

Portland, Ky. } 20 1413 

New Albany, la. ^ ^ 

Shippingsport, Ky. 1 1414 

Louisville, Ky. 2 1416 

Jefifersonville, Ky 1 1417 

Utica, la 8 1425 

Westport. Ky 16 144 1 

New London, la. 15 H-'iO 

Madison. I A. 9 14()5 

Mouth of Kentucky River 12 1477 

Vevav, la. 10 1487 

Wars'aw.Ky. 10 1497 

Patriot, la. 10 1507 

Hamilton. Ky. 2 1509 

Rising Pun, la. U 1520 

Belleview, Ky. 3 1.523 

Aurora, la. 6 1.529 

Lawrence bui-g, la 5 1534 



Great Miami River, O.-.. • 2 1.536 

North Bend, O, 4 1540 

Cincinnati, O 16 1.556 

Newport and Covington opposite. 

(493) N. Orleans to Pittsburg. 
To Cmcinnati, (see 492). 1.556 
Pittsburg, (see 513) — 497 2053 

(494) New Orleans to Shreve- 

port. 
Steamboat. 
To Mouth of Red River, 

(see 491) 236 

Washita River 35 271 

Alexandria 70 340 

Natchitoches 80 420 

Shrevkport 85 505 

(495) New Orleans to Fort Gib- 

son, Ind.Ter. 

Steamboat. 
To Napoleon, at mouth of 
Arkansas Riv., (see 491)620 

Montgomery's Point 20 640 

Arkansas 40 680 

New Gascony 70 756 

Pine Bluffs 25 781 

Little Rock 90 871 

Lewisbnrg 60 931 

Dardanelle 42 973 

i^cotia 13 986 

Spadra Bluff 17 1003 

Morrison's Bluff 6 1009 

Ozark 25 1034 

VanBuren 58 1092 

Fort Smith 8 ilOO 

Fort Coffee, LT. 17 1117 

Canadian River 45 1 162 

Fort Gibson 40 1202 

(496) St. Francisville to Nat- 

chez, Miss. 

iVest Feliciana R. R. 

To Laurel Hill 13 

Woodville 11 24 

Stage. 

Cold Spring 16 40 

Natchez 20 60 

13* 



150 



ROUTES IN TEXAS. 



TEXAS. 

(497) Galveston to New Or- 

LKANS. 

To New Orleans, (see 490) 450 

(408) Galveston to Huntsville. 
Steamboat. 

To Dollar Point 15 

Davis Point 5 20 

New Washington 14 34 

San Jacinto 10 44 

Houston 37 81 

Stage. 

Cypress Grove 22 103 

Spring Creek 13 116 

Montgomery 22 1 38 

Huntsville 28 1G6 

(499 1 Galveston to Washington. 

To Houston, (see 498) 81 

Eden 24 105 

Rock Island 29 134 

Washington 12 146 

(500) Galveston to Matagorda. 

To Liverpool 36 

Ciolurabia 25 61 

Brazoria 9 70 

Cedar Lake 10 80 

Caney 9 89 

Matagorda 22 111 

(501) Galveston to Matagorda. 

To San Louis 28 

Velasco 14 42 

Matagorda 50 92 

(502) Galveston to Port La- 

VACCA, 

Steamboat. 
To mouth of Brazos River. .58 

Saluria 80 138 

Indianola 15 153 

Port Lavacca 7 160 

(503) Galveston to Austin. 

To Houston, (see 498) 81 

Richmond 28 109 

Columbus ., 50 159 

La Grange 30 189 

Cunningham's P. 22 211 

Bastrop 13 -24 

Webber's Prairie 17 241 

Austin City 15 250 



(504) Austin to Natchitoches, 
La. 

To Webber's Prairie 15 

Bastrop... 17 32 

Cunningham's P. 13 45 

La Grange 22 67 

Rutersville 5 72 

RoundTop 12 84 

Montville 9 93 

Independence 19 112 

Washington 12 124 

Anderson -17 141 

Huntsville 35 176 

Cincinnati 14 190 

Crockett 30 220 

Lockranzy 38 258 

Douglass 12 270 

iNacogdoches 15 285 

Melrose A\ 296 

Flournoy's 11 307 

Sau Augustine 12 319 

Longwood 10 329 

Milam 8 337 

Sabiiietown 12 349 

Fort Jessup, La 30 379 

Natchitoches 25 404 

(505) Austin to Matagorda. 
To La Grange, (see 504) . . .67 

Columbus 30 97 

Eagle Lake 15 112 

Egypt 16 128 

Wharton 14 142 

Preston 8 150 

Caney 23 173 

Matagorda 22 195 

(506) Austin to Matamoras. 

To Lockhart 28 

Gonzales 36 64 

Goliad 65 129 

Refugio 30 159 

Sail Patrico 50 209 

Brownsville, (on the i 

Rio Grande,) ;.nd V .... 160 369 
Matamoras > 

(507) Austin to Presidio del 
Rio Grande. 

San Marcos 28 

New Braumfels 20 48 

San Antonio 32 80 

Cistroville 30 110 

Vandenbarg 13 123 

Rio Frio 40 163 



ROUTES IN TEXAS. 



151 



Nueces River 25 188 

Rio Grande 70 258 

(508) Ai'STiN to Corpus Christi. 
To San Putrico, (see 506). .209 
Corpus Christi 30 239 

(509) Houston to Goliad. 

To Richmond 28 

Egypt 32 60 

Texana 45 105 

Victoria 30 135 

Goliad 27 102 

(510) Matagorda to Washing- 
ton. 

To Brazoria 41 

Columbia 9 50 

BigCreelv 20 70 

Richmond 15 85 

San Felipe 35 120 

Belleville 20 140 

Travis 7 147 

Chapel Hill 11 158 

Wl.SKINt,T0N 12 170 



(511) Nacogdoches to Boston. 

To Henderson 43 

Marshall 45 88 

Jefferson i6 104 

Daingerfield 35 139 

Boston 35 174 

(512) Boston to Austin. 

To DeKalb 14 

Savannah 17 31 

Clarksville 12 43 

Blossom Prairie 20 63 

Tarrant 28 91 

Kaufman Court House 64 155 

Buffalo 36 191 

Corsicana 30 121 

Richland Crossing 8 129 

Tewockony Springs 20 149 

Springfield 12 161 

Falls of Brazos 45 206 

Georgetown 68 274 

Austin City 42 316 



152 



THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES AND 
TERRITORIES. 



TuE North-wesieni States, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
and Wisconsin, on the N., and Kentucky on the S. of the Ohio and E. of 
the JNiississippi river, and Missouri and Iowa on the W. of the Missis- 
sippi, occupy an area of 395,319 squai-e miles. The immense terri- 
tory west of these (with the exception of Minesota) is still a wilderness, 
and occupied only by roving bauds of Indians. The whole region lies 
N. of the parallel of 36° 30' N. lat., and E. of the Rocky Mountains, and 
is comprised in the great basins of the St. Lawrence, the Ohio, the Up- 
per Mississippi, and the Missouri rivers. The aggi-egate superficies of 
the N. \V. stales and territories is 1,202,583 square miles. 

If we except a few isolated elevations, and the range called the Black 
Hills between the upper waters of the JMissouri and Platte rivers, th(» 
whole extent of these states and territories presents a series of midula- 
ting plains, inclining only in the du'ection of the great rivers and lakes, 
which form so distinguishing a featm-e of this prolific country. From 
81° to 105° VV. long., no continuous chain, or any hill approaching to the 
semblance of a mountain, interrupts the vision, and the far horizon alone 
aiTcsts the powers of sight. Along the rivers indeed a few ra-^ged bluffs 
occur ; but so limited is their extent, and so small their occupancy, that 
they ai-e almost lost in the pervading characteristics of the whole, and 
can only claim a notice in the minute topography of regions. The soil 
is everywhere excellent — infinite in variety, of great depth, and fertile 
beyond description. Naturally it is clothed with a strong sward, beai-ing 
n tall, coarse grass ; and in many places extensive tracts are covered with 
an abundant growth of timber — forests of oak, pine, maple, walnut, and 
otlier valuable trees. The most lively landscape prevails, ajid for miles 
and miles a v.iried scenery of natui-al growth, with all the diversity of 
gentle swell and plain — here trees grouped together, or standing singly 
and alone, and there arranged in long avenues as though jilanted by 
human hands, with strips of open praiiie inierveuing. t- omL-times the 
"openings'" ai-e dotted with numerous clear lakes, and foi-m scenes of 
enchanting beauty. In these regions the bison roams, and here the red 
hunter formerly delighted to pursue his game amid the primeval devel- 
opments of uatui-e. 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 153 

The great rivers which, with a thousand branches, penetrate to almost 
every portion of the country, and lead oflf the surplus waters to the vast 
central trunk that traverses it Irom N. to S., are perhaps, no less than the 
extended plains, a distinguishing, as they are an important feature of the 
west. Without these, and those great lakes which lie ou the N., the 
whole region must forever have remained an impenetrable wilderness. 
These are now the avenues of a commerce unsurpassed in extent, and 
have contributed more than all the artificial constructions of man to de- 
velop the teeming wealth of the regions watered by their courses. Craft 
of every description, from the primitive flat-bottom boat to the magnif- 
icent steamer, the acm6 of mechanical skill, bear upon their bosoms the 
staples and productions of every laud, endowing with riches the whole 
country, and adding daily to the necessaries and luxuries of the thriving 
people, who, by their presence aud perseverance, have made the wU- 
demess to smile, and the nakedness of the eailh to be clothed in peren- 
nial harvests. 

The "Great West" is perhaps the only region in the world that sup- 
plies so universally the wants of man, or unites so much and varied 
treasure and such accommodations. The earth pi'oduces spontaneously 
an aggregate of almost every useful species of vegetation, and supports 
animals suitable alike for food and clothing ; and if we penetrate the 
dark womb of the earth, even there we find every valued mineral. 
Lead, copper, iron, and coal are found in exhaustless mines, and salt is 
eveiywhere abundaut. Nothing, indeed, is wanting to man's happiness. 
The earth, the air, and the waters are replete with blessings, and in- 
A'oke only his industry to reap their teeming wealth. Is it wonderful, 
then, that such a coimtry should attract the eyes of mankind, or that it 
has so rapidly filled up by immigration ? Untrod by white man within 
a century, it now maintains its millions. The destiny of such a coimtry, 
how grand ! The great empires of the ancient world will sink to insig- 
nificance before the vastness and brilliancy of this rising power. 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 

Area 39,964 square miles.— Population 1,980,408. 

This flourishing and populous state is situated between 38° 34' and 
420 N. lat., and between 80° 35' and 84° 57' W. long. : and is bounded 
N. by Michigan and Lake Erie ; E. by Pennsylvania aud Virginia ; S. by 
Kentucky, ,and W. by Indiana. The Ohio river runs along its southern 
and the greater part of its eastern boundary for 4G2 miles, separating the 
state from Vii-ginia and Kentucky. 



]54 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

The northern part of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie, and the in/erior, 
ai*e generally level, and in some places marshy. In the E. and S. E. the 
3omitry is much broken, often rising into rugged and abrupt elevations, 
but nowhere becoming mountainous. The whole state may be said to 
be susceptible of cultivation, and certainly it is one of the most product- 
ive and fertile in tlie Union. In the valleys of the Sciota and the Great 
and Little Miami, are found the finest portions of the country. In a 
state of nature, Ohio, with the exception of the central prairies, was 
covered with dense forests, to which the fertility of the soil gave stupen- 
dous development. The most extensive prairies are those of the central 
table-laud. The pi'incipal rivers, besides the great and beautiful river 
which gives its name to the state, are the Mahoning, Beaver, Muskin- 
gum, Hockhocking, Sciota, and the Little and Great Miami, which flow 
south into the Ohio river; and the Maumee, Sandusky, Hu"on, Grand, 
and Ashtabula, which fall into Lake Erie, which forms the northern 
boundary of the state for 160 miles. The climate is one of the most 
healthy. Free from the extremes of heat and cold, it is peculiai-ly 
adapted to agricultural and other out-door employmcKts, and to this fact 
is no doubt owing the general prosperity of the inhabitants. 

Numerous remains of former and extinct races are found in varioug 
pails. These consist of tumuU or mounds, and ancient fortifications of 
earth, articles of eai-thenware, &c. To what people or time these are to 
be referred, is questionable ; but it is evident that the race of Indians 
found in these teri-itories by the first explorers, have had no connection 
with them : indeed, they were entirely ignorant of theu* origin, nor were 
they acquainted with their use or economy. 

Ohio is extensively engaged in all the great branches of industry ; but 
agriculture is the chief employment of the inhabitants. All the cereals, 
fruits, and other products of moderate climates, are cultivated ; and in 
the rearing of live-stock, the state is pre-eminent, and for this no state 
has better facilities. Of hogs alone, about 600,000 are annually slaugh- 
tered, and the yearly production of wool amounts to neai-ly 4,000,000 lbs. 
The mineral wealth of Ohio, consisting of iron, coal, salt, &c., is im- 
mense, but as yet only partially developed, and building material is 
abundant. Gold is said to have been found near Lisbon. Manufactm'es 
are carried on with success, and are daily increasing in importance. 
The expoits consist of wheat, pork, wool, and other agricultural staples. 
These find outlets at the lake ports and the ports on the Ohio. Internal 
communication is provided for by a splendid system of railroads and 
canals. Every element of prosperity indeed is here in active operation. 
The length of railroad now completed is 1,022 miles, and the length of 
canal nearly 900 miles. 

Education is munificently provided for. Tliere are in the state 12,279 
common schools, with an average attendance of 340,000 children. The 



THE STATE OF OHIO. 155 

school fund owned by the state amounts to $1,566,931. There are also 
about 130 academies, twelve colleges, six theological seminaries, one 
law school, and two medical schools. The number of private schools 
is also vei'v large. The state also supports an Asylum for the Insane, 
and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 

The state is divided into 87 counties. Ihe principal cities and towns 
are— Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Sandusky, Springfield, Ports- 
mouth, Marietta, &c. 

Columbus, the capital, is situated about the middle of the state, on 
the E. bank of the Sciota, immediately below the junction of the Whet- 
stone river. The streets are laid out rectangularly ; and in the center 
of the city is a fine public square. The great national road intersects 
here, and is carried over the river by a bridge, which also miites the city 
withFrankhnion. Population 17,888, Chilicothe, on the W. bank of 
the river, 60 miles south, and Portsmouth, at its mouth, are places of 
considerable importance and population. In the neiijhborhood of Ports- 
mouth is a large number of furnaces. Pop. of P. 4,228. 

Cincinnati, the " Queen city of the West," is situated on the north bank 
of the Ohio, near the western border of the state. It is the largest city 
in Ohio, and in point of population the fifth in the United States. Its 
public buildings are numerous, and equal to those of any city of like 
population. In manufiictures, trade, and commerce, it is pre-eminent. 
Popidation in 1810, 2,540 ; in 1849, 115,438. It is connected both by 
canal and railroad v/ith Lake Erie, and with the whole east and west 
by the noble Ohio. Springfield, on the E. fork of Mad river, 84 miles 
north by railroad, is a rapidly increasing town, engaged in manufactures, 
and has considerable commercial connection. Population 5,109. 

The other towns on the Ohio deservuig of notice are GALf.ipOLis, an 
improving place, and capital of Gallia county — population 1,686; Coal- 
port, the chief depot of mining operations; Pomeroy, a place of exten- 
sive traffic— population 1,637; Marietta, on the E. bank of the Mus- 
kingum, at its mouth, noted for its mills— population 3,1-33 : Steuben- 
viLLE, the center of a rich and populous couutrj — population 6,140, 
&c., &c. 

Zanesville, on the E. bank of the Muskingum, 80 miles N. of Marietta, 
is a mamifacturiug town of about 7,791 inhabitants. Anthracite coal 
and a clay suitable for earthenware are found in tlie neighborhood. The 
national road passing through the town, makes it a great thoroughfare, 
and, by the improvements in the river, navigation is opened to the Ohio, 
while the Ohio Canal unites it with Lake Erie and the Sciota river. 
Coshocton, New Philadelphia, Bolivar, Massillon, and Fulton, 
are also on the Muskingum, N. of Zanesville. Akron, 34 miles S. of 
Cleveland, and about 10 miles N. of Fulton, is an important canal center. 

Clevkland, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, and the northern ter* 



15G NORTH-WESTERX STATES. 

minus of the Ohio Canal, is the most important of the lake ports. It 
is excellently situated for commerce, and has now a population of 17,074, 
Sandusky City, situated on the S. side of Sandusky Bay, about three 
miles from Lake Erie, is a point of importance. It is united with Cin- 
cinnati by railroad, and also with aiansfield and Newark. The port is 
continually thronged with vessels dm-ing the open season. Population 
5,088. Toledo, near the mouth of the Maumee, and on the Wabash 
and Erie Canal, is the eastern terminus of the railroad to Adrian in Mi- 
chigan, and possesses superior advantages as a commercial depot. It is 
constantly progressing, and must eventually, with the natural and artifi- 
cial means at its disposal, at no distant period become one of the most 
important places on the lake coast. The present population is only 
about 3.819. Port Clinton, Painksville, Ashtabula, &c., are also 
places of great commercial importance, and ai-e rapidly increasing in 
population. 

Previous to 1788 the whole of Ohio was a wilderness. In that year a 
settlement was made at Marietta, and in 1789 the country was placed 
under a teiritoiial government, and called the "Western Territory." 
This designation was applied not only to Ohio, but to all the district 
north-west of the Ohio to the jMississippi river, and included the states 
of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of the territory of 
Minesota. At a subsequent period it was known as the "■ Territory 
north-west of the Ohio." The ordinance by which this territory was 
established forbade slavery in any future state that might be formed with- 
in the district. The Indian wars in Ohio were terminated by Wayne's 
expedition in 1794. In 1802 this state was received into the Union. 
Since tlien no state has increased so rapidly, and it now ranks as third 
in population and wealth. 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 

Area, 56,243 square miles. — Population 397,654. 

MioHiQAN lies between 41° 48' and 47° 30' N. lat., and between 82^ 
20' and 90^ 10' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Superior ; E. by St. 
Mary's river. Lake Huron, St. Clair river. Lake St. Clair, Detroit river, 
and Lake Erie ; S. by the states of Ohio and Indiana, and W. by Lake 
Michigan and the Menomonee and Montreal rivers. The state consists 
of two distinct penmsulas. 

The " Southern Peninsula," or Michigaa proper, contains an aroa of 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 157 

39,856 square miles. The surface is generally level, but has a gradual 
ascent from the shores to the center of the country, where it attains an 
elevation of 600 or 700 teet. The coasts of Lakes Michigan and llm-on 
have high and steep banks, and along the former are bluffs and sand 
hills from 100 to 300 feet elevation. The interior is mostly covered with 
fine forests, intei-spersed with prairie and openings. The country is 
drained by several large rivers and numerous smaller streams, which 
rise near the center, and pass off in an E. and W. diieclion. The Che. 
boygan and some small streams, however, flow N. into IMackinaw 
Strait. The larger rivers are navigable almost to their soui-ces. Raisin 
and Huron rivers flow E. into Lake Erie ; Rouge into Detroit river ; 
Clinton and Black into the St. Clair; and Saginaw, formed by the union 
of several streams, into Saginaw Bay. But the largest rivers flow into 
Lake Michigan. St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, and Maskegon rivera 
ai-e all navigable by steam. Several lakes are found in the northern part 
of the peninsula. The quality of soil is very various : in the north there 
are considerable sandy tracts and marshes ; but on the whole the coun, 
try is not unfertile, and not much inferior to the fine lands of the South 
for agricultural purposes. No pail of the Union is better supplied with 
fish, game, and wild fowl, and the cUmate is remarkably mild, being 
tempered by the large bodies of water by which it is almost sur- 
rounded. 

The "-Northern Peninsula," between lakes Michigan and Superior, 
occupies 16,387 squ:u-e miles. Portions of it are the mere development 
of sublime scenery. IMountains and plains, lakes, rivers, and forests 
spread over it with a boldness of outline which may be said to consti- 
tute almost a peculiar type in North American geography. This divi- 
sion embraces the "mineral district" of Michigan. Much of it falls 
under the influence of causes which render it of little value in an agri- 
cultural point of view. The northern shores of lakes Michigan and 
Huron are exclusively limestone, and abound in gypsum and saline 
springs. The interior aljounds in small lakes, and enjoys a singular ad- 
vantage of intercommunication by its streams and portages. Tiie length 
of coast navigation is about 750 miles, and in this distance are embraced 
several large bays and excellent harbors. About 40 large, and some 60 
small streams, discharge their waters into the lakes constituting portions 
of its boundary. The whole peninsula is eminently distinguished for 
the value and diversity of its minerals. Copper exists in vast beds in 
the neighborhood of Lake Superior, and is frequently found in its 
native state. In some of the river beds large boulders of this mineral 
ai-e frequently met with. Iron of a very superior quality is also found ; 
and recent surveys have developed the fact that it exists in an almost 
piu-e state, and in larger bodies than even in the state of Missouri. The 
copper mines are now being worked by a number of Eastern capital- 
14 



158 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

ists, and lar<^e amounts of ore and reduced metal are finding theix way 
into the markets. 

The favorable situation of Michigan, having immediate access to four 
of the great American lakes ; its fine soil and climate ; its mineral re- 
sources and other ad vantages, must eventually make it one of the most 
prosperous of the Western states. Its industry is as yet only in its in- 
fancy, and its capabilities only partially known. The farmers raise 
almost every staple of temperate climates, and are rich in live-stock. 
The chief cereal crops consist of wheat, oats, and Indian com. Barley, 
rye, and buckwheat, are raised in small quantities. Maple sugar is a 
never-failing crop. The products of both wild and domestic animals are 
large. Manufactures are progressing, but as yet are confined chiefly to 
articles of immediate necessity. Michigan is perhaps better situated for 
commerce than any other inland state. It is now accessible from New 
York and New Orleans wholly by water, and with those places main- 
tains considerable traffic. Canada overlooks its eastern shores, and in 
several places is only separated by narrow straits. With regard to its 
inland trade, every facility is enjoyed that navigable rivers and excellent 
roads can afford. Already the exports amount to an important sura. 
Flour, wheat, com, pork, beef, fish, wool, leather, &c., constitute its 
chief exports. Taxable properly in the state, real and personal, amoimts 
to $29,fl08,7G9. The railroads in Michigan have a total length of 474 
miles, the main lines running across the southern part of the lower 
peninsula. 

The University, founded in 1837, is located at Ann Arbor, and haa 
three departments : viz., for literature and the sciences, law, and medi- 
cine. It is supported by a fimd arising from lands appropriated to its 
use by Congress, and is governed by a Board of Regents. No charge la 
made for tuition. Provision is made by law for 2G professorships, and 
also for the establishment of departments for female education, for the 
education of teachei-s, and for agricultural science ; but the institution 
as now oi'ganized consists only of seven professuis, a-id the three de 
partments as above named. Primary schools are estaolishea through- 
out the state, and governed by local boards, supported by taxes and a 
general school-finid. Tliere are 435 townships in the state, in 270 of 
which school libraries ai-e supported, and provision is also made for dis- 
trict libraries. The number of school districts in the state is 2,869, and 
the number of scholars 97,658. The amount expended annually is 
about $140,000. Instruction is under the general super\ision of a super- 
intendent. The Catholic college of St. Philip's, near Detroit, was found- 
ed in 1839, and in 1849 had four professors and about 37 students. A 
state normal school was established at Ypsilanti in 1849. 

Michigan is divided into 64 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Lansing, Detroit, Pontiac, Mom-oe, Ann Arboj-, YpsUanti, Tecumseh, 



THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 159 

Adrian, Marshall, Kalamazoo, Niles, New Buffalo, all in the soulhern 
portion of the state; Grand Rapids and Maskegon, on the rivers of the 
same name; Saginaw, on Saginaw river; Port Hiu-on, at the N. entrajice 
of St. Clair river, &c. 

Lansing, the capital, is situated in Ingham county, on Grand river, 
117 miles from Detroit, and has been the seat of government since Dec. 
1847. It is centrally situated in reference to the settlements. Though 
but a few years have elapsed since the place was a wilderness, it now 
contains upwards of 400 houses and several large hotels. The State 
House is a spacious and handsome building, in the center of an enclo- 
sui'e overlooking the town, and on an elevation of about 50 feet above 
the river. Several saw and flouring mills, propelled both by steam and 
water power, have been erected, and there seems to be every prospect 
of its becoming a flourishing place. Pop. 1,229. A stage communication 
is maintained to Jackson, on the Central Railroad. 

Detroit, the former capital, and the lai-gest and most flourishing 
town in Michigan, is well situated for trade on the W. side of Detroit 
river, seven miles S. of Lake St. Clair, and 18 N. of Lake Erie. It 
stands on an elevated site, about 30 feet above the water. It is I'egularly 
laid out, and has many excellent public buildings and private residences. 
It enjoys great facilities for an extensive commerce, and few cities have 
better prospects for future eminence. Pop. 21,(157. The Central Rail- 
road extends hence to New BuiTalo, 221 miles, and aiu)ther to Pontiac, 
25 miles. Detroit was formerly a military post of the French, and a 
great depot of the fur-traders. 

Pontiac, 25 miles N. VV. from Detroit, on the N. bank of Clinton river, 
contains the county buildings of Oakland, and is a flourishing inland 
town, containing several manufactures. Population 2,819. It is con- 
nected with Detroit by railroad. Shelby and Mt. Clemens, on the 
same river, to the E of Pontiac, are considerable villages. St. Clair 
and Pt)RT Huron, on St. Clair river, occupy excellent commercial sites, 
and with the progress of settlement must become important. Monroe, 
39 miles S. of Detroit, is well situated, both for manufactures and com- 
merce, at the lower falls of Raisin river, anil is accessible for the largest 
vessels from Lake Erie. Population 2,809. Here commences the South- 
em Railroad. Adrian and Tecumseh, also on the Raisin, are populous 
villages, the former of which is a station on the Southern Railroad. 
Hillsdale is the present terminus of that road. Ypsilanti, the seat of 
the State Normal School, and Ann Arbor, the seat of Michigan Uni- 
versity, are towns on the S. bank of Huron river, and on the line of the 
Central Railroad. The population of each is about 4,870. Dexter, 
Jackson, and Marshall are towns on the same railroad. IMarshaJl, 
which is situated on the N. bank of Kalamazoo river, is an important 
plaai, with a population of about 2,823. Kalamazoo, on the S. bank, 



160 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

has great commercial advantages, the riyer being navigable to the lake. 
It has long been an important point of travel, and has especially in- 
creased in prosperity since the completion of the Central Railroiid. A 
large trade centers here from the neighboring country. Population 
2,507. NiLES, on the E. side of St. Joseph's river, at the head of steam 
navigation, is an important place on the Central Railroad. Popidation 
3,400. New Buffalo, opposite Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the W. 
terminus of the Central Railroad, and distant from Detroit 221 miles. It 
has much of the busy aspect of its gi-eat prototype of the east. St. 
Joseph's, at the mouth of the river of the same name, has a good loca- 
tion for commerce, but hitherto has not reahzed the expectations of its 
foundcis. 

Gra.n'd Rapids is situated on the S. E. side of Grand river, at the rap- 
ids, wh ich have a fall of 15 feet in a mile, and afford immense water- 
power. A large number of splendid saw and flouring mills have been 
erected here. The village contains the public offices of Kent comity, and 
has a population of about 2,646. A canal round the rapids would se- 
cure navigation to steamboats many miles fm-ther up the river. It was 
founded in 1833, and promises to become one of the most important 
places in the state. Maskegon, on the S. bank of the river of the same 
name, is also a large village, and well located for commerce. It is the 
natural outlet of an extensive back-country. Pop 4C4. 

Saginaw, on the W. bank of Saginaw river, 23 miles from its mouth, 
stands on an elevated site, and contains several substantial public build- 
ings. It has long been an important village, and has considerable com- 
merce. It is the chief outlet for the extensive country watered by the 
numerous tributaries of the Saginaw. Pop 917. 

Mackinaw, on Mackinaw Island, which fonns a part of the N. E. bank 
of the strait of Mackinaw, is a village of some 800 inhabitants. It is an 
important military station, occupied by the U. S. forces. The fortifica- 
tions are built on an eminence, 160 feet above the surface of the lake. 
The Indians resort to this station to receive from government their an- 
nuities, and are here met by the traders. Steamboats call here on their 
passages through the strait. 

Few villages exist in the northern peninsula. Those occupied by the 
miners are only of a temporary nature. Sault St. Marie, however, is 
an exception. This village, 90 miles N. W. from Mackinaw, is situated 
near the rapids of St. Mary's river, between lakes Superior and Hiu-on, 
and at the head of steam navigation. It is proposed to connect the two 
lakes by a canal round the falls, and thus secure a continuous naylga* 
lion between the lakes, and form an outlet for the vast resources of the 
upper lake country. 

The first permanent settlement within the bounds of Michigan was 
made by the French at Detroit in 1670 ; but at the peace of Paris in 17G3, 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. IGl 

the country was transferred to England, and at the close of the Revolu. 
tionaiy war revei-ted to the United Ftates. In 18U5 it was erected by 
Congress into a separate territorial government. During the kst war 
■with England it fell into the hands of the enemy through the cowardice 
of Gen. Hull, but was retaken by Gen. Harrison in the following year. 
On 13th of June, 1836, it was admitted as a state of the Union. Arkan- 
Bas was admitted on the same day as a slave state. 



THE STATE OE INDIANA. 

Area 33,809 square miles. — Population 988,416. 

Indiana lies between 37° 45' and 41° 52' N. lat., and between 84° 42' 
and 88° 12' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Michigan and the state 
of the same name ; E. by Ohio ; S. E. and S. by the Ohio river, and W. 
by the Wabash river and Dlinois. 

The physical aspect of this state is generally similar to that of Ohio. 
In no part is it mountainous: but that portion bordering on the Ohio 
river contains much broken and hilly land. The intei-ior is undulating, 
and in many parts clothed with timber. The river bottoms are always 
rich and fei-tile. On the shores of Lake Michigan are extensive sand- 
hills, and along the course of the Kankakee river swamps and marshes. 
The Ohio meanders along the entire southern boundary. The E. and 
W. forks of the White river and the Wabash drain the whole western 
and central portion of the state. The Wabash is navigable for steam- 
boats to Logansport, and the head waters of this river interlace with 
those of the St. Joseph's and Maumee. It falls into the Ohio in the S. W. 
corner of the state, and forms the western border for UiU miles. The 
climate is comparatively mild, and highly favorable for agriculture ; and 
with few local exceptions, the whole country is remarkably healthy. 

L'on ore and bituminous coal are abundant, and salt is manufactured 
in several counties. Few persons, however, are enij/loyed in mining. 
Agriculture engrosses almost universal attention. Wheat, oats, and In- 
dian corn are the great cereal staples, and are largely exported, as are 
also wool and pork. Tobacco is also produced. Indiana is progressing 
in manufactures, and in this branch a large capital is already employed. 
The commerce of the state is chiefly carried on through the Ohio ; and 
to the ports on that river most of the exports are brought by the Wa- 
bash, and the several internal improvements. Michigan City is the only 
port of Consequence on Lake Erie. The length of completed railroad in 
the state is 90:i miles, and of canal 420 miles. 
14* 



162 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

The school fund amounts to $2,195,149, but in this are included 
$1,500,000, the estimated value of school lands unsold. The number 
of academies is about 80, and of common schools 2,000. There are also 
six colleges in the state, one theological seminary, one law school, and 
one medical school. About 90,000 students and scholars attend these 
institutions. 

Indiana is divided into 91 counties. The chief cities and towns are — 
Indianapolis, Evansville, Jeffersonville, Madison, Lawrenceburg, Coving- 
ton, Logansport, Michigan City, &c. 

INDIA.NAP0LIS, the Capital, is situated on the E. bank of the West Fork 
of White river, and at the head of steam navigation. An elegant bridge 
is thrown over the river, over which passes the great national road. 
The State House is one of the most splendid buil4ings in the West, and 
is modelled after the Parthenon at Athens. The city contains also sev- 
eral handsome churches and school-houses. It was laid out in 1821, and 
now has a population of 8034. Indianapolis is the principal railroad 
center in the state. 

Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, is a place of importance, at the south 
terminus of the Whitewater Canal, but is liable to inundation. It is a 
great depot for the rich produce of the Miami ;md Whitewater valleys, 
and will ultimately become a large city. Population 4.500. Vevay waa 
settled by a Swiss colony in 1804, and is the seat of Switzerland county. 
It has a fine location, and is prettily laid out, being surrounded by vine- 
yards. The lands in the neighborhood indeed were granted by Con- 
gress, with the stipulation to make vine culture a prominent part of the 
agriculture of the colonists. Popiilation 2,000. Madison derives im- 
portance from being the southern terminus of the railroad, 86 miles long, 
to the capital. It h:is great facilities for both manuJactiires and com- 
merce. Population 8,039. Jeffersonville, opposite Louisville, is the 
site of the State Prison. Population 2,800. New Albany is a large and 
flourishing place, and carries on some manufactures. Ship-building is 
one of its chief businesses. A railroad connects it with Salem ; and 
eventually the line will be extended to Crawfordsville, in Montgomery 
CJounty, and Lalayette, on the Wabash. Population 9,785. Rome and 
RocKi'oRT are lower down the Ohio. Evansville has an extensive 
trade with the interior. It is connected by a canal with Lake Erie, 
458 miles N. N. E. Several manufactures are carried on in the town. 
Population 5,400. Mx. Vernon, 22 miles W., is the capital of Posey 
county, and a flourishing village. 

Vincennes, on the Wabash, 150 miles from its mouth, is the oldest city 
in the state, having been settled by the French in 1702. The inhabitants 
are chiefly descendants of the old colonists, and still retain much of their 
national vivacity and politeness. It was formerly the state capitaL 
Population 2,800. New Harmony, 50 miles S. of Vincennes, was set- 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 163 

tied in 1816 by a colony of German enthusiasts, styled " Hannonists," 
under the spiritual chari^'e of George Rapp. These religionists ultimate- 
ly settled on Beaver CVeek, Pa., and their lands were purchased by Rob- 
ert Owen, the Scottish Socialist, who here attempted to test the opera- 
tion of his " new-liglit" principles on a large scale. About 1,000 persona 
congregated here under his system, but the experiment was soon aban- 
doned, and the place is now a mere village. Terrk Haute, on the Ohio 
and Erie Canal, about 100 miles N. of Vincennes, and Logansport, at 
the head of sieam navigation on the Wabash, are important places. 
Lafayette, VVilliamsport, Covington, and Newport, are also flour- 
ishing towns on the Wabash. Opposite Lafayette was fought the fa- 
mous battle of Tippecanoe. 

Michigan City is the only port in Indiana on the lake. There are 
some considerable towns and villages in the eastern portion of the state, 
but none of large population, or of much consequence to the traveller. 

The early history of Indiana is obscure. The first settlement was made 
at Vincennes by French soldiers from Canada in 1702. In 1763 the ter- 
ritory was ceded to the British, and afterwards formed a part of the 
Western Tei ritory. Indian wars desolated the country until 1797, and 
in 1811-12, the Indian?, incited by the British, again commenced hostil- 
ities. The battle of Tippecanoe compelled them to sue for peace. In 
1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union; and since that period has 
been rapidly filling up with a hardy and vigorous immigration, and now 
ranks fifth m point of population. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 

.Area 5^>,405 square miles. — Population 851,470. 

Illinois, so noted for the extent of its prairies, is situated between 37C'- 
and 420 30' N. lat., and between 87° 49' and 91° 30' W. long. : and is 
bounded N. by Wisconsin; E. by Lake Michigan and Indiana; S. E. 
and S. by the Ohio river, which separates it fri)m Kentucky, and W. by 
the Mississippi, which flows from the N. southward, between it and Iowa 
and Missouri. 

The surface is generally level : the southern and northern parts of the 
state are somewhat hilly and broken, but nowhere mountainous. That 
portion S. of a line from the mouth of the Wabash to the mouth of the 
Kaskaskia river, is mostly covered with timber: thence N. prairie pre- 
dominates. A range of bluffs commences on the margin of the Misais- 
Bippi, (a short distance above the mouth of the Ohio,) and extend N. of 
fhe Des Moines rapids, sometimes rising abruptly from the water's edge> 



164 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

but most generally at a few miles distant, having between the bluffs and 
river a strip of silluvial formation of the most exhaustless fertility. 
Probably two-thirds of the state is prairie land. The soil throughout is 
excellent, — rich, deep, and productive, being watered by an abimdance 
of piu-e springs, and well adopted for all kinds of grain, and other agri- 
cultural staples of temperate climes. The great lead region in this state 
is in the N. W. portion, and the mines in the neighborhood of Galena 
are perhaps the richest in the world. Copper and iron ores also exist, 
and coal is found in almost eveiy county, while salt-springs abound in 
the southern coimtits. Tlie Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers form 
more than two-thirds of the boiuidary of the state. The Big-Muddy, 
Kaskaslvia, Illinois, and Rock rivers, and many smaller streams, empty 
themselves into the Mississippi. Chicago river empties into Lake Mi- 
chigan ; the Vermillion, Erabarras, and Little Wabash uito the AVabash 
river, which, and some few others, empty into the Ohio. The state is 
everywhere well watered. The climate is excellimt, and in the south is 
sufficiently mild for the cultivation of cotton, while peaches come to ma- 
turity everywhere. Excei)t on the river bottoms, and in the ntighbor- 
hood of swamps, the country is healthy, and free Irom endemic diseases. 

The productive industry of Illinois is chiefly employed in agriculture. 
The cereal staples are wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Tobacco, hemp, 
and flax ai-e also raised. The manufactures are comparatively of small 
importance. Mining, however, is briskly cari'ied on, and large quanti- 
ties of lead, copper, iron, and bituminous coal are annually produced. 
The lead region extends from Galena beyond the limits of the state north 
and west, and is supposed to occupy a district 200 miles long and 60 
broad. Mining operations have been carried on lor 30 years. Illinois 
has but little direct foreign commerce, but supplies no inconsiderable 
amount of that carried on with other states ; and since the completion 
of the Illinois Canal a large export business has been done via the lakes. 
The Mississippi river, however, will ever be the great outlet for the pro- 
ductions of the interior. Many of the rivers are navigable, and with the 
already completed internal improvements, afford great facilities for the 
transportation of goods and merchandise. Illinuis has projected a splen- 
did system of railroads, but only 400 miles are completed. The canal 
from the lake to the Illinois river, however, is finished, and answers per- 
fectly every anticipation of its projectors. 

Illinois has four colleges, a theological seminary, and a medical school. 
There are also about 60 academies and gramm ir schools in the state, 
which educate about 3,500 students; and 2,317 common schools, at 
which 51,447 children are taught for various terms during the year. The 
whole number of persons under 20 years of age was in 1848. 209,639. 
The school fund amounts to $1,404,752. There is a Deaf and Dumb 
Asylum at Springfield, which, in Jan. 1850, had 60 pupils. 



THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 165 

The state is divided into 99 counties. The following are among the 
principiil cities and t(jwns— Springfield, Chicago, Galena, Rock IsI.,Nau- 
voo, Quiiicj^ Kaskaskia, Alton, Cairo, Shawneetown, &c. 

Springfield, the capital, is situated on the border of a beautiful plain, 
4 miles S. of the Sangamon river, and very near the center of the state. 
In 1823 it contained about 30 families, living in small log cabins. It now 
has several fine ])ublic buildings, including the capitol, an elegant edi- 
fice of hewn stone, and a population of 5,000. The surrounding country 
is one of the richest prairie districts in the state. 

Chicago is situated on the S. VV. shore of Lake Michigan, and is the 
most commercial city of Illinois. It is built on a level prairie, elevated 
somewhat above the lake surface, and lies on both sides of Chicago 
river, about a mile above its entrance in the lake. By the construction 
of piers, an artificial harbor has been made at the mouth of the river. 
The city has sprung up rapidly. In 1830 it was a mere trading post; it 
now contains about 29,903 inhabitants, and is one of the largest grain 
depots in the Union. Its commerce is immense, and in the aggregate 
employs about 60,000 tons of shipping, one half steamers and propellers. 
The lumber trade is also becoming very profitable. This trade is 
chiefly carried on with Buffalo. Chicago is connected with the western 
rivers by a slonp canal, one of the most magnificent works ever under- 
taken. It is connected with Galena by railroad. 

Galena, in tlie heart of the lead regions, is situated on Fever river, 7 
miles from the Mississippi, and derives all its importance from the mi- 
nmg Ciirried on in the vicinity. Population 7,000. A railroad cumiects 
it with Chicago. 

Rock Island, near the mouth of Rock river, is an island abo^it 4 miles 
long and 2 broad. It is the site of Fort Armstrong, the foundation of 
which is laid upon rocks rising some 20 feet out of the river. Rock 
ISL,, N. of the junction of the Rock river with the Mississippi, is a 
flourishing village of 2,300 inhabitants. Nauvoo, the site of the Mor- 
mon city, which contained in its palmy days about 24,000 inhabitants, 
is located on a bluff, with an easy ascent. The Mormons have been 
driven out, and their magnificent temple was destroyed by fire in 1848. 
The city, or rather its ruins have been purchased by M.Cabet, the chief 
of the "Icarians," large bodies of which sect are now emigrating from 
France. Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines river, is a 
small, but thriving village. Quincy is situated on a bluff, and com- 
mands a fine view of the river and surrounding country. It has a large 
river trade, being the depot of a fertile back-country. Pop. 7,000. Al- 
ton, situated a little north of and opposite to the mouth of the Missouri, 
is a very thriving town, in a region rich in timber and bituminous coal. 
Population 3,500. Kaskaskia, on the river of the same name, 11 miles 
from its mouth, stands on an extensive plain. It was originally set- 



1G6 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

tied by the French from Canada, and was a place of the greatest impor 
tance. Population 1,800. 

Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio, occupies a site most appropriate 
for a large commercial city, but in consequence of the lowness of the 
ground, and mihealthiness of the situation, it can never rise to that im- 
portance its projectors anticipated. A levee has been built to keep back 
the waters, at a cost of a million of doUai-s. Population from 200 to 300. 

Shawneetovvn, on the Ohio, 9 mUes S. of the Wabash, was origin- 
ally a village occupied by Indians of the Shawnee tribe. It has consid- 
erable trade, and a population of 1,500. 

Among the interior towns the most notable are — Ottawa, on Fox 
river, an important canal station ; Peru, the western terminus of the 
niinois and Michigan Canal ; Peoria, on the Illinois river, S. of Peoria 
Lake; Fontiac. on Vermillion river; Bloomington, tlie county seat of 
McLean; Beardstown, on the Illinois; Meredosia, on the same river ; 
Jacksonville, the seat of IllLnois College ; Vandalia, on the National 
Road, &c. &c. 

Early in the I7th centuiy, Illinois was explored by La Salle, the en- 
terprising traveller ; and French settlements were formed at Kaskaskia, 
Cahokia, and other places soon afterwards. In 17G3 the whole countiy 
was ceded to England. Until 1809, Illinois was a part of the territory 
N. W. of the Ohio. In that year it was placed under a separate terri- 
torial government, and in 1818 was admitted into the Tnion as a state. 
The present population has resulted from immigration dm-ing the cur- 
rent centuiy. 



THE STATE OF KENTUCET. 

^rea 37,680 square miles. — Population 983,405. 

Kentucky, formerly a part of Virginia, lies between 36° 47' and 39<5 
10' N lat., and between 820 11' and 89° 35' W. long. : and is bounded 
N. by Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from which it is separated by the 
Ohio river: W. by the .Mississippi river, which separates it from Mis- 
souri ; S. by Tennessee, and E. by the Cumberland Mountams and Big 
Sandy river, which senarates it from Virginia. 

The outline of Kentucky, except on its southern boundary, is very ir- 
regular, being drawn chiefly by the meanderings of the Ohio. The only 
poilion of this state that can be called momitainous is that on the east- 
ern border, which is traversed by several transvcr&e ridges of the Cum- 
berland raii'-e. Much liilly and broken land, however, is found near the 
Ohio, extendmg sdong its whole length at vai'ious distances. The soil of 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 167 

these regions is good ; and a part of this tract, lying immediately on the 
river, averaging a mile in width, consists of bottom lands, which from 
frequent inundation are exceedingly rich and fertile. Between this tract, 
the eastern counties, and Green river, is the "garden of the state." 
This fertile tract is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 miles broad, 
with an undulating surface and rich black friable soil. The country be- 
tween Green and Cumberland rivers is called the " barrens ;" a terra, 
however, which does not apply literally, for the soil is good and fertile, 
though in relation to the rich prairie land certainly infei-ior. The natu- 
ral growths are black walnut, black cherry, locust, buckeye, pawpaw, 
sugar-maple, elm, ash, cotton-wood, white thorn, &c. The whole state 
below the moimtains rests on a limestone bed, usually about eight feet 
below the surface. There are everywhere apertures in this formation 
called "sink holes," through which the waters of the rivers disappear; 
and as a consequence, during the dry season the rivers are lower than 
in any other portion of the Union, and the small streams are entirely 
dried up. In the S. W. part of the state, between Green and Cumber- 
land rivers, there arc several extensive caves: one called the "Mam- 
moth Cave" is 8 or 9 miles long. Kentucky is almost isolated by navi- 
gable rivers. The Big Sandy, which rises in the Cumberland Moun- 
tains, near the sources of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, forms 
the eastern boundary for nearly 200 miles, while the Ohio winds along 
the north for more than ()00 miles, and the Mississippi along the west 
for about 80 miles. The Cumberland and Tennessee both have their 
sources in the eastern mountains, and after circuitous windings for 600 
or 700 miles through the states south of Kentucky, bend to the north, 
iLid finally C sembogue into the Ohio, within 12 miles of each other. 
The Licking, is-entucky. Salt, and Green rivers, are wholly within the 
state, and fall into the Ohio. All these are navigable tor vai-ious dis- 
tances, and have been much improved, so as to admit of navigation 
almost to then- soiu-ces. The banks of these rivers are peculiarly 
striking in formation, and the streams seem to have worn deep channels 
in the calcareous rock through which they flow. The precipices formed 
by the Kentucky are in many places awful in appearance, presenting 
perpendicular banks of 300 feet, of solid limestone. 

Situated ui the center of the United States, on the table land of the 
•' Great West," with the Alleghany mountains to the eastward, and the 
high lands of Tennessee on the south, Kentucky enjoys a climate pro- 
tected from all extremes, and is not excelled in salubi'ity by any other 
portion of North America. The heat seldom exceeds 80° Fahr. or re- 
cedes below 2::° Such a climate is suitable to the perfection of every 
production of '^imperate regions. 

Tlie mine. a', produced in this state are iron, bituminous coal, and 
•alt. All those are abundant. Its agricultural resources are equal to 



168 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

any other of the western states. Wheat, oats, rye, and Indian corn are 
the cereal staples, and flax, tobacco, and hemp ai-e extensively grown. 
Kentucky is amply provided with live-stock, and pi-odiices wool in large 
quantities. The pork trade is a large item in its resources. The manu- 
factiu-es of the state are hardware, coarse cottons, and cotton bagging, 
cordage, woollens, tobacco, spirits, &c. The cotton business has been 
developing itself largely during the past few yeai-s. The expoits are 
considerable, and the quantity of produce shipped to New Orleans for 
a foreign market is immense. Louisville is the chief pori. A large 
trade is also maintained with the southern states. Works of internal 
improvement undertaken in this state are important: of railroads 93 
miles are in operation, and upwards of SOO miles are in progress or 
proposed, and there are some improvements to overcome river obstruo- 
tions. The state has also great facilities in its fine rivers and dry high- 
ways. 

Kentucky has several old and well-conducted colleges. Transylvania 
University, at Lexington, was fomided in 1798, and is the best literary 
establishment in the state. The Catholic College of St. Joseph, at 
Bardstown, and Centre CoUege, at Danville, are perhaps the most flour- 
ishing. The Baptists have a Theological Seminary at Covington, and 
there aie schools of law and medicine attached to the University at Lex- 
ington, and a separate medical school at Louisville. Thei-e are also 
about 140 academies, 1,200 common schools, and a large number of 
private scliools. The state institutions for the relief of the un ortunate 
are the Lunatic Asylums at Lexington and liopkinsville, the Dt;af and 
Dumb Asylum at Danville, the School for the Blind at LouisviUe, and 
the jWarine Hospitals at Smithland and Louisville. 

The state conlaiiiSlOT counties. Among the principal cities and towns 
are Frankfoi-t, Louisville, Lexington, &c. 

Frankfort, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of Kentucky river, 
60 miles from its mouth, and in a deep valley surrounded by lofty and 
precipitous hills. The State House is built of white marble, and is a 
handsome edifice ; and the State Penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn 
plan, is a strong and durable structure. Many of the public and private 
buildings are built of the fine limestone with which the country abounds. 
Steamboats come up to the city, and keel-boats navigate the river for 
many miles further. Population 4,372. Railroads connect it with Lex- 
ington and Louisville. 

Lexington is situated in a rich district, and is the oldest city in Ken- 
tucky. The surroimding country is beautiful and exceedingly fertile. 
The main street is spacious and about a mile and a half long, and con- 
tains niiiny elegant houses. Some mauufactm-es are carried on, but the 
city is quiet, and none of the bustle of commercial towns is observed. 
The University, Lunatic Asylum, &c., sittiated here, are important 
adcnimenta to the city. A railroad connects it with the capital. Popu- 



THE STATE OF KENTUCKY, 109 

lation 9,500. The Hon. Heniy Clay, the illustrious statesman, resides at 
Ashland, near this place. 

Louisville, on the S. bank of the Ohio, immediately above the Falls, 
is the chief commercial city. The canal from Portland enables steam- 
boats to come up to the wharves. An immense and valuable trade 
centers here, and manufactures of various descriptions are carried on 
with {?reat spirit. Foundries, steam bagging factories, cotton and 
woollen mills, flouring mills, &c., are numerous. Pork packing is a large 
business. The city is laid out in rectangular form, the principal streets 
rimning pai-allel with the river. Among the public buildings are the 
City Hall, Court House, a college, two hospitals, a medical school, seve- 
ral asylums, and about 30 churches. Several daily and weekly papers 
and other periodicals are published here. The value of property in 1846 
was assessed at $13,047,.5 14— number of houses 7,000— population 
43,l^f;. Covington, on the W. bank of the Licking river, near its 
mouth, is built on an elevated plain. The streets are so laid out as to 
appear to be a continuation of those of Cincinnati, on the opposite 
bank of the Ohio. It contains several handsome jjublic buiUiings 
and a number of manufacturing establishments. A steam-ferry con- 
nects it with Cincinnati, and a suspension bridge is about to be built 
over the Licking, to connect it with Newport. Population P,637. 
Newport, ou the opposite bank of the Licking, and also facing Cincin- 
nati, is connected with that city by a steam-ferry. It is a thriving town, 
and has some manufactures. It is a station of the U. S. army. Popula- 
tion 6,026. Mavsville is the commercial depl t of the eastern counties. 
It is situated on the alluvial tract of the Ohio, and is a well-built and 
handsome city, and contains a City Hall, a bank, several churches, &c. 
It has also some manufactures. Population 4,256. Clarksburg and 
Greenupsburg are thriving towns E. of Mays\'ille. The cities and 
towns west of Louisville on the Ohio, are Portland, Henderson, Smith- 
land, Paducah, &c. Portland, 3 miles below Louisville, is a flourish- 
ing and business-like place, and holds communication with New Albany 
by a steam-ferry. Population 1,200. Henderson is a shipping port of 
some consideration, and is largely engaged in the tobacco-trade. Popu- 
lation 1,800. Smithland, at the mouth of the Cumberland, has some 
trade with the interior, and a population of about 1,200. Paducah, at 
the mouth of the Tennessee, is a place of rapidly-increasing importance, 
and as a depot of the river-trade, is already possessed of an extensive 
commerce. Population 2,400. The interior towns are in general small. 

Lntonian Sprivgs^ four miles from Covington, is a fashionable resort 
during the hot season ; and Drennon Springs, in Heniy county, 20 miles 
up Kentucky river, supplies every variety of sulphur and chalybeate wa- 
ters, and is much frequented by the citizens of Louisville and Cincinnati. 

The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was made by the celebra- 
15 



170 NORTH-WESTERN STATES, 

ted Daniel Boone, in 1775, Until 1790 it was an integral part of Vir- 
ginia, but in that year it became detached, and formed for itself a consti- 
tutiOQ, In 1792 it was admitted into the Union as a state. 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 

Area 67,380 square miles. — Popu/.ation 682,043. 

Missouri, the largest of the western states, is situated between 360 
30' and 40° 30' N. lat., and between 89° and 96° 45' W. long. : and is 
bounded N, by Iowa; E. by Illinois and Kentucky, from which it is 
separated by the Mississippi river ; S. by Arkansas, and W, by Nebras- 
ka Territory and the Missouri river, 

Missouri has, generally, a rolling or hilly surface, and is about equally 
divided between prairie and timber land. The S. E. corner is almost 
entirely alluvial. No part of the state can be called mountainous, A 
range of low hills, however, commences in St. Francois county, and ex- 
tends in a S, VV. direction to the southern boimdary ; and another range, 
of a larger class, extends from the Missouri river, between the Gascon- 
ade and Osage, increasing in magnitude until far within the state of 
Arkansas. These are sometimes called the Ozai-k Mountains. The 
celebrated Iron mountain is situated in St. Francois county. Five 
miles S, of this is " Pilot Knob," also composed almost wholly of oxide 
of iron. These, with the exception of the recently discovered iron beds 
in northern Michigan, are the richest known deposits of iron in the 
world. Copper is found in several districts, and lead mines of great ex- 
tent are known to exist, Washington county is a perfect bed of metallic 
wealth — lead, copper, copperas, black-lead, and brimstone; canielian 
and other precious stones ; free-stone, grind-stone, and burr-stone, and 
chalk, are the prevaihng formations. St, Genevieve county has quar- 
ries of fine marble, and vast caverns full of beautiful white sand resem- 
bling snow, much prized for the manufacture of flint-glass. Throughout 
the mineral district beds of rich red marls are found, which prove to be 
the very best kind of manure, and such deposits being found in this 
compai-atively sterile region are doubly valuable. The best portion of 
the sta.o south of the Missouri rivei-, is between the Osage and that 
river. It is agreeably diversified and fertile beyond conception, and 
abounds in coal, salt, &c. The country north of the Missouri is scarcely 
inferior. There is no part of the globe where greater extent of countiy 
can be traversed more easily when in its natural slate. It has, for the 
most part, a surface delightfully rolling and variegated, sometimes rising 
into picturesque hills, and then stretching far away into the sea of prairie, 
occationally interspersed with shady groves and sparkling streamlets. 



THE STATE OF MISSOURI. l7l 

The Mississippi meanders along the eastern border of the slate for 
400 miles, receiving in its course the turbid waters of the Missouri, 
which river traverses the state in a south-western direction. The La Mine, 
Osage, and Givsconade, from the S., and the Little Platte. Grand, and 
Chariton, from the N., are the navigable tributaries of the Missouri. 
Salt river, a navigable stream, falls into tne Mississippi 86 miles above 
the mouth of the Missouri ; and Maramee river, also navigable, disem 
bogues 18 miles below St. Louis. The White Water and St. Francoia 
di'ain the S. E. portion, and the tributaries of the Neosho the S. W. 
part of the state. The Missouri river, during a part of the year, is 
navigable for 1,800 miles. 

Almost every acre of this fine country is susceptible of agricultural 
improvement. The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, being 
well suited to out-door employment and the raising of live-stock. The 
chief products consist of tobacco, hemp, wheat, oats, and Indian com. 
Wool-growing is becoming a favorite employment ; and of late yeara 
the improvement of breed has been attended to. The trade in hogs is 
very extensive, and large numbers of cattle are reared for the maiket. 
About five-sixths of the people are farmers. Mining occupies at least 
4,000 persons, and perhaps two-thirds of these are employed at the lead 
mines: the remainder are employed at the iron, copper, and bitumin- 
ous coal mines. As a manufacturing state Missouri is not of much im- 
portance. The exports from this state consist chiefly of agricultural 
produce and its minerals. Cattle and horses are also largely exported 
to the East and South. St. Louis is the chief commercial city, and the 
great receiving and distributing depot. Internal trade is carried on 
mainly by steamboats on the Missouri and its tributaries. 

The University of St. Louis, Kemper College, at the same place, and 
Missouri University, at Columbia, to each of which is attached a medi- 
cal school, are the principal scholastic institutions. There are also col- 
leges at Cape Girardeau, in Marion county, at St. Charles, and Fayette, 
and a medical college at Willoughby. Academies and common schools 
are supported on a liberal footing. 

Missom-i is divided into 101 counties. The principal cities and towns 
are Jefierson City, St. Louis, St. Charles, &c. 

Jefferson City, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Mis- 
souri, 136 miles from its mouth, and near the center of the state. The 
State House and the Penitentiary are the principal public buildings. 
Population 4,000. The most important places on the river, W. of the 
capital, are Marion, Nashville, Rocheport, Booneville, Chariton, Lexing- 
ton, Blayton, Liberty, Independence, Weston, St. Joseph's, &c. Inpe- 
PENDENCE, on the S. bank of the river, 352 miles from its junction with 
the Mississippi, is the starting-point or rendezvous for traders to northern 
Mexico, and for emigrants to Oregon and Califoi-nia. The distance from 



172 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

St. Louis by land is 266 miles. Portland, Pinkney, Newport, and St. 
Charles, lie eastward of Jefferson City. St. Charles, formerly the state 
capital, 2-i miles from the mouth of the river on its N. bank, is a thriving 
place, and contains about 5,000 inhabitants, many of whom are of French 
origin. Warsaw and Osceola are the principal towns on Osage river. 

St. Louis, the commercial capital of the state, and one of the most 
important places in the West, is situated on the Mississippi, 18 miles 
below the mouth of the Missom-i, 863 miles from FortSnellmg, and 1,212 
from New Orleans. No city could be better located foi- an extensive 
connnerce. The whole Union is its tributary, and already its trade 
amounts to nearly one half the whole foreign commerce of the U. S. 
in value. About 1,000 flat-boats arrive here annually, and steamboats 
with an aggregate of 500,000 tons. The Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and 
Mississippi are navigated by its fleets, luid even the northern lakes con- 
tribute to its commerce. Year by year its importance is increasing. 
The city consists of two parts, built at different elevations. The lower 
part, or that on the margin of the river, is laid out in narrow streets, and 
is chiefly occupied by those engaged in business. The more elevated 
poi'tiou is diffei-ent in appearance, and is laid out regularly in broad hand- 
some streets, lined with the splendid mansions of the rich. A variety 
of public buildings beautify this locality. The population, about 77,360, 
is composed of men of all nations, but the most numerous are Ameri- 
cans, French, and Germans, The city is supplied with water from the 
river, which is raised into a reservoir by steam-power, and thence dis- 
tributed through iron pipes. The streets ai-e lighted with gas. St. Louis 
is the principal depot of the American Fur Company. Jefferson Bar- 
racks^ the most extensive military station in the West, is situated on a 
range of bluffs, about 9 miles below the city. The principal places N. 
of St. Louis are Westport, Clarkesville, Louisiana, Haimibal, Marion 
City, La Grange and Tally, on the Mississippi, and St. Francisville, on 
the Des .Moines river. To tlie S. of St. Louis are Hereulaneum and St. 
Genevieve, the chief ports of the mineral district ; Cape Girardeau, which 
has a line ha;bor for keel-boats ; Ohio City, opposite Cairo, and New Ma- 
dj-id, formerly a noted place, but containing now less than 500 inhabitants. 

Missouri was originally a portion of Louisiana, as pm-chased by the 
United States in 1803. Settlements were made at St. Louis, St, Gene- 
vieve, and elsewhere, about the middle of the last century. In 1821, 
Missouri became a state. Previous to its admission, however, great debate 
was had on the subject of slavery, nor was it untU a distinctive line had 
been drawn between slave soil imd free soil that the state wiis recognised 
by Congress. This line (,36° 30' N. lat.) is usually called the " Missouri 
Compromise line," N. of which to the Rocky Mountains, except so far 
as regards this state, slavery is never to be tolerated. 



THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 

THE STATE OF lO^^^A. 

Jlrea 50,914 square miles. — Population 192,211. 

Iowa is situated between 40° 30' and 43° 30' N. lat., and between 90° 
20' and 97° 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Minesota Territory ; E. 
by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Wisconsin and Illinois; 
S. by Missouri, and W. by the territory of Nebraska. 

Praii-ie predominates in this state. Scarcely a hill interrupts the sea- 
like expanse of its wavy surface. An elevated table-land or plateau, 
however, extends through a considerable portion of the couiiiry, and 
forms the watershed between the streams flowing into the Missouri and 
Mississippi rivers respectively. The margins of the streams are thickly 
timbered. The prairie lands are variously covered : some are clothed 
in thick grass, suitable for grazing farms, while hazel thickets and sas- 
safras shrubs invest others with perennial verdure. In spring and sum- 
mer the surface is enamelled by wild flowers in endless variety. The 
soil is universally good, being a rich black mould, mixed sometimes with 
sandy loam, and sometimes with red clay and gravel. Lead, zinc, iron, 
&c., ai*e very plentiful. The "• mineral region" is principally confined to 
the neighborhood of Dubuque. The lead mines of this region are per- 
haps the most productive and valuable in the world. Ten thousand mi- 
ners could here find profitable employment. Zinc occui-s in fissures along 
with the lead, chiefly in the form of electric calamine. In some " dig- 
gings" this mineral is found in a state of carbonate, and in others as a 
sulphuret. Iron ore is abundant in several districts ; but as yet the mines 
have not been worked to any great extent. The state is well watered by 
numerous navigable rivers and streamlets flowing into the Mississippi and 
Missouri rivers, which bound the state — the first on the E. and the latter 
on the W. The principal of these are the Red Cedar and Iowa, and tho 
Des Moines, which empty into the Mississippi. The rivers falling into 
the Missouj'i are comparatively unimportant. The climate is excellent, 
especially on the prairies, and the country is as free from endemic dis- 
eases as the most favored portion of the Union. Peiiodic breezes blow 
over the prairies as regularly and as refreshing as on the ocean between 
the tropics. The only mihealthy portions of Iowa are the low margins 
of the rivers, which are frequently inundated. Though the buffalo, 
once the denizen of this beautiful country, is now almost extinct, and 
though the elk is only found in the wild recesses not yet occupied by 
civilization, a great variety of wild animals remain, and afford pleasure 
to the sportsman and profit to the hunter. The wolf, panther, and wild- 
cat are still numerous, and in the wooded districts the black bear is 
fcxind. Foxes, racoons, opossums, gophars, porcupines, squirrels, and 
15* 



1*74 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

the otter, inhabit almost the whole unsettled country. Deer are also 
quite numerous, and the musk-rat and common rabbit are incredibly 
prolific. Among the bird tribes are wild-turkeys, prairie-hens, grouse, 
partridi^es, woodcocks, &c. Geese, ducks, loons, pelicans, plovers, snipes, 
&c., are among the aquatic birds that visit the rivers, lakes, and sluices. 
Bees swarm in the forests; the rivers and creeks aboimd with excellent 
fish, and the insect tribes, varied and beautiful, add gaudmess to the 
scene. 

Iowa mainly owes its prosperity to its agricultural resources. Its fine 
prairies are easily converted to cultivation, and its natural pastures aiford 
peculiar facilities for the rearing of cattle, and sheep farming. Wool- 
growing, indeed, has become one of the staple employments of the 
farmers : and the raising of hogs for market, is no less profitable in its 
results. The sheep and hog are here raised with little or no trouble, the 
natural productions of the forest and prairie affording a plentiful sub- 
sistence. The cereal and root crops grow luxuriantly, and all the fruits 
of temperate climates find here a congenial soil. Tobacco is grown ex- 
tensively on the alluvial margins of the Des Moines, and the castor-oil 
plant, which has been lately introduced, succeeds well. No country in 
the world, in every point of view, is more promising to the agricultiu-ist. 
Fertile and pi-oductive, yielding minei-als of the greatest value, pene- 
trated by numerous navigable rivers, and bordered by the noble Mis- 
sissippi, easily accessible, and free from many of the dangers incident to 
newly-settled countries, it offers the greatest inducements to immigrants 
and others to make it their homes. Its commercial advantages are per- 
haps second to those of none other of the Western States, while every 
portion of the country is open to easy navigation and land travel. It 
ah-eady contributes lai-gely to the valuable cargoes that annually arrive 
at New Orleans. The settled portion of the state is well provided with 
good roads ; but as yet no canals or railroads, though several ai-e pro- 
jected, have been built. The manufactures of Iowa consist principally 
of such heavy articles as are of im.mediate necessity to the settler, or of 
such goods as are usually made in families, as coarse woollen and cotton 
articles, &c. The aggregate value of property assessed for taxes in this 
state in 1848 was $14,449,200. 

Education is well provided for. A respectable university has been 
established, and the constitution makes it imperative that a school shall 
be established in each district. Inst'uction is placed under the direction 
of a superintendent, chosen by the people for three yeai-s. The perma- 
nent school fund amounted, Nov. 1st, 1848, to $132,908, and all lands 
gi-auted by Congress, all escheated estates, and all rents a "cruing from 
unsold lands of the state, are applied to this fund, the interest of which 
is devoted exclusively to the support of schools. Militai7 exemption 
fines, and all fines imposed by courts, aie appropriated to the same 



THE STATE OF IOWA. l75 

puipose. The University is supported by the interest of moneys arising 
from the lease or sale of public lands granted by Congress for the sup- 
port of the institution. 

The settled portion of Iowa is divided into 99 counties. Among tho 
principal cities and towns are Iowa City, Dubuque, Muscatine, Bur- 
lington, Keokuck, &c. 

Iowa City, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Iowa river, 
about GO miles N. of its junction with Red (^edar river. The river is 
navigable to this point for keel-boats. The location is beautiful, rising 
in a succession of plateaux or elevated terraces, overlooking a splendid 
country. Previous to 1839 the site was in the wilderness. The state 
capitol is a handsome building in the Doric style of architecture. It is 
120 feet long and 60 feet wide, and is two stories high above the base- 
ment, and surmounted by a dome supported by 16 Corinthian columns. 
The churches and many of the private residences are substantially built, 
and in some cases elegantly. Population about 2,000. 

Dubuque, on the Mississippi river. 1712 miles from its mouth, and 
468 from the Falls of St. Anthony, is situated in the very center of the 
lead region, and is the chief outlet for the commerce of the district. It 
was originally settled by a French half-breed of the name of Dubuque. 
It is regularly laid out, and has a city charter. It contains six or seven 
churches, one of which is an elegant Roman Catholic cathedral of stone. 
Considerable commerce is attracted to this place, and the trade of the 
city has long been in a flourishing condition. The Land Oflice for the 
District, and the Sm-veyor-GeneraPs Oflice for the states of Iowa and 
Wisconsin, are located here. The interior of the state contributes large- 
ly of its agricultural wealth to swell its otherwise commercial prosperity. 
Population 4.000. Davenport, 74 miles S. of Dubuque, is finely located 
on an elevated plain, and suiToundedby a rich agricultural countiy. It is 
becoming an important place of trade. Pop. 1,600. Muscatine, foiraerly 
Bloomington, 22 miles further south, is one of the most thr'ving towns in 
the state, and contains a court house, jail, several churches, and a number 
of mercantile houses and stores. Population 2,200. In 1840, the popu- 
lation was less than 600. Burlington, 248 miles above St. Louis, for- 
merly the territorial capital, is finely situated for an extended trade. It 
was originally laid out in 1833. The ground rises gradually from the 
river to the hills which form its background. It contains many fine 
public buildings. A steam-ferry here crosses the Mississippi. The site 
was formerly known as the Flint Hills, an old Indian trading-post, and 
was once the residence of Black Hawk, whose remains are buried here. 
Population 4.500. Fort Madison, 10 miles below Burlington, has a 
population of about 2,000. Keokuck, a few miles N. of the mouth of the 
Missouri, is becoming rapidly an important place, and has, of late years, 
increased in population and wealth, perhaps more than any other town 



176 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

in the state. It has a large commerce, and many advantages in situation 
and topography, which must ultimately raalie it a most flom-ishing mart. 
The present population is about 3,6U0. 

The interior towns are in general small, consisting chiefly of agricul- 
tuTtil settlements. Salem, in Henry coiuily, is a thriving settlement, and 
chiefly inhabited by members of the Society of Friends. A considera- 
ble colony of M orraons is settled in Pottawatamie county. 

Iowa was a portion of Louisiana as purchased in lb03. It was erected 
into a separate tei'iitorial government in 1838, and admitted into the 
Union as a state m 1846. 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 

Jlrea 53,924 square miles. — Pojow^atzon 305,191. 

Wisconsin lies between 42° 30' and 47° N. lat., and between 87° and 
92° 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Superior and the northern 
peninsula of Michigan ; E. by Lake Michigan; S. by Illinois, and W.by 
Iowa and Mmesota Territory. 

Wisconsin is one vast plain, varied only by river hills and the gentle 
swells and undulations of the country. This plain is elevated from 600 
to 1,500 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest lands are the 
watersi)ed between the waters flowing respectively to the Mississippi 
and Lake Michigan. The slope towards Lake Superior is very abrupt, 
and the rivers short, rapid, and broken by A^lls. The Wisconsin and 
Mississippi bluffs rise from 100 to 300 feet above the rivers. The soil is 
excellent, black marl predominating in the lowest timber and prairie 
lands, and is often six feet deep. The dark loam is the most common 
in the openings and on the rolling prairie, and is cultivated with the 
best success. The country is naturally divided into timbered, opening, 
and prairie. South-oast of the Fox and Wisconsin it is in general hea-ii- 
ly wooded. In the mineral region S. of the Wisconsin, the rolling 
prairie, interspersed with openings, prevails. North of these rivers the 
country is pretty equally divided between openings and prairie. The 
climate is mild and salubrious, and perhaps more congenial to the Eu- 
ropean constitution than that of anyother of the United States. 

(ieoiogically, Wisconsin presents interesting phenomena. The north- 
ern portion is entirely primitive, and exhibits granite and old red sand- 
stone as its bases. The Wisconsin flows through the sandstone district, 
and the hills on this river are soft and crumbling, and when carried 
into the stream by a rise of water, frequently change its current. The 



THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. l77 

mineral district occupies the S. VV. corner of the state. Wisconsin haa 
gi-eat advantages ui the availability and easy transport of its mineral 
wealth. The production of galena has become very considerable, and 
the copper mines of the uoith and west are prospectively of immense 
value. Many other metals are found, and good marble and building 
stone are abundant in almost every part. 

Besides the great lakes on the N. and W., a number of smaller lakes, 
varying from one to twenty miles in extent, are scattered over the state. 
These are often surrounded by the most beautiful scenei-y, and abound 
in fish of various kinds, while on their shores are found fine specimens 
of agate, caruelian, and other precious stones. In the shoal waters of 
the b;iys the zigania aquatica, a species of wild rice, is abundant, and 
attracts immense flocks of water-lbwl to these localities. Green Bay, in 
the N. E., is a large arm of Lake Michigan, and receives the Fox and 
other rivers. The Mississippi forms a large part of the W. bound- 
ary. It is augmented from this state by the Chippewa and Wisconsin 
rivers, the latter of which, with the Fox river, divides the state into two 
nearly equal portions. Innmnerable smaller streams and branches run 
through the whole extent of the state, so that no portion of it is without 
a plenlifiil supply of good, and genei'ally, pure water. The Wisconsin 
and Chippewa are navigable for steamboats. 

All kinds of crops that are raised in temperate climates may be culti- 
vated with success in Wisconsin; and owing to the great range of pas- 
turage on the prairies, it is an uncommonly fine grazing country. 
Already it exports largely of grain. Manufactures are still in theii' in- 
fancy. But few countries have the same natural facilities for extensive 
operations, and there can be no doubt, that as the wants of the people 
enlarge, tliese will be made subservient to their interests. The ports on 
Lake Michigan are already distinguished for their busy commerce, and 
their rapid increase in prosperity and wealth. The river trade is great, 
and the busy strife of commercial activity has penetrated to the very 
centre of the state. Steamboats ply on its waters, and a system of good 
roads greatly facilitates the development of its natural capacities. The 
union of the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by 
canaling the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, is now al- 
most realized, and will, when completed, create a navigable channel of 
the greatest importance. Wisconsin has also several railroads, which 
togeiliei- will extend over a line of 8G0 miles, about 60 of which are now 
in operation. 

Wisconsin has made provision for an extensive system of education 
The Wisconsin University, at Madison, was established in 1849. The 
number of school sections is 2.200, and the number of children in tha 
state between 4 and 20 years of age about 46,000. The school fund con- 
sists of the proceeds of the 16th sections of land, 500,000 acres ceded to 
the state by Congress ; ail forfeitures and escheats to the state ; all uiili 



1*78 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 

tary exemption fines ; all the net proceeds of penal fines ; 5 pei cent, of 
the proceeds of all sales of U. S. lands in the state, and all moneys ari- 
sing from any grant to the state, where the pvu-poses of such grant are 
not specified. The value of these various items is not ascertained, but 
must be great and ever increasing. 

The state is divided into 31 counties, 18 of which are S. of the Fox 
and Wisconsin rivers. N. of these the settlements are very sparse. The 
most important cities and towns are Madison, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, 
Manitouwoc, Green Bay, Mineral Point, &c. 

Madison, the capital, 90 miles VV. of Milwaukee, is pleasantly situated 
between the 3d and 4th of the chain called " Foiu- Lakes," on a gently 
rising ground, from which there is a regular descent each way to the 
water. Jt is regulai-ly laid out, with a central squai-e, in the middle of 
which stands the State House. This is a spacious stone edifice, two 
Btories high above the basement, and surmounted with a handsome 
dome, and can be seen for a distance of 10 miles from every direction. 
The city also contains the county prison and several churches, with a 
number of stores. Two newspapers are issued weekly. Population 
1,871. It was laid out in 183t). 

Milwaukee, the largest and most important town of the state, is situa- 
ted ou both sides of Milwaukee river, near its entrance into Lake Michi- 
gan, 90 miles N. of Chicago, 111. It is the natural outlet of one of the 
finest grain regions in the Union. The progress of the city has been 
most remarkable. In 1834 it was surrounded by a wilderaess, and 
contained only two log-houses. It has now 20,061 inhabitants, and for 
the last few years has increased at the rate of 2,000 or 3,000 annually. 
Regular lines of steamboats ply between Milwaukee and Buffalo, the 
trade between which is immense, and constantly increasing. Sheboy- 
gan, at the entrance of Sheboygan river into Lake Michigan, 56 miles 
N. of Milwaukee, has a deep and capacious harbor, and is a place of 
rising importance. Manitouwoc, 30 miles further N., is also a rapidly 
progressing village. Population 7G6. In 1849 it imported goods to the 
amount of Sl-~i000, and exported agricultural produce to the value of 
$7-2,000. Racine and Washington are also towns well situated, and 
have a prospect of attaining commercial prosperity. Green Bay, at the 
head of the bay of the same name, smd on the E. bank of the Fox river, 
at its mouth, is a most important haven ; and when the improvements in 
the Fox and Wisconsin rivers are completed, so as to admit of naviga- 
tion through the state to the Mississippi, it must rapidly increase in 
population and wealth. Fort Howard, on the opposite bank of the 
river, is one of the most important militaj-y stations in the north-west. 

Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi, is the most prominent point 
on that river. It is situated a few miles N. of the Wisconsin river, and 
has its name from the beautiful prairie on which it is located. It is one 



THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. l79 

of the oldest settlements in the west, and has been the scene of many 
battles, both of Indian and civilized warfere. The Indian trade that 
once centered here, has almost ceased since the removal of the Winne- 
bagoes. Population about 2,000. Mineral Point, 50 miles W. of 
Madison ; Fond du Lac, at the head of Winnebaajo Lake; Elkhorn, 
22 miles W, of Racine ; and Monrok, 30 miles S. E, of Mineral Point, 
are important interior towns. Fort Winnebago is situated at the 
portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and on the great route 
between the lakes and the Mississippi. This portage will be overcome 
by a canal now in process of completion. There are also, in the interior 
counties, a large number of villages, with populations varying from 300 
to 700 ; and so rapidly are new villages being settled, that it is next to 
an impossibility to take account of them. In many instances large colo- 
nies of Germans, Norwegians, and other European emigrants, have pur- 
chased tracts of land, and built up their villages as if by magic ; and the 
immediate neighbors are even ignorant of their presence, until they be- 
hold with astonishment the smoke curling over the new settlement. 

Wisconsin originally belonged to the French, and formed part of that 
vast territory known as "New France," which was ceded to Great 
Britain in 1763. Few settlements were made previous to 183G, when it 
was erected into a separate territorial government. In 1848 it was ad- 
mitted as a state into the Union. Never since the lormation of the 
American Con/ederacy has a stale advanced so rapidly in population: 
the tide of immigration is continuous not only from Europe but from 
the eastern United States, and certainly few states have ever before pre- 
sented such a combination of inducements to those seeking a home. 
Its situation and fticilities of intercourse, its agricultural capacities, its 
mineral wealth, and other natui-al advantages are pre-eminently inviting, 
and ofler golden prospects to every grade and condition of man. 



TEE TERRITORY OF JIINESOTA, 

Jlrea 83,000 square miles. — Population 6,077. 

Mines OTA is situated between 430 30' and 49° N. lat., and between 
890 30' and 102° 10' W. long.: and is bounded N. by British America; 
E. by Lake Superior and the state of Wisconsin ; S. by the state of Iowa, 
and W. by Missouri Territory. Of the immense territory included with- 
in these limits, 22,336 square miles belonged to the late territory of Wis- 
consin, and the remainder to the late territory of Iowa. 

Throughout the whole of this territory scarcely an elevation that could 
be dignified with the name of mountain occurs. The surface is in gen- 



180 THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 

eral level or undulating, but varies considerably in elevation, and in 
the ascents and descents of its plateaux. In some parts, especially in 
the neighborhood of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, the ground is much 
broken, and their margins hned with high blufifs of various Ibrmations ; 
•while iu others the rivers flow through deep channels, seemingly worn 
into the earth by the force of their waters. Every portion of Winesota 
may be reached by inland navigation. The traveller will meet constant- 
ly with springs and small lakes, the sources of mighty rivers, whose wa- 
ters ai-e discharged thousands of miles to the N. into Hudson's Bay; as 
many to the E. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, or to the S. into the Gulf 
of Mexico. Springs are often seen within a few feet of each other, the 
sources of rivers, whose outlets in the ocean are some six thousand miles 
apai-t. In almost every direction canoe navigation, with short portages, 
is practicable by means of the numerous rivers, whose sources are nearly 
interlocked or connected by chains of lakes. The Mississippi has its 
source here, some 3,000 miles from its mouth. Nine hundred miles of 
the length of this majestic river are embraced in this territoi7, and its 
numerous tributaries course through its fertile plains. Tlie N. E. portion 
is washed by the crystal waters of Lake Superior, which is of itself an 
inland sea for the prosecution of tr.'\de and commerce, and opens an ave- 
nue to the Atlantic. The Missouri, after having flowed nearly 1,000 
miles from the base of the Rocky A?ountains, sweeps along its whole W. 
boundaj-y, ensuring navigation almost to Oregon, its large tributaries, 
James and Big Sioux rivers, water valleys of great beauty and fertility. 
Extensive prairies, blooming with flowers and covered with luxuriant 
grasses, aSbrding sustenance to immense herds of buffalo, saying nothing 
of elk, deer, antelopes, and other small game. Red River, which dis- 
charges itself into Lake Winnipeg, has its sources near those of the 
Mississippi. Beautiful lakes of transparent water, well stocked with 
fish, and varjing in size from ponds to inland seas, ai-e profusely scat- 
tered over the territory. Forests of pine and other evergreens, orchards 
of sugar-maple, groves of hard and soft woods of various species, wild 
rice and cranberries, and various species of wild fruit, copious springs 
of pure water, a fertile soil, and water-power, easily improved and abun- 
dantly distributed, render this region peculiarly adapted to the wants of 
man. Add to these a salubrious climate, and Minesota appears to enjoy 
eminent capacities for becoming a thriving and populous state. Its min- 
eral resources are unknown, but indications and discoveries have been 
made that certify its wealth in copper and lead. Building stone of every 
description, limestone, &c., are found everywhere underlying the soil, 
while m;my valuable and precious stones are found on the shores of 
the lakes. For a country so overspread with lakes, and traveised by 
such a number of rivers, it is astonishingly free from marsh and morass. 
The land has a great elevation above the Guh' of Mexico, and the waters 



THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 181 

of the N. and E., and as a consequence is easily and perfectly drained ; 
and moreover, the margins of the lakes and rivers themselves are gen- 
erally surrounded by hills and blufl's, which protect their neighborhoods 
fi'om inundutiou, 'J'he whole country is thus eligible for agriculture. 

The settlements as yet made in the territory are chiefly confined to the 
peninsula between the Mississippi and St. Croix on the S., and on the 
Red river on the N. Otherwise the country is inhabited only by the 
aboriginal hunters, the Chippewas, and Sioux Indiajis. Their numbei* 
are not ascertained, but may approximate to about 12,000. With some of 
the tribes treaties have been made for the purchase of their lands, and 
for their removal, which, when effected, will open to the white settler 
immense tracts of rich and fertile soils, productive of every species of 
grain and truits usually grown in northern climates. Tiie Indians have 
long been in connection with the whites, and have for more than two 
centuries carried on with them a profitable trade in fm-s and peltries. 
Their himting-grounds are now chiefly confined to the vast prairies west 
of the Mississippi. The white inhabitants are from almost every portion 
of the World: the Canadian, the sons of New England and the Middle 
States, with English, French, and Germans, are all intermingled ; and 
not a few of the citizens consist of hall-breeds, who chiefly reside 
on the Red River, and have settlements for some distance on both sides 
of our N. boundary. These ai-e descendants of the original settlers 
at Lord Selkirk colony, and hidian women of the Chippewa family. 
Their village is called Pembina. Hardy and hard working, prudent as 
the New England farmer, religious and intelligent, they tbrm no mean 
class in the general community. They trade with the southern settlers, 
exchanging furs and pemmican for the superfluities of the South. They 
rear cattle and sheep, weave their own clothing, and live in a middle 
state of civilization. They have churches and schools, and raajiy of the 
better class are educated at a collegiate establishment which has long 
been maintained among them. As a consequence, however, of their 
ostracized situation, they still retain many of the peculiarities of their ori- 
gin^ nations, modified indeed by the circumstances that surround them, 
and their connection with savage life. In the new settlements, the indus- 
try of the whites is almost entirely agricultural. They have mills on a 
number of the sti-eams, and steamboats ply regularly on their waters. 
They are building roads, and from the energy they exhibit in overcoming 
natural obstacles, the real prosperity of the territory seems to be ensured. 
A large business has been already done by the steamboats that sail regu- 
larly between Galena and St. Paul and Stillwater. The products of the 
chase, and the fruits of the field ai-e exported in considei-able quantities. 
With regard to inunigration, the prospects are favorable. Farmers, labor- 
ers, and professional men, are daily ascending the rivers in search of a 
new home. The day indeed is not distant, when the forests will be laid low, 
16 



182 THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 

and the flower)- prairies be converted into fields and gardens, producing 
every necessary to llie use and enjoyment of man. Earth, air, and wa- 
ter abound in the prerequisites of man's happiness and enjoyment, and 
are only awaiting his advent to yield up their now unused abundance. 

The organization of the government of the territory having been so 
recent, it is impossible to exhibit by statistics the resources of this new 
and almost untouched countiy. The first legislature, which adjourned 
after a sitsslon of sixty days, on the 1st November, 1849, was chiefly 
employed in organizing the government, and dividing the territory 
into suitable civil districts, and appointing officers to enforce the 
laws. Among its most important acts were those establishing the judi- 
ciary, a school system, and relative to the improvement of roads. All 
these will have a paramount influence over the future destiny of the 
country. I'erhaps one of the most humane and politic acts of the legiir 
lature was the admission to citizenship of " all persons of a mixture of 
white and Indian blood, who shall have adopted the habits and customs 
of civilized men ;" and not less politic is that law which requii-es the es- 
tabhshrnent of schools throughout the territory. The act of the General 
Government organizing the territory appropriates two sections of land 
in every township for the support of common schools. No other state 
in the Union has received more than one section in each township for 
such purpose. On the 11th June, 1849, the whole citizen population 
numbered 4,780, of which 3,067 were males and 1,713 females. The 
present population (May, 1850) is probably not far from the estimate 
exhibited at the head of this article. 

Minesota was divided by the Legislalme into nine counties in lieu of 
the counties of St. Croix and La Poiute, which constituted the remain- 
ing portions of the territories of Iowa and Wisconsin, of which Mine- 
sota was formed. The principal settlements are St. Paul, Stillwater, 
Mendota, Fort Snelling, Pembina, &c. 

St. Paul, the capital, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi, 
15 miles by water, and 8 miles by land, below the Falls of St. Anthony. 
The town is situated on a plateau terminating on the river in a precipi- 
tous blufif 80 feet elevation above the river. The blufi" recedes from 
the river at the upper and lower ends of the town, forming two land- 
ings, from both of which the ascent is gradual. The first store or 
trading-house was built in 1842. In June, 1849, the town contained 142 
houses, all of which, with the exception of perhaps a dozen, had been 
built within the year previous. This number included the Government 
House, three hotels, four warehouses, ten stores, several groceries, two 
printing-offices, (from which two newspapers are issued weekly,) seve- 
ral mechanics' shops, a school-house, &.c. There was not a brick or 
Btone house in the town, t'ince the period above mentioned, however, 
eeveral churches and many diu-able houses, built of stone and brick, 



THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 183 

ftxjm materials in the vicinity, have been erected. The population in 
June, 1849, was 840. St. Paul is well located for commerce ; and I'rom 
its being at the head of navigation below the Falls, must necessarily be- 
come not only the political, but the commercial capital of the territory. 
In the neighborhood of St. Paul there is an extensive settlement of 
Canadians, chiefly persons formerly employed by the Hudson Bay Com- 
pany, called Little Canada. Population 600. 

Stillwater is situated on the W. side of Lake St. Croix, near its 
head, on ground having a gentle ascent from the shore to a high bluflf 
in the rear, which extends in the form of a crescent, and nearly enclo- 
ses the town. The first settlement was made in 1843. It contains a 
Court House, several hotels and stores, and many neat dwellings. 
Steamboats seldom ascend higher than this place. The environs con- 
sist of a beautiful prairie country, and are being rapidly brought under 
cultivation. Population in June, 1849, 609. Marine Mills is a flour- 
ishing settlement on St. Croix river, a few miles above its entrance into 
the lake. The precinct contains about 200 inhabitants. Its water-power 
and the fine country which surrounds it must enforce its speedy increase 
and prosperity. Several villages on the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix 
river have been established, and are rapidly increasing in importance. 
Indeed, the resources of the vicinity on both sides ai-e such as to ensure 
to the villages considerable commerce. 

Fort Snelling is situated on the high rocky promontory, 106 feet 
above the water, at the confluence of St. Peter's river with the Missis- 
sippi. The military works were commenced in 1819. The fort is in 
the form of a hexagon and surrounded by a stone wall. From the river 
its appearance is imposing and seemingly impregnable. It is, however, 
within the reach of cannon from higher grounc}: but the object for 
which the site was selected — the protection of the frontier from savage 
incursion— is well attained by its situation. The garrison usually con- 
sists of three companies of dragoons. The view from these fortifica- 
tions is extensive. The military reservation of the establishment era- 
braces an area of 10 miles square, of which the fort is near the center. 
The settlement in the neighborhood contains only about 40 inhabitants. 
Li the fort there were 267 males and 50 females in June, 1849. Men- 
DOTA, or St. Peter's, on the W. bank of the Mississippi, S. of the 
confluence of St. Peter's river, has been occupied for several years hj 
the American Fur Company as a depot for their trading establishmenta 
with the Indians of the north-west. Two stores and two or three 
houses constitute the village. It is, however, a fine town site ; and be- 
ing situated at the junction of two great rivers, and near the head of 
steam navigation, its importance in a commercial point of view has not 
been overlooked. Whites are not allowed to reside here wittout 
special permission from the U. S. government, the village being in the 



184 THE WESTERN TERRITORY. 

military reservation. It will ultimately command the trade of the St. 
Peter's river. Population in June, 1849, la-i. 

Some other small villages exist in this neighborhood, but of their im- 
portance or present state little is known. Kaposia, from its situation 
near the point of land opposite St. Paul, though yet little more than an 
Indian town, may ullimately become of consequence. St. Anthony, 
at the Falls, and Sauk Rapids, opposite the mouth ot Osakis river, are 
both on the E. bank of the Mississippi ; and higher up, on both side3 
of Nokay river, is Fort Gaines, the most northerly military establish- 
ment in the country. The supplying of these remote stations with pro- 
visions, &c., creates considerable traffic and travelling both by land and 
water. The retm-n traflSc consists of fiu-s and peltry, with other Indian 
contributions. 

The territory of Minesota derives its name from Mini-sotah^ the In- 
dian name for St. Peter's river ; mini\n their language meaning "water," 
and sotnh " muddy or slightly turbid." The country originally belonged 
to the French by priority of discovery. At an early peiiod their tra- 
dei"s, missionaries, and soldiers had penetrated into the western wilder- 
ness. The United States had little authority over this region imtil 1812. 
In 1816 a law of Congress excluded foreigners from the Indian trade ; 
and for the encouragement of our citizens the military post at Fort 
Sneiling was established in 1819. Among the explorers of this countiy 
the names of Carver, Pike, Cass, Ldiig, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, Nicollet, 
Owen, &c., will ever be intimately connected with its history. The 
honor of verifying the sources of the Mississippi belongs to Schoolcraft. 
The present territory was established by act of Congress, 3d IMaixh, 
1849, and shortly after Alexander Ramsey was appointed Governor, and 
made St. Paul his capital, where the government was organized. "Con- 
gress may hereafter divide said territory, or annex any portion of it to 
another state or territory." 



THE WESTERN TERRITORY. 



This territory comprises the remaining unorganized portion of Lou- 
isiana, as purchased by the United States in 1803. It extends from 
the Nebraska or Platte river northward to the 49th parallel, and from 
White Earth and Missouri rivers westward to the Rocky Mountains. 
The territory has an area of 724:,26t: square miles. 

The greater part of this immense territory is watered by the Missouri 
liver and its numerous tributaries. The Yellow Stone, the laigest trib- 



THE WESTERN TERRITORY. 185 

utary, extends its branches to the very base of the Rocky Mountains, 
and to near the sources of the Nebraska. A mountain ridge, which 
branches from the great R;;cky Mountains, in about 42° N. lat., traverses 
the country in a N. E. direction towards Lake VVimiipes. In the E. 
portion of the territory the country is partly covered with forests, but 
beyond this commences a vast ocean of prairie, ahnost level, and clothed 
in grass and flowers. Approaching the moiuitains, however, the coun- 
try gradually assumes a barren aspect. Countless droves ot buffalo, elk 
and deer, range upon the vast plains, but even these are fast diminish- 
ing before the attacks of the hunter. 

In a country of such extent, generally level, naked, and open, the 
climate must in a great measure correspond to the latitude. Immedi- 
ately on the borders of the settled states it is mild and temperate ; be- 
yond, it gradually becomes more extreme, and towards the mountains 
cold, bleak, and polar. Travellers speak of encountering storms of hail 
and sieet in the summer. When the winds blow from the W. over the 
mountain summits, the cold they occasion is intense. 

As yet the whole territory is inhabited by Indians, but the time is not 
fai- distant when the pioneer will penetrate its forests and prairies, and 
bring under cultivation the soil that from its creation has not been turn- 
ed by the labor of man. The wiiil herds will be replaced by the ox, the 
horse, and the sheep, and golden crops will succeed the flowers and 
grasses that now only bloom in useless luxiu-iance, and wither with the 
first frosts of autumn, without contributing to the necessity or comfort 
of civilized man. 

That portion of the country lying in the valley of the Platte is some- 
times termed '' Mrbraska Territory,'''' and as such it has been proposed 
to organize it. A bill for the purpose of defining its boundaries was in- 
troduced into Congress 7th January, 1845, but no action was had on the 
subject. The country north of this valley still retains the name of 
"JV. TVest Territory,'''' from the fact that it formerly belonged to the 
extensive teiritory under that name, from which the present state of. 
Missouri was set off. 

]6* 



186 

ROUTES IN THE 

NORTH-WESTERN STATES. 



OHIO. 

(513) Cincinnati to Pittsburg. 
Steamboat. 

Columbia, O. 5 

Little Miami River, 2 7 

New Richmond, 12 19 

Point Pleasant, O. 5 24 

Moscow, O. 4 28 

Mechanicsburg, Ky 7 35 

Augusta, Ky 7 42 

Higginsi)ort, 4 46 

Ripley, O. 6 52 

Charleston, Ky. 2 54 

Maysville, Ky. i „ j,^ 

Aberdeen, O. \ ^ ^- 

Manchester, 12 74 

Concord, Ky. 7 81 

Ronie,0 5 80 

Vanceburg, Ky. 7 93 

Rockville, 4 97 

Portsmouth. O., (mouth of 

Scioto River) 16 113 

Greenupsburg, Ky 22 135 

Hanging Rock, O, 6 141 

Catlettsbiirg, Va 14 155 

Burlington. O. 4 159 

Proctorsville, O. ) h ir7 

Guyandotte, Va. ) " ^^' 

Millersport, 13 180 

Gallipolis, 24 204 

Point Pleasant, Va., (mouth 

of Great Kanawha River) 4 208 
Coalport, O. > ,c) ooo 

SheffiekUO. S 

Pomerov, O. 1 221 

Letartsville, O. 15 236 

Ravenswood, Va 22 258 

Hockingsport, 21 279 

Blennerhassett's Island 11 290 

Belpre. O. ) ^ ^n^ 

Parkersburg. Va. i " 

Marietta, O., Cmouth of 

Muskinsum River) 13 305 

Newport, O. 17 322 

Sisterville, Va 25 347 



Elizabeth town, Va. 37 384 

Wheeling, Va. } ,,, oot 

Bridgeport, O. ^ ^-^ '^''^ 

Warrenton, 9 406 

VVellsburg, Va 8 414 

Steubenville, 7 421 

VVellsville, O. 20 441 

Liverpool, 4 445 

Georgetown, Pa 4 449 

Beaver, Pa. 14 403 

Freedom, Pa 5 4G8 

Econum v, Pa 6 474 

Middlelown, Pa. 12 486 

Pittsburg, Pa. 11 497 

(514) Cincinnati to St. Louia. 

To North Bend, 16 

Great Miami River, 4 20 

Lawrenceburg, la 2 22 

Aurora, la. 5 27 

Belleview, Ky 6 33 

Rising Sun, la 3 36 

Hamilton, Kv 11 47 

Patriot, la. . ." 2 49 

Warsaw, Ky. 10 59 

Vevay, Ja. 10 69 

Mouth of Kentucky Riv.,Ky.l0 79 

IMadison, Ia. 12 91 

New London, la. 9 100 

Westport, Ky. 15 115 

Utica, la. 16 131 

Jeffersoirville, Ky. 8 139 

Louisville, Kv. 1 140 

Shippingsport, Ky. 2 142 

New Albany, la. > i i-i-j 

Portland. Ky. ] 

West Point, Ky 20 163 

Brandenbursr, Ky 1 7 J 80 

INTauckport, la. 1 181 

Northampton, la. 7 188 

Amsterdam, la 3 191 

Leavensworth, la. 8 199 

Fredonia, la 4 293 

Alton, la 13 216 

Concordia, Ky 10 226 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



187 



Stevensport, Ky. ) 1 1 oo~ 

Rome. la. \ ^^ '^■^' 

Cloverspoil, Ky 10 247 

Carmelion, la. 13 260 

Troy, la. 6 266 

Lewisport, Ky. 6 272 

Rockport, la 12 284 

Owensburi,', Ky 9 293 

Enterprist", la. 6 299 

NewbuiK, la. 15 314 

Green River, Ky 6 320 

EvANSviLLE, hi 8 328 

Hendersonville. Ky 10 338 

Mount Vei-non, la 26 364 

Uniontown. Kv 15 379 

Wabasli River 5 384 

Raleish, Ky 6 390 

Shawnettciwn, III. 5 395 

Caseyville, K v. 9 4(14 

Cave in R< ck. 111. 13 417 

Elizabeth tow 11, 111 7 424 

Golconda, 111. 12 436 

Smithlan;!. Ky., (mouth of 

Cumberl.-Hid River) 18 454 

Paducah, Ky., (mouth of 

Tennessee River) 15 469 

Belgrade, 111 6 475 

Fort Massac, 111. 3 478 

Caledonia, 111 24 502 

Trinity, Hi.... 9 511 

Cairo, III., (mouth of Ohio 

River) 5 516 

Commerce. IVTo. 28 544 

Cape Gir:irdpaii, Mo 12 ,556 

Bainbridw, Mo 12 568 

Chester, III. 45 613 

St. Genevieve, Mo. 16 629 

Selma, Mo 25 654 

Herculaiieiim, Mo 4 6.58 

Harrison viDe, 111. 2 660 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo 19 679 

St. Lons. Mo. 9 688 

(515) CivciNNATi to N. Orleans. 
To Cairo, fmnnth of Ohio 

River,1 [s.'e 514[ 516 

New Orleans 1040 1556 

(516) CiN( iNNATi to Indianapolis. 

ToCheviot 7 

Miami 6 13 

Clark's Ftore 4 17 

Harrison 4 21 

New Trenton, la 6 27 

CedarGrove 5 32 



Brookville 8 40 

Metamora 7 47 

Laurel 5 52 

Andersonville 6 58 

New Salem 4 62 

Rushville 7 69 

Beech Grove 7 78 

Morristowu 7 83 

Kinder 6 89 

Sugar Creek 5 94 

Indianapolis 15 109 

(517) Cincinnati to St. Louis. 

Stnare, 

To Indianapolis, (see 516) 109 
St. Louis, (see 599) 239 348 

(518) Cincinnati to Pittsburg. 
Starre via Strubcnville. 
To Columbus, (see 527) ... 127 

Zanesville, (see 528) 56 183 

Cambridge, (see 528) 24 207 

Winchester 9 216 

Antrim 5 221 

Londonderry 3 224 

Smyrna .' 4 228 

Moorefield 4 232 

Cadiz 13 245 

Greene 8 253 

Bloomhigdale 3 256 

VVintersville 10 266 

Steubenville 5 271 

HoUiday's Cove 3 274 

Paris 4 278 

Florence 5 283 

Raviiia;ton 4 287 

North Star 3 290 

Fayette 6 296 

Pittsburg 13 309 

(519) Cincinnati to Wheeling, 

Va. 
Stage. 
To Columbus, (see ,527). . .127 
AVheeling, Va., (see 528) 130 257 

(520) Cincinnati to Sandusky 

City. 
TAt.tle Miami R. R. 

To Columbia 5 

Plainville 4 9 

Milford 5 14 

Germany 2 16 

Polktnwn 2 18 

Loveland's 2 20 



188 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



Foster's , 

Deerlieid 

Morriiw 

Fort Ancient 

Freepoit , 

VVaync'sville , 

Claysville 

Spring Valley 

Xenia 

Yellow Springs 

Springfield 

Jilid Rioer and Lake Erie 

Urbaiia 

West Liberty 

BelleloDtaine 

Huntsville 

Richlnnl 

Bell Centre 

Kenton 

Paterson 

Gary 

Oregon 

Tiffin 

Republic 

Lodi 

Bellevue 

SaNDI'SKY ClTV 



R.R. 

14 99 

10 109 

8 117 
7 124 
3 127 
2 129 

12 141 

11 152 

13 165 
5 170 

11 161 

9 190 
5 195 
9 204 

15 219 



(521) Cincinnati to Dayton. 

F'ia Lebanon. 

To Reading 10 

Sharon ville 3 13 

Pisgah 5 18 

Mason 6 24 

Lebanon 8 32 

Ridgeville 7 39 

Centreville 6 45 

Dayton 9 54 

(522) Cincinnati to Dayton. 

Via Fran/din. 

To Reading 10 

Sharon ville 3 13 

West Chester 5 18 

Bethany 4 22 

Monroe 4 26 

Franklin 10 36 

Miamisburg 6 42 

Alexandersville 4 46 

Dayton 8 54 

(523) Cincinnati to Chillicothe. 

To Fnllon 4 

PlainviUe 4 8 

Milfonl 5 13 

Perrin's Mills 5 18 



Marathon 9 27 

Fayetteville 8 35 

AUensburg 8 43 

Hillsboro' 10 53 

Rainsboro' IQ 63 

Bainbridge 8 71 

Bourneville H 82 

Chillicothe .13 95 

(524) Cincinnati to Zanesville. 

To Walnut Hills 3 

Pleasant Ridge 5 8 

Montgomery 5 13 

Twenty Mile Stand 7 20 

Hopkinsyille 4 24 

iVi orrovv 3 27 

Rochester 4 31 

Clarksville 7 38 

Wilinington 10 48 

Sabino IQ 58 

Washington Covu-t House . . 12 70 

New Holland 10 80 

Williamsport 8 88 

Circleville 9 97 

Amanda 12 109 

Lancaster 9 118 

Ru.-hville 9 127 

Somerset 8 135 

Fultonham 10 145 

Putnam 10 155 

Zanesville 1 156 

(525) Cincinnati to Eaton. 

To Carthage 6 

Springdale 7 13 

Hamilton 10 23 

Rossville 1 24 

CoUinsvllle 8 32 

Somerville 4 36 

Camden 5 41 

Eaton 8 49 

(526) Cincinnati to Sidney. 

To Carthage 6 

Springdale 7 13 

Hamilton 10 23 

Trenton 10 33 

Middletown 4 37 

Franklin 6 43 

Miamisburg 6 49 

Alexandersville 4 53 

Dayton '8 61 

West Charleston 10 71 

Troy 11 82 

Piqua 7 89 

Sidney 13 102 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



189 



(527; Cincinnati to Columbus. 

To Xeiiia, ("see 520) 65 

Columbus and Xenia R. R. 

Cedarville 8 73 

South Charleston •• .11 84 

London 11 95 

West Jefferson ■ • • • 10 105 

COLUMBCS 14 119 

(523) Columbus to Wheeling,Va. 

Central Ohio R. R. 

Black Lick 11 

Pataskala 6 

Summit 5 

Union 4 

Newauk 7 

Clay Lick 6 

Rockdale . 2 

Black Hand 5 

Claypool Mill 4 

Pleasant Valley 2 

Dillons Falls 4 

Zanesville 3 



Lewisville 8 134 

Knighlstown 10 144 

Charlotteville 5 149 

Kinnard 4 153 

Greenfield 4 157 

Philadelphia 5 162 

Cumberland 5 167 

Indianapolis 10 177 



(530) Columbus to Lower 

DUSKY. 



San- 



to Clintonvilie 4 

Worth ington 5 

Williamsville • • • • 6 

Delaware 9 

Norton 10 

Waldo 6 

Marion 3 

Little Sandusky 12 

Kft 1 Upper Sandusky 7 

•^J, ! Tyraochtee 8 

^^1 McCutchinville 3 

g Tiffin 11 



(529) Columbus to Indianapolis 
Ia. 

To Alton 

West Jefferson 

La Fayette 

Summeriord 

Vienna 

Springfield 

Enon 

Fairfield 

Dayton 

Liberty 

MedUl 

West Alexandria. .. 

Eaton 

New Weslerville ••• 



14 

22 

27 

32 

42 

49 

56 

67 

. 7 74 

. 7 81 

. 6 87 

. 6 93 

.10 103 



Richmond, la. 
Centreviile ... 

Camb'-idge 

Dublin 



6 109 
6 115 
9 124 

2 126 



Fort Seneca 

Lower Sandusky. 



70 
73 
84 
92 
10 102 



(531)CoLUMBUS to Sandusky City. 

Qn., Cleveland and Col. R. R. 

To Worthington 9 

Delaware 14 23 

Cardiuglon 17 40 

Iberia 12 52 

Gallon 7 59 

Crestline 3 62 

Shelby ..11 73 

Mansfield and Sandusky R. R. 

Plymouth 9 82 

New Haven 2 84 

Centreviile ....•••• 6 90 

Havana 4 94 

Ponliac 4 98 

Monroeville 4 102 

Ladd's 8 110 

Sandusky 8 118 

(532) Columbus to Portsmouth. 
.17 



To South Bloomfield. 

Circleville 9 

Chillicothe 21 



,15 62 



4 66 



Waverly 

Piketon 

Lucasville 14 80 

Portsmouth 12 92 



190 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



(533) Cleveland to Columbus. 
Via Cin., Cleveland and Col. R. R. 

To Rockport 7 

Berea 5 12 

Olinstcad 3 15 

Eaton 7 22 

Grafton 3 25 

LaGnin-e 4 2!) 

Pittsfield 4 33 

Wellin-ton 3 3f) 

Roches^ti'i- 5 41 

New London 47 

Greenwich 7 54 

Shelby 13 67 

Crestline 11 78 

Gallon 3 81 

Iberia........ 7 88 

Cardinc'fon 12 100 

Delaware 17 117 

WorthinEClon 14 131 

CoLUMiius 9 140 

(534) Columbus to Lancaster. 

To Grove Port 12 

Lithopolis 5 17 

Green CasUe 5 22 

Lancaster 7 29 

(.535) Zanesville to Maysville, 
Ky. 

To Piitnara 1 

Fultonham 10 H 

Somerset 10 21 

RushviUe 8 29 

Lancaster 9 38 

Clear C-eek 8 46 

Tarleton 8 54 

Kingston 9 63 

Chillicothe 10 73 

Bourneville 13 86 

Bainbridge 11 97 

Rainsboro' 8 105 

Hillsboro' 10 115 

New Market 6 121 

Sugar-tree Ridge 7 1 28 

Scott 7 135 

Bentonville 10 145 

Aberdeen 10 155 

Maysville, Ky 1 156 

(536) Zanesville to Marietta. 

To Blue Rock U 

Rokeby 8 19 

McConnellsvi.ie 8 27 

Beverly 18 45 



Waterford 2 47 

Lowell 9 56 

Marietta 12 68 

(537) Zanesville to Wooster. 

To Dresden 15 

Adam's Mills 3 18 

Roscoe 12 30 

Coshocton 1 31 

Keene's 7 38 

Clark's 8 46 

Millersburg 8 54 

Holmesville 6 60 

Fredericksburg 5 65 

VVOOSTER 10 75 

(538) Wooster to Warren. 

To Smithville 8 

Marshallville 6 14 

Chippewa 6 20 

New Portage 6 26 

Akron 9 35 

Middlebury 2 37 

Tallmadire 3 40 

Brimfielci 5 45 

Franklin MiUs 5 50 

Ravenna 6 56 

Charlestown 5 61 

Parisville 5 66 

Newton Falls 5 71 

Warren 8 79 

(539) Lancaster to Mt. Vernon. 

To Pleasantville 9 

New Salem 4 13 

Thornville 5 18 

Jacksontown 4 22 

Newark 8 30 

St. Louisville 8 38 

Utica 4 42 

Homer 5 47 

Mount Vernon U 58 

(540) Chillicothe to Pt. Pleas- 

ant, Ky. 

To Richmond Dale 16 

Jackson 15 31 

Rocky Hill 8 39 

Thurman 6 45 

Rio Grande 6 51 

Gallipolis U 62 

Point Pleasant 6 68 

(541) Chillicothe to Marietta. 

To Gillespie viUe 15 

Allensville 12 27 



ROUTES IN OPIIO. 



191 



McArthurstown 8 

Lee 14 

Hcbardsville 3 

Athens 6 

Amesville 12 

Bartlett 8 

Wesley 4 

Harmer 

Marietta 



16 98 

1 99 

(542) Chillicothe to Maysville, 

Ky. 

Via West Union. 

To Bounieville 13 

Bainbridge 11 24 

Cynthiaim. 5 oy 

Sinkint^ Spring 10 39 

Locust Grove 6 45 

Dunbarton 6 51 

Dunkinsville 5 5G 

West Union 5 61 

Aberdeen 17 78 

Maysville 1 79 



(543) Wellsville to Ashtabula 

To West Point 7 

New Lisbon 7 

Franklin Square 5 

Salem — 5 

Greenford 5 

Canfield 5 

Orange 7 

Ohls Town 4 

Warren 6 

Bristolville 11 

North Bloomfield 5 

Orwell G 

Rome 5 

Morgan 4 

Eagleville 5 

Jefferson 4 

Ashtabula 9 100 

(544) Painesville to Canton. 

To Concord 4 

Chardon 7 11 

Munson 4 15 

Newbury 7 22 

Auburn 3 

Mantua 6 

Shalersville 5 

Ravenna 6 

Rootstown 5 

Randolph 5 

Hartville-' 6 

Canton 11 



(545) Painesville to Pittbeuro, 
Pa. 

To Concord 4 

Chardon " 7 11 

S*''7t'«n '.".'. 5 16 

Kurton 4 20 

Parkman '9 29 

Nelson 4 33 

Windham '4 37 

Bracevilie 5 42 

Warren 7 49 

Njlea- ; 6 55 

^V^d : . 5 60 

loungstown 4 64 

Poland g 79 

Beaver, (see 547j 31 loi 

Pittsburg .28 129 

(546) Cleveland to Wheeling, 
Va. 



Via fVooster. 

ToOhioCity 1 

Brooklyn 3 4 

Parma 3 7 

Strongsville 8 15 

Brunswick 6 21 

Medina g 29 

GuiKbrd 9 33 

Old Hickory 4 42 

Wooster 10 52 

Apple Creek 6 58 

Mount Eaton 9 67 

Deardoff's Mills 9 75 

Strasburg 3 79 

Canal Dover 5 34 

New Philadelphia 3 87 

Uhricksville 9 95 

DeersviJle 1 1 107 

Cadiz 12 119 

Short Creek 6 125 

Harrisville — 3 128 

Mount Pleasant 5 133 

Coleraine 5 133 

Martin's Feriy 5 143 

Wheeling, Va 1144 

(547) Cleveland to Wellsvillk. 
Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. 

To Newburgh 8 

Gravel Bank 

Bedford c 14 

Macedonia 6 20 

Hudson 6 26 

69lEarlvilie 6 32 



192 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



Ravenna 6 38 

Bootstown 5 43 

Atwater 6 4<J 

Lima 4 53 

Alliance 5 58 

Winchester 5 63 

Moultrie 3 6(i 

Bayard 3 69 

Rochester 1 70 

Hanover 5 75 

Brush Run 6 81 

Salinevilie 5 86 

Steuben ville Road 5 91 

Hammonds 3 94 

Yellower. 3 97 

Wellsville 2 99 



(548) Cleveland to Buffalo, N. Y. 

Cleveland and Erie R. R. 

To Euclid 9 

Wickliffe 5 14 

Willoushby 4 18 

Mentof 5 23 

Painesville 6 29 

Perry 6 35 

Madison — 5 40 

Unionville 2 42 

Geneva 3 45 

Saybrook 5 50 

Ashtabula 4 54 

Kingsville 6 60 

Conneaut 8 68 

Springfield 7 75 

Girard 5 80 

Fairview 5 86 

Swanville 3 88 

Ekie 7 95 

Erie and North East R. R. 

Harbor Creek 7 102 

North East 8 110 

State Line 4 114 

Buffalo and State Line R. R. 

Quincy 4 118 

Westfield 8 126 

Centerville 6 132 

Dunkirk 10 142 

Silver Creek 10 152 

Lagrange - . • . 2 154 

Evans Center 7 161 

18 Mile Creek 7 168 

Rodgers Road 5 173 

Buffalo 10 183 



(549) Cleveland to Buffalo, X.Y. 
Steamboat. 

ToFairport 30 

Ashtabula 33 63 

Conneaut 14 77 

Erie, Pa 30 107 

Dunkirk, N.Y 48 155 

Buffalo 43 198 

(550) Cleveland to Toledo. 

To Ohio City 1 

Rockport 7 8 

Dover 5 13 

North Ridge ville 7 20 

Elyria 4 24 

Amherst 8 32 

Henrietta 3 35 

Birmingham 3 38 

Florence 3 41 

Berlinville 4 45 

Milan 8 53 

Norwalk 4 57 

Monroesville 4 61 

Four Corners 3 64 

Lyme 3 67 

Bellevue 3 70 

Green Creek 10 80 

Lower Sandusky 8 88 

Black Swamp 8 96 

WoodviUe 7 103 

Stony Ridge 7 110 

Perrysburg 9 119 

Maumee City 1 120 

Toledo 10 130 

(551) Cleveland to Warren. 

To VVarrensville 8 

Barry 5 13 

Chagi-in Falls 7 20 

Bridge Creek 7 27 

Auburn 3 30 

Welshfield 3 33 

Parkmim 4 37 

Nelson 4 41 

Garrettsville 3 44 

Windham 3 47 

Braceville 5 52 

Warren 7 59 

(552) BucYRua to Mansfield. 

To Gallon 11 

Ribletl's 5 16 

Ontario 4 20 

Mansfield 7 T 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



193 



(553) Sandusky to Cincinnati. 
Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. 

ToBellevue 15 

Lodi 9 24 

Republic 5 29 

Tiffin 9 38 

Oregon H 49 

Cary 5 54 

Paterson 13 67 

Kenton U 78 

Bell Centre 12 90 

Richland 2 92 

Huntsville 3 95 j 

Bellefontaine 7 102 

West Liberty 8 110 ' 

Urbana 10 liO 

Springfield 14 134 

Little Miami R. R. I 

Yellow Springs 10 144 

Xenia 10 154 

Spring Valley 7 161 ! 

Claysville 7 1G8 

Waynesville 4 172 

Freeport 5 177 

Fort Ancient 3 180 ; 

Morrow 4 184 

Deerfield 5 189 

Foster's 4 193 

Loveland's 6 199 ' 

Polktown 2 201 

Germany 2 203 

Milford 2 205 

Plain ville 5 210 i 

Columbia 4 214 \ 

Cincinnati 5 219 

(554) Sandusky to Newark. 
Mansfield and Sandusky R. R. 

To Ladd's 8 

Monroeville 8 16 

Pontiac 4 20 

Havana 4 24 

Centreville 4 28 

New Haven 6 34 

PljTnouth 2 36 

Shelby* 9 45 

Spring Mill 6 51 

MANSFIELDf 5 56 

Columbus and Lake Erie R. R. 

Lexington 9 65 

Belville 5 70 

Independence 6 76 



I iAnkeneytown ,,..5 81 

I Fredericton 5 86 

I MoiNT Vkrnon 6 92 

Hunt's 6 98 

(Jambier.... 3 lol 

Utica 4 105 

St. Louisville 4 109 

Newton 3 112 

, Newark 5 117 

I * Connects with the Cin. Cleve- 
land and Coi. R. R. 
To Columbus, (see 531,) 73 miles. 
Cleveland, (see 53.!,) 67 miles, 
t Ohio and Feun. to cross here. 

(555) Sandusky to Chicago, III. 
To Amherstburg, C. VV....52 

Detroit, Mich 20 72 

Fort Gratiot 70 142 

Point au Barques 85 227 

Thunder Bay 70 297 

Presque Island 80 377 

Mackinaw 65 442 

Beaver Islands 50 492 

Manitou Islands 45 537 

Milwaukee, Wis- ... 150 687 

Racine 25 712 

Southport 13 725 

Chicago 57 782 

(556) Sandusky to Buffalo, N. Y. 

To Huron 14 

Cleveland 45 59 

Fairp.irt 30 89 

Asht.iijula 33 122 

Conneaut 14 136 

Erie, Pa 30 166 

Dunkirk, N. Y 48 214 

Buffalo 43 257 

(557) Buffalo. N. Y. to N. York. 
Attica and Buffalo R. R. 

To Lancaster 10 

Alden 10 20 

Darien 5 25 

Attica 6 31 

Tonawanda R. R. 

Alexander 3 34 

Batavia 8 42 

Byron 7 49 

Bergen 7 56 

Church ville 4 60 

Rochester 14 74 

17 



194 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



Auburn and Rochester R. R. I 

Brighton 4 78 

Pittslord 4 82 

Victor 12 94 

Canandaisjua 8 103 

Chapinsville 3 lOG 

Short's Milh 3 109 

Clifton Springs 5 114 

West Vienna 3 1 17 

East Vienna 1 US 

Oak's Corners 3 121 

Geneva 5 {26 

Waterloo 7 133 

Seneca Falls 4 137 

Cayuga Bridge 5 142 

Auburn 10 152 

Auburn and Syracuse R. R. 

Sennet 5 ISJ 

Skaneateles Junction 4 161 

Elbridge 1 1^52 

Camillus 8 170 

Geddes •• 6 1/6 

Syracuse 2 178 

Syracuse and Utica R. R. 

Manlius 10 188 

Chittenmgo 4 192 

Canastotu 

Wampsville 

Oneida Depot 

Verona Centre 

Rome ' 

Oriskany 

Whitesboro' 

Utica 3 231 

Utica and Schenectady R. R. 

Schuvler 8 239 

Herkimer 7 246 

Little Falls 6 252 

St. John^ville 10 2b2 

Palatine Church 3 26o 

Fort Plain 3 268 

Palatine Bridge 3 2tl 

rar.!:::::-.:::;:::::: i 

Tribes Hill 6 288 

Amsterdam 5 293 

Cranesville 4 29/ 

Hoffman's 3 300 

Schenectady y M\) 

Mohiwk and- Hudson R. R. 

Albany 16 325 

Steamboat, 
New York 145 470 



19d 
3 201 

3 204 

4 208 
9 217 
7 224 
4 228 



(558) Dunkirk, N. Y., to N. York. 
ria Jfew York and Erie R. R. 

To Forestviile 8 

Smith's MiUs 4 

Perrysbui-gh 7 

Dajlon 3 

Albion 9 

Little Valley 6 

Great Valley H 

Nine Mile Creek 8 

Alleghany 4 

Olean ■ • -" 4 

Hinsdale 7 



Cuba a '0 

Friendship 9 85 

Belvidere 5 90 

PhiUipsville 3 93 

Scio 4 97 

CJenesee 4 101 

Andover 9 110 

Baker's Bridge — 8 118 

Almond 4 122 

(loRNELLSVILLE 5 127 

Howard 10 137 

Goff's Mills 3 140 

Keimedysville 5 145 

Bath - 4 149 

Mud Creek 6 155 

Campbelitown 5 160 

Coopers 6 166 

Painted Tost 4 170 

Corning 2 172 

East Painted Post 3 175 

Big Flats 4 179 

Elmira 9 188 



7 195 

6 201 
4 205 

7 212 
2 214 
4 218 



Wellsburg 

Chemung 

Factory ville 

Barton 

Smith boro' 

Tioga Centre 

OwEGO 6 224 

Campville 7 231 

Union 6 237 

Binghamton 9 246 

Windsor •• • 5 251 

Great Bend 9 260 

Lanesboro' 9 269 

Gulf t-ummit 8 277 

Deposit 8 285 

Chehocton 13 298 

Stockport 4 302 

Equinunk 6 308 

nankins H 319 

Calicoon 7 326 



ROUTES IN OHIO. 



195 



Cohecton 5 331 

Narro\\'sburg 8 839 

Mast Hope 6 345 

Lackawaxen 6 351 

Barryville 4 355 

Pond Eddy 7 362 

Stairway Brook 2 364 

Port Jervis 9 373 

Shin Hollow 6 379 

Otisville 7 3813 

Howell's 5 391 

Middletown 3 894 

New Hampton 3 397 

Goshen 4 4)1 

Chester 5 406 

Oxford 3 4(;9 

Monroe 2 411 

Turner's 3 414 

Wilkes' 3 417 

Monroe Works 3 42() 

SloatsburiT 6 426 

Eamapo Works 1 427 

Sufferns 2 429 

Monsey 5 434 

Spring Valley 2 4:36 

Clarkstown 2 438 

Blau^-eltville 4 442 

Piermont, (town) 4 446 

PiERMONT, (pier) 1 447 

Steamboat. 
New York 24 471 

(559) Wheeling, Va., to Balti- 
more, Philadelphia, & N. York. 

Baltiinore and Ohio R. R. 

To Moundsville 11 

Eoseby-sKk. 7 18 

Cameron.... 10 28 

Wellino; Tunnel 2 80 

Bollton 6 36 

Br'd Tree 3 89 

Littleton 3 42 

Burton ... 7 49 

Glover's Gap 4 53 

Mannington 7 60 

Farraingtoii 7 67 

Barrackville 5 72 

Fairmount 5 77 

Benton's Ferry 4 81 

Nazum's Mills 8 89 

Valley Falls 2 91 

Fetterman 6 97 

Thornton 8 105 

Independence 6 111 

Simpson's 2 113 



Tunncltnn 6 119 

Pvolesbury 7 126 

Cr. Summit 9 137 

Oakland 10 147 

Altamor.nt 9 156 

Frankville 7 163 

Bloomington 8 171 

Piedmont 2 173 

New Creek 5 178 

Rawlin's Sta. 10 188 

Brady's MUl 6 194 

Cu.mberland 7 201 

Patterson's Creek 8 209 

Green Spring Kun 6 215 

Little Cacapon 7 222 

No. 12 Water Station 7 229 

Rockwell's Run 11 240 

Bruce'sDep 7 247 

Sir Johns Run 4 251 

Hancock.. 5 256 

Cherry Run 10 266 

N. Mountain 6 272 

Martinsburg 6 278 

KearneysviUe ■ . 9 287 

Duffield's 5 292 

Harper's Ferry 6 298 

Sandy Hook 1 299 

Berlin - ■ 5 304 

Point of Rocks 6 310 

Buckeystone 7 317 

Monocacy 4 321 

Ijamsville 5 826 

Monrovia 4 330 

Plane No.4 4 834 

Mount Airy. 2 336 

Plane No.l 3 339 

Gaithers 8 34T 

Sykesville 1 348 

Marriottsville 4 352 

Woodstock 3 355 

Elysville 4 359 

EUicott's Mill 6 865 

Relay House 6 871 

Mount Clare 7 378 

Baltimore. 2 380 

Philadelphia, Wilmington, and 
Baltimore R. R. 

Canton 3 383 

Stemmer's Run 7 890 

Chase's 6 396 

Gunpowder 4 400 

Ferryman's S 408 

Hall's Cross Roads 4 412 

Havre de Grace 5 417 



196 



ROUTES IN OHIO MICHIGAN. 



Cecil 1 418 

Charlestown 5 423 

North East 3 426 

Elktovvn 6 432 

Newark, Del 6 438 

Stanton 6 444 

Newport 2 446 

Wilmington 4 450 

Naaman"s Ore ik 8 458 

Marcus' Hook, Pa. 2 460 

Chester. 8 463 

Lazaretto 4 467 

Gray's Ferry 7 474 

Philadeli'iiia. 3 477 

Philadflphia and Trenton R. R. 
Philadelphia Depot. ...••.. 2 479 

Tacony 7 486 

Cornweirs 5 491 

Andalusia. 2 493 

Bristol 4 497 

Morrisville 9 606 

New B uHstcick S Trenton R. R. 

Trenton 1 507 

Princeton 10 517 

Kinssto- 4 521 

Dean's Pond 4 525 

New Brunswick 9 534 

New Jersey R. R. 

Metuchin 5 539 

Eahway 7 546 

Elizabethtown 6 552 

Newark 5 557 

Jersey City 8 565 

Steamhoat. 
New YoKK 1 566 

(560) Pittsburg to Philadelphia. 
Penn. Central R. R. 

To Liberty 

Irwin's 

Eadebanghs 

Latrobe 40 

Derry .... 9 49 

Blairsville Junction 9 58 

Lockport 7 65 

New Florence 5 70 

Nlnevah 5 75 

Johnstown — 10 85 

Conemauirh 2 87 

Half Way House 8 95 

Jefferson 4 99 

Summit 10 109 

HOLI.IDAYSBURG 10 119 

Altoona 6 125 

Fastoria 8 133 



Spruce Creek 13 146 

Petersburg 6 152 

Huntington 7 159 

Mill Creek 5 164 

Mount Union 6 170 

Hamilton 8 173 

McVeytown 10 183 

Andersons 5 188 

Lewiston 7 195 

Mifllintown 12 207 

Perryville 3 210 

Tuscarora 6 216 

Millerstown 7 223 

Newport 6 229 

Bailevs 4 233 

Aqueduct 5 238 

Duncannon 3 241 

Eockville 9 250 

H ARKISBURG 6 256 

Ilarrisburg and. Lancaster R. R. 

Hisrh Spire 6 262 

Middletown 4 266 

Elizabetlitown 9 275 

Mount Joy 6 281 

Dillervillc 11 292 

Lancaster 1 293 

Coliiinhia & Philadelphia R. R. 

Enterprise T 300 

Paradise 3 303 

Kinzies 4 307 

Penningtonville 7 314 

Parkeshurg 8 317 

Coatesville 5 322 

Downington 7 329 

Wluteland 4 333 

Paoli 6 339 

Westchester Turnout 3 342 

Morgan's Corner 7 349 

While Hall 3 352 

Head of Inclined Plane .... 7 359 
PniLADELPlIIA 4 363 



MICHIGAN. 

(561) Detroit to New BuFFALa 
Central Railroad. 

To Dearbornville 10 

Wayne 7 17 

Ypsilanti 12 29 

Geddes' Mills 4 33 

Ann Arbor 4 37 

Delhi 6 43 

Scio 2 45 



ROUTES IN MICHIGAN. 



197 



Dexter 2 47 

Davison's 9 5(5 

Franciscoville 6 G2 

GrassLake 3 C5 

Leoni 3 68 

Jackson 7 75 

Barry 5 80 

Gidley's Station 5 85 

Albion U 90 

Marenso 7 103 

Marshall 10<» 

Ceresco 5 114 

Battle Creek 8 122 

Charleston 10 132 

Galesburg 4 13«i 

Comstock 4 130 

Kalamazoo 4 144 

Paw Paw Station 16 160 

Decatur 8 168 

Dowagiac- 10 178 

Pokason 6 1S4 

Niles: 7 191 

Buchanan 5 196 

Terre Cloupee 6 202 

NewButliiio 16 218 

Michigan City 10 228 

Porter 12 240 

Lake • 8 248 

Gibson's 10 25S 

Junction 10 268 

8 Mile Side Track 

Chicago 10 278 



(563) Detroit to Lansing. 

ToRedford 15 

Livonia 3 IB 

Farraington 4 22 

Novi 5 27 

Kensington 10 37 

Brighton 7 44 

Genoa 5 49 

Howell 5 54 

Cedar 7 61 

Conway 6 67 

Phelpstown 9 76 

Williamstown 7 83 

Lansing 7 90 

(564) Detroit to Lansing. 

To Jackson, (see 561) 77 

Lansing, (see 576) 40 117 



(565) Detroit to Port Huron. 

To Roseville 9 

Mount Clemens 13 22 

New Haven 7 29 

Columbus 11 40 

St. Clair U 51 

Port Huron 12 63 

(566) Detroit to Pontiac. 
Detroit and Pontiac R. R. 

To Royal Oak 12 

Birmingham 6 18 

Pontiao 7 25 

(567) Detroit to Saginaw. 

To Pontiac, (see 566) 25 

VVaterford 5 30 

Austin 3 33 

Clarkson 3 36 

Springfield 3 39 

Groveland 7 46 

Slony Run 5 51 

Grand Blanc 4 55 

Flint 8 63 

Genesee 4 67 

Thetford 7 74 

Bridgeport 13 87 

Saginaw 11 98 

(568) Pontiac to Owasso. 

To Waterford Centre 5 

East White Lake 5 10 

White Lake 4 14 

Rose 6 20 

Fentonville 8 28 

Argentine 9 37 

Byron 5 42 

Vernon 6 48 

Shiawasse 5 53 

Corunna 5 58 

Owasso 4 62 

(569) Monroe to Chicago, III. 
Via Southern Railroad. 

To Ida 12 

Petersburg 8 2C 

Deerfield 4 24 

Adrian* 14 38 

Clayton U 49 

H udson 6 55 

Oseco 12 67 

Hillsdale 5 72 

JonesviUe 5 77 

County Line 9 86 

Cold Water 9 95 



198 



ROUTES IN MICHIGAN. 



Bronson's Prairie 13 108 

Fawn River 10 W* 

Sturgist 4 lib 

White Pigeon ••■•1; l;" 

Bristol, la ] \j' 

Elkhart 11 ]l° 



Mishawoka 



157 



SOI'TII V.KtiBX i \ti 

Terre (Joupei 
La Portk • 

Ilolmesville 
Calninct ■ 
Bailv Town 
Millers .... 
Ainsworth 



9 170 

18 188 
9 197 
9 206 
8 209 
8 217 

17 2:34 



Chicago.. 1'^ ^ 



(570) Monroe to Ann Arbor. 

To East Riiisinville 9 

North Raisin ville 3 

London 3 

Mihia 4 

York 4 

Saline » 

LotU • 3 

Ann Arbor " 

(571) Adrl^n to ToLEUo, O, 
Erie and Kalamazoo R. R. 

To Palmyra 6 

Blissfiold 4 

Ottawa Lake 8 

Sylvania 3 

Toledo ^- 

(57-2) Adrian to Ypsilanti 

To Raisin. 4 

Tecumseh 

Clinton 5 

Benton ' 

Saline 5 

Pittslield «> 

Ypsila.nti 5 



Grand Rapids 10 75 

Grandville 7 82 

Tallmadi^e 10 92 

Crockery Creek 8 100 

Grand Haven 9 109 

(574) Lansing to De.xter. 

To Delhi Centre 7 

Alaiedon 4 

Mason 4 

Ingham 9 

Stockbridge 9 

Unadilla 

De.xter 13 

(575) Lansing to Pontiac. 

To Williamstown 7 

Phelpstown 7 

Conway 9 

Cedar 6 

Howell 7 

Osceola Centre 5 

Hartland 5 

Highland 7 

Millord 4 

Commerce 6 

VVaterford Centre 5 

Pontiac 5 

(576) Lansing to Jackson. 



To Delhi Centre 

Alaiedon 

Mason 

Eden • 

Anrelius 

West Rives • . • 
Jackson 



(573) Lansing to Grand Haven. 

To Delta 

Eagle 

Portland 

Maple 

Lyons 

Ionia 

Avon • 

Flat River 

Ada 



(577) Jackson to Toledo, O. 
To Michigan Centre •. 

Napoleon 

Norvell 

Elba 

Manchester 

Clinton 

Tecumseh 

Raisin 

Adrian 4 

Erie and Kalamazoo R. R, 
Toledo, (see 571) 33 



(578) Jackson to Jonesville. 

To Spring Arbor 10 

Concord 4 14 

Scipio Centre 9 23 

Jonesville 4 27 



ROUTES IN MICHIGAN INDIANA. 



199 



(579) JIarsiiall to Coldwater. 

ToTekonsha 13 

Girard 5 18 

Coldwater 6 24 

(5S0) Marshall to Centreville. 

ToTekonsha 13 

Burlinstou 5 18 

Union City 4 22 

Sherwood 7 29 

FortPleasam 7 36 

Nottoway 6 42 

Centreville 5 47 

(581) Battle Creek to Grand 
Rapids. 

To Bedford 6 

Johnstown 6 12 

Hastin<,'s 12 24 

Grand Rapids 32 56 

(582) Kalamazoo to Mottville. 

To Schoolcraft 14 

Flowerfleld 5 19 

Three Rivers 8 27 

Constanline 9 36 

Mottville 6 42 

(583) Kalamazoo to Saugatuck. 

To Cooper 6 

Plainwell 5 11 

Otsego 4 15 

Allegan 11 26 

Manlius 10 36 

Saugattck 14 50 

(584) Kalamazoo to St. Joseph. 

To Paw Paw Station 18 

Paw Paw 4 22 

Hamilton 11 33 

Keelersville 4 37 

Bainbridge 7 44 

St. Joseph 12 56 

(585) NiLES to St. Joseph. 

To Berrien Springs 10 

St. Joseph 15 25 

(586) Detroit to Buffalo, N. Y. 

Steamboat. 
To Amherstburg, C. W. . . .20 

Sandusky, O. 52 72 

Huron 14 86 

Cleveland 45 131 

Fail-port 30 161 



Ashtabula 33 194 

Conneaut 14 208 

Erie, Pa , 30 238 

Dunkirk, N. Y 48 286 

Buffalo 43 329 

(587) Detroit to Chicago, III. 
Steamboat. 

Fort Gratiot 70 

Point au Barques 85 155 

Thunder Bay 70 225 

Presque Isle 80 305 

Mackinaw 05 370 

Beaver Islands 50 420 

Manitou Islands 45 465 

Milwaukee, Wis 150 615 

Racine 25 640 

Southport 13 653 

Chicago 57 710 

(588) Detroit to Fort Wilkins. 

{On Lake Superior.) 
Steaviboat. 

To Fort Gratiot 70 

Point au Barques 85 155 

Thunder Bay 70 225 

Presque Isle 80 305 

Sault St. Marie 100 405 

While Fish Point 40 445 

Hurricane River 40 485 

Pictured Rocks 35 520 

Fort Wilkins and Copper 

Harbor 120 640 

(589) Grand Haven to Milwau- 

kee. 
Sirnmboat. 
To Milwaukee 90 

(590) New Buffalo to Chicago. 

Steamboat. 

Michiran City, la. 10 

City West ■ /. 13 23 

Chicago, III 33 56 

INDIANA. 

(591) Indianapolis to Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 
Via Rusliville. 

To Sugar Creek 15 

Kinder 5 20 

Morristown 6 26 

Beech Grove 7 33 

Rushville 7 40 



200 



ROUTES IN INDIANA. 



New Stilein 7 47 

AnLlersijiiville - 4 51 

Laurel 6 57 

MetainDia 5 62 

Brook viile 7 69 

CedaiM.rove 8 77 

New Trenton 5 8-2 

Harrison, 6 88 

Clark's Store 4 9-2 

Miami 4 9t5 

Cheviot 6 10-2 

ClKCINXATI 7 109 

(59-2) Indianapolis to Cincinnati. 
Via Shelbyville. 

To Pleasantview 14 

Brandywine 6 20 

Shelbyville 6 26 

Coon's Creuk 8 'M 

St.Onier 3 37 

Greensbnrg 10 47 

Napoleon -12 59 

Delaw.ire 6 65 

North Hogan 5 70 

Manchester 7 77 

Lawrknceblrg 10 87 

Elizabethtowu, 6 93 

Cleves 3 98 

Dry Ridge ••• 5 101 

Cheviot 4 105 

Cincinnati 7 112 



(593) Indianapolis to Madison. 

Madisun and Indianapolis R. R. 

To Poulhport 6 

Greenwood 4 10 

Franklin 10 20 

Amity 5 25 

Edinburg 5 30 

Taylorsville 5 35 

CoLUMurs 6 41 

Elizabethtown 7 48 

Scipio — 7 55 

Queensville 3 58 

Vern-n 6 64 

But '.er's Switch 2 60 

Champion's Mill 4 70 

DupoMt 2 72 

Big Creek 2 74 

Middlelork 2 76 

Wert 4 80 

Madison 6 86 



(594) Indianapolis to LomsvTLLE. 

To Edinburg. (see 593). • • • 30 

leffersonville R. Ji. 

Taylorsville 5 35 

Columbus 6 41 

Bannerville 7 43 

Jonesville 3 51 

Eockford 5 56 

Farniington 6 62 

Langdons 4 66 

Baker's Mill 4 70 

Center Switch 4 74 

Vienna .•• 6 80 

Henryville. 8 88 

Men\phis 4 92 

Sellersburg • 6 98 

Jeffersontillk 9 107 

Louisville 1 108 

(595) Indianapolis to Teeke 

Haute. 

Terre Haute a n d Richmond B. R, 

To Bridgeport 9 

Plainfieid 5 14 

Cantersbnrjr 3 17 

North Belleville 2 19 

Claysville 2 21 

Morristown 4 25 

Crittenden 2 27 

Coatsville 2 29 

Fillmore- • 4 33 

Greencastle 6 89 

Hendricks 5 44 

Eeel'sMill 4 48 

Croy's Creek 4 52 

Brazil 5 57 

Highland 4 61 

Cloverland 2 63 

Woods Mills 2 65 

Teree Haute 8 73 

(596) New Albany to Juliet, 

New Albany and Salem R. R. 

To Bennetsvil'e 10 

New Providence 9 1> 

Pekin 5 24 

Harristown 6 80 

Salem 5 35 

Buena Yista 10 45 

Orleans 12 57 

Juliet.... 8 65 



ROUTES IN INDIANA. 



201 



(598) Indianapois to St. Louis, 

Mo. 
To Terre Haute, (see 597) . .75 

Livin^'stori, lil. 13 88 

Marshall 4 92 

Mai-tinsville 12 104 

Casey 6 110 

Greenup 10 120 

Woodbury 7 127 

Tentopolis 10 137 

Ewington 9 146 

Freemanton 5 151 

Howard's Point 9 160 

Cumberland 7 167 

Vandalia 6 173 

Mulberry Grove 9 182 

Greenville 8 190 

Hickory Grove 9 199 

Highland 14 213 

Troy 6 219 

CoUinsville 6 225 

St. Louis, Mo. 15 240 

(599) Indianapolis to Spring- 
field, 111. 

To Terre Haute, (see 597) 75 

Elbridge,Ill 10 85 

Paris 10 95 

Grandview 12 107 

HitesviUe 6 113 

Charleston 12 125 

Bethsaida 8 133 

Paradise 7 140 

Cochran's Grove 8 148 

Shelbyville 12 160 

Taylorsville 35 195 

Rochester 16 211 

Springfield 9 220 

(600) Indianapolis to Montezuma. 

To Hampton 12 

Danville 8 20 

New Winchester 7 27 

New Maysville 5 32 

Bainbridge 6 38 

Portland MiUs 14 52 

Rockville 13 65 

Montezuma 10 75 

(601) Indianapolis to Covington. 

To Clermont 8 

Brownsburg 6 14 

Jamestown 14 28 

New Ross 7 35 



Crawfordsvillk 10 45 

Waynetown 10 55 

HillsboiV 6 61 

Coles' Creek 5 66 

Covington 8 74 

(602; Indianapolis to Williams- 
port. 

To Crawfordsville, (see 001) 45 

Pleasant Hill 13 58 

Newtown 5 63 

Rob Roy 6 69 

Attica 4 73 

Williamsport 2 75 

(603) Indianapolis to La Fay- 

ette. 
To Crawfordsville, (see 601) 45 

Romney 15 60 

La Fayette 11 71 

(604) Indianapolis to La Fay- 

ETIZ. 

ToPiketon 9 

Royalton 5 14 

Thonileyville 5 19 

Lebanon 6 25 

Thornton 10 35 

Fninktort 12 47 

Jefferson 4 51 

Praiiieville 6 57 

Monroe 5 62 

Wyandotte 5 67 

Dayton 5 72 

La Fayette 7 79 

(605) Indianapolis to Niles,Mich. 

To Augusta 9 

Eagle Village 6 15 

Northfield 5 20 

Kirk's Cross Roads 12 32 

Midiigantown 10 42 

Middlelork 6 48 

Burlington ■ 5 53 

Carroll 10 63 

Logansport 8 71 

Metea 12 83 

Rochester 11 94 

Sidney 13 107 

Plymouth 10 117 

South Bend 24 141 

Bertrand, Mich. 8 149 

NiLES 4 153 



202 



ROUTES IN INDIANA. 



(606; Indianapolis to Green- 
ville, O. 

To Allisonville 11 

Nob'.esville 11 22 

Strawtown 7 29 

Audersou 17 46 

Chesterfield 5 51 

Yorktown 6 57 

Muncietown 8 65 

Smithfield 7 72 

Windsor 6 78 

Macksville 4 82 

Winchester 6 88 

Randolph 7 95 

Davk,0 5 100 

Greenville 10 110 

(607)I\DiANAPOLis to Columbus,0. 

To Cumberland 10 

Philadelphia 5 15 

Greenfield 5 20 

Kinnard 4 24 

Charlotteville 4 28 

Knightstown 5 33 

Lewisville 10 43 

Dublin 8 51 

Cambridge 2 53 

Centreville 9 62 

Richmond 6 68 

New Westerville, 6 74 

Eaton 10 84 

West Alexandria 6 90 

Medill 6 96 

Liberty 7 103 

Daytu'n 7 110 

Fairfield 11 121 

Enon 7 128 

Springfield 7 135 

Vienna 10 145 

Summerford 5 150 

La Fayette 5 155 

West Jefi^erson 8 163 

Alton 5 168 

Columbus 9 177 

(608) Bbookville to Cambridge. 

To Blooming Grove 7 

Everton 4 11 

Connersville 6 17 

INliiton 10 27 

Cambridge 2 29 

(609) LAWRENCEBURGtO MaDISON. 

To Aurora 4 

Rising Sun 8 12 



Grant'sCreek 4 16 

Patriot 6 22 

Florence 7 29 

Vevay 9 38 

Morefield 6 44 

Home 5 49 

Madison 10 59 

(610) Madison to Louisville, Ky. 

To South Hanover 5 

Saluda 6 11 

New Washington 7 18 

Charleston 11 29 

Utica 8 37 

Jeffersonville 9 46 

Louisville 1 47 

(611) Louisville, Ky., to Vin- 

cennes. 

To Portland 3 

New Albany, la 1 4 

Greenville ■" 12 16 

Palmyra 9 25 

Fredericksburg 5 30 

Hardinsburg 5 35 

Charabersbm-g 6 41 

PaoU 6 47 

Natchez 16 63 

Mount Pleasant 12 75 

Washington 15 90 

Berryville 7 97 

Vincennes 14 111 

(612) Louisville, Ky., to Or- 

LKANS. 

To Jeffersonville, la 1 

Hamburg 8 9 

Bennettsville 8 17 

New Providence. 5 22 

Pekin 3 25 

Salem .... •••• U 36 

Claysville 12 48 

Orleans 10 58 

(613) EdINBURG to RUSHVILLK. 

To Shelby ville 17 

Little Blue River 7 24 

Manilla 6 30 

RUSHVILLE 8 38 

(614) Madison- to Indianapolis. 
Madison and ImUanajmlis R. R. 

To Wert 6 

Middlelbrk 4 10 

BigCreek 2 12 



ROUTES IX in: 



203 



Dupont 2 14 

Champion's Mill 2 16 

Butler's Switch 4 20 

Vernon 2 22 

Queensville 6 28 

Scipio 3 3! 

Elizabethtown 7 38 

Columbus 7 45 

Taylorsville 6 51 

Edinburg 5 56 

Amity 5 61 

Franklin 5 66 

Greenwood 10 76 

Southport 4 80 

Indianapolis 6 86 

(615) Madison to Terre Haute, 

To Columbus, (see 614) .... 45 

Lefevre 8 53 

Nashville 12 65 

Unionville 10 75 

Bloomington 8 83 

Whitehall 7 90 

Spencer 8 98 

Vandalia 9 107 

Bowling Green 8 115 

Christie's Praii-ie 10 125 

Terre Haute 14 139 

(616) Bloomington to La Fay- 

ette. 

To Ellittsville 7 

Mount Tabor 6 13 

Gosport 3 16 

Mill Grove 9 25 

Clover Dale 5 30 

Putnamviile 7 37 

Greencastle 5 42 

Fincast!e 12 54 

Parkersbnrg 7 61 

Crawfordsville 13 74 

Roinney 15 89 

La Fayette 11 100 

(617) Mouth of Wabash River 

to La Fayette. 
Steamboat. 

To New Harmony 52 

Mount Carmel 45 97 

ViNCENNES 35 132 

Russellville 13 145 

Palestine 18 163 

Merom 5 1C8 

Hutsonville ". 8 176 

York 8 184 



Darwin 11 195 

Teure Haute 25 220 

Clinton 16 236 

Montezuma H 247 

Newport Landing 7 254 

Perry viile 18 272 

Covington 8 280 

Baltimore 3 283 

Pcrtland 8 291 

Williamsport 5 296 

La Grange 14 310 

La Fayette 13 323 

(618) EvANSviLLK to Terre 
Haute. 

To Sandersville 10 

Princeton 20 30 

Patoka 4 34 

VlNCENNES 20 54 

WestUnion 15 69 

Carlisle 8 77 

Merom 12 89 

Greysville 5 94 

Fiu-inan's Creek 5 99 

Prairie Creek 8 107 

Prairieton 7 114 

Terre Haute 9 123 

(619) Terre Haute to Looans- 

PORT. 

ToNuma 8 

Clinton 7 15 

Highland 10 25 

Newport 6 31 

Eugene 7 38 

Perryville 7 45 

Covington 7 52 

Portland 8 60 

Rob Roy 5 65 

Attica 4 69 

Shawnee Prairie 5 74 

West Point 8 82 

La Fayette 11 93 

Americus 11 104 

Delphi 7 111 

Lockport 9 120 

LOGANSPORT 12 132 

(620) Terre Haute to Craw- 
fordsville. 

To Roseville 15 

Rockville 9 24 

Bruin's Cross Roads 8 32 

Waveland 6 38 

Crawfordsville 14 52 



204 



ROUTES IN INDIANA— ILLINOIS. 



(621) LOGANSPORT to ToLEDO, O. 



9 



To Lewisburg 

Peru ! 

Wabash L 

La Gro i 

Huntiiii^toQ 1' 

Aboile H 

Fort Wayne 1 

New Haven 17 9''' 

Antwerp, 7 101 

Junction H 118 

Defiance 10 128 

Milldale 4 132 



Florida 

Napoleon 

Damascus.... 
Providence. •• 
Waterville ■ • 
Maumee City 
Toledo 



137 
8 145 
8 153 
G 159 

12 171 
5 176 

, 9 185 



(622) Fort Wayne to Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

To Poughkeepsie 12 

Decatur 1 



Limber Lost 

Bear Creek 

Jay 

Deerfield 

Winchester 

Lynn 

New Garden 

Chester 

Richmond 5 

Abington 9 

Brownsville 6 



Liberty 

Dunlapsville • 

Fairfield 

Brookville • 
Cedar Grove • 
New Trenton. 
Harrison, O. 



108 
114 
119 

5 124 

6 130 

7 137 

8 145 

5 150 

6 156 



Clark's Store 4 160 

Miami 4 164 

Cheviot 6 170 

Cincinnati 7 177 

(623) La Porte to Joliet, III. 

To Door Village 4 

Valparaiso 18 22 

Deep River 9 31 

Lake Court House 9 40 

Endor.Ill 10 50 

Crete 9 59 



Chelsea H 70 

Joliet 12 82 

(624) Michigan City to Indianap- 

olis. 

To La Porte 13 

Plymouth 30 43 

Indianapolis, (see 605)- • .117 160 

ILLINOIS. 

(625) Springfield to Cincinnati. 

To Roche^^ter 9 

Taylorsville 16 25 

Shelbyville 35 60 

Cochran's Grove 12 72 

Paradise 8 80 

Bethsaida 7 87 

Charleston 8 95 

Hitesville 12 107 

Grandview 6 113 

Paris 12 125 

Elbridge 10 135 

Terre Haute, Ia 10 145 

Van Bureu 12A57 

Brazil 7 164 

Manhattan 8 172 

Green Castle 7 179 

Stilesville 13 192 

Belleville • 8 200 

Plainfield 5 20o 

Bridgeport 6 211 

Indianapolis 9 220 

Cincinnati, (see 591) 109 329 

(626) Springfield to Golconda. 

To Zanesville 38 

Hillsboro' 

Hurricane 15 69 

Vandalia 12 81 

Foster's 13 94 

Salem 12 106 

Jordim's Prairie 14 120 

Mount Vernon 9 129 

Spring Garden H 140 

Benton 12 152 

Frankfort 7 lo9 

Marion 13 172 

Sarahsville 8 180 

Golconda ...28 208 

(627) Springfield to St. Loms. 

To Chatham 7 

Auburn 8 15 

Carlinville 24 39 



16 54 



ROUTES IN ILLINOIS, 



205 



Macoupin 6 45 

Shipman 8 53 

Monticello 14 67 

Alton. 5 72 

St. Louis, Mo. 24 96 

(628) Springfield to Naples. 
Sangamon and jMonran R. R. 

Berlin 17 

Island Grove 4 21 

Strown's 5 26 

Jacksonville 7 33 

Jones' 5 38 

Bethel 9 47 

Vaugundy 5 52 

Naples 5 57 

(629) Springfield to Quincy. 

To Naples, (see 628) 57 

Griggsville 10 67 

Beverlv 10 77 

Liberty 14 91 

Burton 6 97 

Quincy 9 106 

(630) Springfield to Keosuck, 

Iowa. 

To Richland 10 

Pleasant Plains 6 16 

Lancaster 7 23 

Virginia 10 33 

Beardstown 14 47 

Frederickville 4 51 

RUSHVILLE 8 59 

Camden 13 72 

Huntsville 6 78 

Pulaski 5 83 

Augusta 3 86 

Plymouth 5 91 

St. Mary's 4 95 

Elm Tree 7 102 

Carthage 7 109 

Warsaw 18 127 

Keoklck 4 131 

(631) Springfield to Burlington, 

Iowa. 
To Rushville, (see 630) .... 59 

Littleton 6 65 

Doddsville 6 71 

Macomb 13 84 

Blandinsville 14 98 

Burlington 24 122 

(632) Springfield to Lkwistown. 

To Alhens 14 

Petersburg 8 22 



Sangamon River 12 34 

Bath 8 42 

Havanna 8 50 

VVateriord 5 55 

Levvistown 5 60 

(633) Springfield to Chicago. 

To Twelve Mills 8 

Midaletown ..12 20 

Delavan 9 29 

Dillon 23 52 

Tremont 5 57 

Groveland 6 63 

Peoria G 69 

Chicago, (see 655) 165 234 

(634) Springfield to Covington, 

Ia. 

To IMechanicsburg 15 

Decatur 24 39 

Cerro Gordo 15 54 

Monticello 10 64 

North Bend 13 77 

Urbanna 9 86 

Homer 14 100 

Danville .-20 120 

Covington 15 135 

(635) Vincennes, Ia., to Shawnee- 

TOWN. 

To St. Francisville 10 

Armstrong 9 19 

Mount Carmel 9 28 

(Jraysville 18 46 

Phillipstown 9 55 

Carmi 9 64 

Emma 8 72 

New Haven 6 78 

Shawneetown 17 95 

(636) Vincennes to St. Louis, Mo. 

To Lawrenceville 9 

Prairieton 10 19 

Olney 13 32 

Maysville 16 48 

Xenia 16 64 

Frederickstown 9 73 

Salem 9 82 

Carlyle 24 106 

Shoal Creek 9 115 

Avibton 121 

Lebanon 11 132 

Rock Spring 4 136 

Belleville 9 145 

French ViUage 8 153 

18 



206 



ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 



Wiggins' Ferry 5 1 58 Steel's Mill 

St. Louis, Mo 1 159 Chester.. 



(637) ViNCENNES to Alton. 

To Carlyle, (see 636) 106 

Shoal Crenk 9 115 

Highland 8 123 

Marine Settlement 12 135 

Ed wardsville 13 148 

Upper Alton 12 160 

Alton 2 162 



(638) ViNCENNES to Chicago. 

To Russellville 10 

Palestine 15 25 

Hutsouville 8 33 

York 5 38 

Darwin 9 47 

Mai-shaU 10 57 

Paris 16 73 

Bloomfield 13 86 

Ridge Farm 10 96 

Georgetown 5 101 

Danville 10 111 

North Fork 15 126 

Milford 23 149 

Middleport 11 160 

Bulbonia's Grove 28 188 

Rockville 6 194 

Wilmington 12 206 

Reed's Grove 7 213 

Jackson Creek 4 217 

Joliet 7 224 

Lockport 6 230 

Des Plains 9 239 

Summit 10 249 

Chicago 13 262 

(639) Mt. Carmel to Fairfield. 

To Albion 18 

Wabash 9 27 

Fairfield 9 36 

(640^ Salem to Carmi. 

To Hickory Hill 18 

Fairfield 21 39 

Burnt Prairie 11 50 

Carmi 13 ,3 

(641) Salem to Chester. 

To ]\lount Zion 8 

Walnutllill 5 13 

Nashville 19 32 

Elkhoru 7 39 

Sparta 17 56 



.13 



(642) Shawneetown to CaT" 
Girardeau, Mo. 

To Bay 7 

Mount Airy 8 15 

Vienna 32 47 

Mount Pleasant 10 57 

Jouesboro' 12 69 

C<^dar Creek Landing 18 87 

Cape Girardeau 6 93 

(643) Shawneetown to St. Louis. 

To Equality 14 

Raleigh 12 26 

Gallatin 6 32 

Benton 20 52 

Mount Hawkins 20 72 

Nashville 22 94 

Akau 14 108 

Mascoutah 15 123 

Belleville 10 133 

French Village 8 141 

Wiggins' Ferry 5 146 

St. Louis 1 147 

(644) Shawneetown to Vandalia. 

To Duncanfown 23 

McLeansboro' 16 39 

Moore's Prairie 13 52 

Mount Vernon 14 66 

Jordan's Prairie 9 75 

Salem 14 89 

Foster's 12 101 

Vandalia 13 114 

(64.5) Cairo to St. Louis. 

Mill Creek 14 

Jonesboro' 20 34 

Urbane 12 46 

Murpheysboro' 13 59 

Jones' Creek 20 79 

Chester 8 87 

Kaskaskia 7 94 

Prairie De Roche 14 103 

Waterloo 21 129 

Columbia 8 137 

St. Louis 15 152 

(646) St. Louis, Mo., to Jackson- 
ville. 

To Alton 24 

Godfrey 7 31 

Delphi 6 37 



ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 



20*7 



Jerseyville 8 45 

Kane 5 50 

CaiTo'.Iton 8 58 

Whitehall 10 68 

Manchester 8 76 

Jacksonville 17 93 

(647) QuiNCY to Jacksonville, 

To Columbus 15 

Camp Point 6 21 

Claytou 6 27 

Mount Sterling 12 39 

Versailles 9 48 

Meredosia 7 55 

Bethel 8 63 

Jacksonville 12 75 

(648) QuiNCY to Peoria. 
Via Rushville, 

To Cohimbus 15 

Canap Point 6 21 

Clayton 6 27 

Mount Sterling 12 39 

Ripley 9 48 

Rushville 9 67 

Astoria 14 71 

Vermont 5 76 

Otto 7 83 

Lewistown 8 91 

Jackson Grove 7 98 

Canton 7 105 

Farmington 10 115 

Trivoli 7 122 

Peoria 18 140 

(640) QuiNCY to Knoxville. 

To Mendon 14 

Woodville 10 24 

Chili 3 27 

Carthage 14 41 

Fountain Green 11 52 

Macomb 17 69 

Drowning Fork 5 74 

Woodstock 14 88 

St. Augustine 3 91 

Hartford 7 98 

Knoxville 9 107 

(650) QuiNCY to Kkokuck, Iowa. 

To Ursa 10 

Lima 8 18 

Gre(}n Plains 8 26 

Warsaw 6 32 

Kkokuck 4 36 



(651) QuiNCY to Galena. 

To Macomb, (see 649) C9 

Swan Creek 16 85 

Monmouth 18 103 

Spring Grove 7 110 

North Henderson 6 116 

Pope Creek 6 122 

Farlow's Grove 8 130 

Pre-emption 5 135 

Camden's Mills 10 145 

Rock Island 3 148 

Moline 5 153 

Hampton 7 160 

Port Byron 7 167 

Cordova 5 172 

Albany 11 183 

Fulton 7 190 

Savanna 16 206 

Hanover 14 220 

Galena 15 235 

(652) Peoria to Covington, Ia. 

ToGroveland 8 

Tremont 6 14 

Mackinaw 7 21 

Stout's Grove 5 26 

Wilksboro' 5 31 

Bioomington 10 41 

Le Roy 16 57 

Santa Anna 10 67 

Mahomet 14 81 

Urbana 13 94 

Homer 14 108 

Danville 20 128 

Covington ••• ■ 15 143 

(653) Peoria to Burlington, 

Iowa. 

To Kickapoo 11 

Robin's Nest 3 14 

Brimfield 5 19 

French Creek 6 25 

Knoxville 18 43 

Galesburg 5 48 

Cold Brook 10 58 

Monmouth 6 64 

Oquawka 18 82 

Burlington 16 98 

(654) Peoria to Albany. 

To Mount Hawley 10 

Wyoming 19 29 

Toulon 6 35 

Wethersfield 11 46 

Buina 17 63 



208 



ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 



Geneseo 6 69 

Craiidell's Ferry 15 84 

Albany 12 96 

(G55) Peoria to Chicago. 

ToChilicothe 18 

Lacou 14 32 

Henry 5 37 

Hennepin 13 50 

Granville 4 54 

Peru 10 64 

Ottawa 15 79 

Marseilles 8 87 

Morris 18 105 

Dresden 9 114 

Channahan 6 120 

JOMET 7 127 

Lockport 6 133 

Des Plains 9 142 

Chicago 23 165 

(056) Per0 to St. Louis, Mo. 
Steamboat. 

To Hennepin 17 

Lacon 18 35 

ChilicoUie 11 46 

Rome 2 48 

Peoria 16 64 

Pekin 9 73 

Liverpool 25 98 

Havanna 9 107 

Beardstown 32 139 

LaGran^'e 8 147 

Meredosia 8 155 

Naples 7 162 

Florence 10 172 

Montezuma • • . 5 177 

Bridgeport 6 183 

Newport 9 192 

Gillord 18 210 

Mouth of Hlinois River .... 16 226 

Grafton 2 228 

Alton 18 246 

Missoiu-i River 3 249 

St. Louis 18 267 

(657) Peru to Galena. 

ToLaMoille 18 

Dixon 25 43 

Buffalo Grove 12 55 

Elkhorn Grove 8 63 

Rock Cieek 5 68 

Mount Carroll 12 80 

Elizabeth 22 102 

Galena 15 117 



(658) Ottawa to St. Charles. 

To Davton 4 

NorthviUe 16 20 

Pentield 9 29 

Br.stol 5 34 

Oswego 5 39 

Aurora 7 46 

Balavia 6 52 

St. Charles 4 56 

(659) Chicago to Detroit, Micu. 

Steamboat. 

To Michigan City, la. 40 

New Buffalo, ftiicn. .10 50 

Central Railroad. 

Buchanan 21 71 

Niles 6 77 

Dowagiac 11 "8 

Decatur 12 100 

Paw Paw Station 8 H'8 

Kalamazoo 16 124 

Corastock 4 I -'8 

Galesburg 4 1:2 

Charleston 4 1 36 

Battle Creek 10 NO 

Ceresco 8 1 54 

Marshall 5 ir>d 

Marengo 6 1('5 

Albion 7 172 

Gidley's Station 11 183 

Barry 5 IH8 

Jackson 5 1**^ 

Leoni 7 200 

Grass Lake 3 203 

Franciscovillo 3 206 

Davison's 212 

Dexter 9 221 

Scio 2223 

Delhi 2 225 

Ann Arbor 6 231 

Geddes' Mills 4 235 

Ypsilanti 4 239 

Wayne 12 2.51 

Dearbomville 7 2.58 

Dktroit 10 268 

(660) Chicago to Buffalo, N. Y. 

Steamboat. 

To Southport, Wis 57 

Racine 13 70 

Milwaukee 25 95 

Maiiitou Islands, Mich. ...150 245 

Beaver Islands 45 290 

Mackinaw 50 340 

Presque Isle 65 405 



KOfTE.-. IN JLLI>;01« 



-KENTUCKY. 



209 



Thunder Bay 80 *185 

Point au Barques 70 5.55 

Fort Gratiot. 85 640 

Detroit 70 710 

Amherstburc:, C. W. 20 730 

Sandusky, Ohio 52 782 

Huron 14 7913 

Cleveland... 45 841 

Fairport 30 871 

Ashtabula 33 904 

Conneaut It 918 

Erie, Pa. 30 948 

Dunkirk, N. Y 48 99(5 

Buffalo 43 1039 

(661) Chicago to Galena. 

Chicago and Galena R. R. 

To Noyesville ... 10 

Cottage Hill 7 17 

Babcock's Grovo 4 21 

Wheatland 4 £5 

Junction 5 30 

St. Charles Branch 5 35 

Elgin 7 42 

Gilberts ... 8 50 

Huntley 5 5.5 

Union 7 62 

Marengo 4 66 

Garden Prairie 6 72 

Belvidere . 6 7S 

Cherry Valley 6 S4 

KOCKFORD 8 92 

Stage. 

Vanceburg 19 111 

Ridott's .". 5 116 

Silver Creek 6 122 

Freeport 7 129 

Forestville 8 137 

Waddain's Grove 2 1 39 

Alida 2 141 

White Oak Springs 32 173 

Greenvale 5 178 

Galena 5 183 

(662) Chicago to Milwaukee. 

To Dutcliman's Point 13 

Wheeling 10 23 

Halt Dav 5 28 

Libertvville 6 34 

Abingdon 4 38 

Waukegan 6 44 

Otsego 5 49 

Soutuport, Wis. 12 CI 



Racine ]0 71 

Oak Creek 14 85 

Milwaukee 9 94 

(663) Chicago to Ottawa. 

Fla Plainfield. 

To Lyons 13 

Flag Creek 5 13 

Ciiss 5 03 

Plainfield ig 41 

;^usal)le 13 54 

Lisbon 10 64 

Holderman's Grove 4 68 

Ottawa ]8 86 

(664) Chicago to Dixon. 
To St. Charles Br., (see 661) 35 

i't. Charles 4 39 

Sugiu- Gn\'b 13 52 

Acasto 7 59 

Little Rock 3 g2 

Sonionauk 6 68 

Shabbouey's Grove 9 77 

Paw Paw Grove 7 84 

JMallugin Grove 9 93 

Lee Centre 8 101 

Dixon ....15 116 

(665) Dixon to Beloit, Wis. 

To Grand de Tour 6 

Oregon 9 j.^ 

Byron 11 26 

Kish waukee 10 36 

ROCKFORD (5 40 

Harlem 7 49 

Roscoe 4 .-)3 

Rockton 4 57 

Beloit 3 (50 

KEJJTUCKT. 
(666) Louisville to Cincinnati, O. 

Sl.ca III boat. 
To Cincinnati, (see 514).. . 140 

(667) Louisville to Cairo, III. 
Steamboat. 
To Cairo, mouth of the Ohio 

River, (see 514) 375 

(668) Louisville to Nashville, 
Tenn. 

To Salina \\ 

West Point Jo 21 

Elizabethtowu 22 4J 

18* 



210 



ROUTES IX KEXTUCKV. 



Nolan 10 53 

Leesville 12 65 

Mum ^irdsville 8 7:{ 

\Vn,>.ls..iiv;!lo 10 83 

PiX'Wett s Knob fi 89 

Three Forks* 4 93 

Dripping Spring 8 101 

Bowling Green 14 115 

Franklin '21 136 

aiiiclK'Hville, Tenu 8 144 

IMuUoy's • 5 149 

Tyree Springs 9 158 

Mansker's Creek 7 165 

Pleasant Hill 6 171 

Nashville 7 178 

* Mammoth Cave 7 — 100. 

(669) Louisville to Harrods- 

BURG. 

To Snow mil 11 

Mount Washington 11 22 

Higli (irove 6 28 

Bardstown 11 39 

Fredi^rickslown 8 47 

Spriiiyiield 9 56 

Poltsvilie 10 66 

Perryville 10 76 

Harrodsburg 10 86 

(670) Louisville to Shawnee- 

TovvN, III. 

To Salina 11 

Westpoint 10 21 

Garni-lisville 8 29 

Brandrnlmrg 11 40 

Clifiun Mills 14 54 

Hardinsbiirg 10 64 

Cloverport 11 75 

Hawt'sville 9 84 

Yelvinartou 16 100 

Oweiisboro' 10 110 

Hebbardsville 12 122 

Henderson 17 139 

Smith's Mills 12 151 

Mortcanlield 12 163 

Ralei-h 9 172 

Shawneeto'.vn, III 5 177 

(671) Louisville to Lexington. 
LoinsviUe and Frankfort R. R. 

To Williamson ."....14 

La(;)aM-t! 12 26 

Walnut (i rove 6 32 

Eminence 7 39 

Bellevue 2 41 



Christianburg 8 49 

Frankfort 16 65 

Ijexington and Frankfort R. R. 

Midway 14 79 

Lexington 14 93 

(672) Lexington to Cincinnati, O 

To Georgetown 12 

Little Eagle 15 27 

Ray's Fork 6 33 

Williarastown 14 47 

Dry Ridge 4 51 

Crittenden 7 58 

Walton 7 65 

Florence 9 74 

Dry Creek 3 77 

Covington 6 83 

Cincinnati 1 84 

(673) Lexington to Maysville. 

To Moreland 8 

Paris 7 15 

Millersbiirg 8 23 

Forest Retreat 6 29 

Lower Blue Lick 8 37 

Oak Woods 6 43 

May's Lick 6 49 

Washington 8 57 

Maysville 4 61 

(674) Lexington toOwiNGSviLLE. 

ToChildsburg 8 

Colbwille 7 15 

Winchester 5 20 

Mount Sterling 15 35 

Owingsville 15 50 

(675) Lexington to Knoxville, 

Tenn. 

To Nicholasville 12 

Boon's Knob 7 19 

Bryantsville 5 24 

Danville 10 34 

t^lantbrd ..11 45 

Walnut Flat 6 51 

Crab Orchard 4 55 

Mount Vernon 13 68 

London 19 87 

Lynn Camp 13 100 

Barbom-sville 12 112 

Cumberland Ford 16 128 

Yellow Creek 8 136 

Cumberland Gap 7 143 

Tazewell, Tenn. 12 155 

Sycamore 5 160 



ROUTES IN KENTUCKY. 



211 



Thorn Hill 7 107 

Bean's Station 4 171 

l?.itk-<ige 10 181 

ypr.n-c House 7 IH8 

Biaiu's Cross Roads 7 195 

Acidoraia 9 204 

Knoxvillk 10 '214 

<67G) Lexington to Nashville, 
Tenn. 

To Pekin 12 

Shawnee Run 12 24 

HARRODSBURiJ 7 31 

Peiryvilte 10 41 

Lebanon 18 5S) 

HaysviUe 6 65 

Canipbellsville 12 77 

Gn.-cnsburg 12 89 

Monroe 12 101 

BiUt; Springs 10 HI 

Glasgow 13 124 

Cedar Spring 12 130 

Soltsville 13 149 

Gallatin 33 182 

Hl ndersonville 10 192 

Pleasant Hill 9 201 

Nashville 7 208 

(077'i Frankfort to Cincinnati. 

To Forks of Elkhorn 4 

Cave Spring 4 8 

Great Crossings 7 15 

Georgetown 3 18 

Cincinnati, (see 672;) 72 90 

(678) Frankfort to Madison, Ia. 

To Consolation 10 

Christianbnrg 5 15 

Pleusnreville 7 22 

Newcastle 6 28 

Campbellsburg 10 38 

Bedford 6 44 

Milton 11 55 

Madison, Ia. 1 56 

(079) Paris to Cincinnati. 

To Ruddles Mills 6 

Cynthiana 8 14 

Clavsville - 12 20 

Havilandsville 5 31 

Falmouth 9 40 

Flower Creek 8 48 

Grant's Lick 10 58 

Ale.«:andria 7 65 

Cold Spring 6 71 

New|)ort 7 78 

Cincinnati 1 79 



(680) Bowling Green to Glas- 
gow. 

To Smith's Grove 14 

Merry Oaks 7 21 

Glasgow 10 31 

(68i) Bowling Green to Colum- 
bus. 

To South Union 14 

Allison 7 21 

Russellville 7 28 

Elkton 15 43 

Fairview 9 52 

HOPKINSVILLE 11 63 

Belleview 11 74 

Cadiz 10 84 

Canton 7 91 

Aurora 10 101 

Wadesboro' 12 113 

Mayfleld 20 133 

Fancy Farm 10 143 

Milburn 11 154 

Columbus 8 102 

(082) Russellville to Nashville, 
Tenn. 

To Adairsville 10 

Springfield, Tenn 15 25 

Nashville 25 50 

(683) Russellville to Clarks- 

viLLE, Tenn. 

To Allensville 14 

Hadensville 4 18 

Minor's Nursery, Tenn. .... 6 24 
Clarksville 12 36 

(684) Hopkinsville to Nashville, 

Tenn. 

To Oak Grove 14 

New Providence 10 24 

Clarksville 2 26 

Fredonia .11 37 

Tliomasville 4 41 

Fiser's Cross Roads 8 49 

Nashville 22 71 

(685) HoPKINS^^LLE to Paducah. 

To Oakland 12 

Princeton 14 2R 

Eddyville 12 38 

Smithland 25 63 

Paducah 18 81 



212 



ROUTES IN KENTUCKY MISSOURI. 



(68G) Padi'cah (mouth of Tennes- 
see River) to Florknck, Ala. 
Steajiiboat. 
To revnoldsburg, Teun. . .105 

PerrjvUle 50 155 

Carrulisville 20 175 

SavaiHuli 35 iilO 

Florence 64 274 

(687) Smithland (mouth of Cum- 
berland River) to Nashville. 
Steamboat. 

To Eddyville 33 

Canton 25 58 

Tobacco Port, Tenn 14 72 

Dover 12 84 

Paimvra 26 110 

Clarksville 11 121 

Nashville 63 184 

MISSOURI. 

(6SS) St. Louis to New Orleans. 
a team boat. 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo 9 

Harrifeuuville, 111. 19 23 

Herculaneum, Mo 2 30 

Selmi^ Mo 4 34 

St. Genevieve, Mo 25 59 

Ciiester, [11 16 75 

Baiubridge, Mo 45 120 

Cape Girardeau, Mo 12 1:52 

Commerce, Mo 12 144 

Cairo, 111, (mouth of Ohio 

Riven 28 172 

Columbus, Ky 18 190 

Hickman, Kv 15 2U5 

New .\iadrid,' Mo.. .-.••••. .42 247 

Little Pr.iirie, Mo. .30 277 

Obion River, Tenn 29 306 

Asli j)ort, Tenn 8 314 

Osceola, Ark. 12 326 

Fulton, Tenn 10 336 

Randolph, Tenu., (mouth of 

Hatch ie River) 11 347 

Greenock, Ark. 33 380 

Memphis, Tenn. 34 414 

Commerce, Ark 27 441 

Peyioii, Miss. 33 474 

Sterlui,', Ark., (mouth of St. 

I'riuicis River) 12 486 

Helena, Ark. 10 496 

Delta, Miss. 10 506 

Victoria, Miss 65 571 



Montgomerj's Point, Ark.. I 572 
Napoieon, Ark., (moa-h ol 

Arkansa-s River) 20 .592 

Bolivar Court House, Miss. 12 604 

Columbia, Ark. 53 657 

Princeton, Miss 45 702 

Piovidence, La. 29 731 

Yazoo River, Miss 61 792 

ViuKSBLRG, Miss 12 804 

VYarrenton, Miss 10 814 

Carthage, La. 19 833 

Grand Gulf, Miss. 27 860 

Bruinsbunr, Miss. 10 870 

Rodney, Miss 10 880 

Natchez, Miss 31 911 

Ellis Cliffs, Miss. 18 929 

Homochitta River, Mias. . -26 955 

Fort Adams, Miss 10 965 

Red River Island, La 11 976 

Point Coupee, La. ) ^n iaoc 
St. 1 rancisville, La. p--^" ^^^^ 

Port Hudson 11 1047 

Baton Rouge, La 25 1072 

I laquemine. La 23 1095 

Doruddsonville, La 34 1129 

Jefferson College, La 19 1 148 

Red Church, La 38 1186 

Ci-rroilton, La 20 1206 

La Fayette, La 4 1210 

New Orleans, La 2 1212 

(689) St. Louis to Falls or St. 

Anthony. 

StcaTiiboat. 

To Missouri River 18 

Alton, 111 3 21 

Grafton, 111. 18 39 

Illinois River, 111 2 41 

Gilead, Hi 32 73 

Hamburg, 111 10 83 

Clarksville, Mo 13 96 

Louisiana, Mo. 11 107 

Hannibal, Mo 25 132 

QnNCY, III 18 150 

La Grange, Mo 10 160 

Tully, Mo. 7 167 

Warsaw, 111. } 17 i84 

Des Moines River j i^'io* 

Keokuck, Iowa 4 188 

Montrose, Iowa ^ 10 onn 

Nauvoo, lU. ) ^~ -"" 

Madison, Iowa 10 210 

Burlington, Iowa 20 230 

Oquawka, lU 17 247 

New Boston, lU 19 266 



ROUTES IN MISSOURI. 



213 



Iowa Fiver, Iowa 1 267 

Muscaline, Iowa 25 292 

Fairpon, Iowa 7 299 

And;ilusia, ill 10 309 

Rock Island, 111. I q lis 

Davenport, Iowa \ 

Hampton, 111 11 329 

Purkliurst, Iowa 8 337 

Albany, 111 19 35(5 

Ljons, Iowa 9 365 

Charleston, Iowa 15 380 

Savannah, 111 2 382 

Bt'ile view, Iowa 19 401 

Fever River, 111., (to Galena 

miles) 7 408 

Dubuque. Iowa 20 428 

Peru, Jowa 8 436 

Cai^sville, Wis 23 4.i9 

Gottenburg, Iowa 6 465 

Wisconsin River 20 485 

Fort Crawlord 2 487 

Prairie du Chien 2 489 

Upper Iowa River 38 527 

Bad Axe River 12 539 

Root ! iver 23 562 

Black River 12 574 

Chippewa River 68 642 

Maiden's Rock ) o_ p,.~ 

Lake Pepin ) ""^ ^^ 

St. Ci-oix River 35 702 

St. Paul 26 728 

Mendota i , ,^„r. 

Fort t^nelling ^ ^ '"" 

St. Anthony 7 740 

(690) St. Louis to Council Bluffs. 

Steamboat. 
To mouth of Missouri River 18 

St. Charles 24 42 

Missouriton 21 63 

Newport 26 89 

Griswold City 8 97 

Hermann 16 113 

Portland 17 130 

Cote Sans Dessein 20 150 

Jefferson City 10 160 

Murion 17 177 

Nashville 10 187 

Rocheport 13 200 

Boonville 11 211 

Arrow Rock 15 226 

Glasww 12 238 

Chariton 3 241 

Grand River 20 261 

Eeedsburg 23 284 



Lexington 27 311 

Camden 17 328 

Sibley 16 344 

i-ivingston 17 361 

Kansas River 20 381 

Parksville 8 389 

Platte River 2 391 

Fort Leavenworth 20 411 

Weston 7 418 

St. Joseph 60 478 

Noddaway River 14 492 

Wolf River 16 508 

Great Nemahaw River 18 526 

Nishnebotna River 25 551 

Little i'" emahaw River 12 563 

PIktte River 70 633 

Bellevue TriKling House ... 12 645 
Council Bluffs 40 685 

(691) St. Louis toKEOKucK,IowA. 

To Waltonham 9 

Feefee 6 15 

St. Charles 5 20 

Wellsburg 16 .36 

Flint Hill 7 43 

Tioy 10 53 

Auburn 12 65 

Prairieville 10 75 

Bowling Green 10 85 

Franklbrt 14 99 

New London 8 107 

Hannibal 8 115 

Palmyra 13 128 

La Grange 20 148 

Tully 7 1.55 

Alexandria 20 175 

Keokuck, Iowa 4 179 

(692) St. Louis to Little Rock, 

Ark. 

Carondelet 5 

Jefferson Barracks 4 • 

Oakville 5 14 

Sulphur Springs 8 22 

Herculaneum 9 31 

Hillsboro' 11 42 

Glenfinlay 10 52 

Old Mnes 10 62 

Potosi 7 69 

Caledonia 12 81 

Iron Mountain 10 91 

Farmington 14 105 

Mine La M()«te 5 110 

Fredericktown 12 122 

GreenviUe 35 157 



214 



ROUTES IN MISSOURI. 



Cane Creek 18 175 

Hicks' Ferry, Ark 32 207 

Fourche Dumas 15 222 

Pocahontas 8 230 

Jackson 15 45 

Sraithville 14 259 

Reed's Creek 12 271 

Batesville 24 205 

Rock Point 11 306 

Searcy Court House 32 338 

Oakland Grove 25 363 

Little Rock 30 393 

(693) St. Louis to New Madrid. 

To Carondelet 5 

Jeflferson Barracks 4 9 

Oakville 5 14 

Sulph ur Springs 8 22 

Cliiton 5 27 

Herculaneum 4 31 

Selma 8 39 

RushTower 8 47 

St. Genevieve 14 61 

St. Mary's Landing 12 73 

Ferryville 12 85 

Apple Creek 12 97 

Jackson 16 113 

Cape Girardeau 11 124 

Benton 16 140 

Pleasant Plains 10 150 

Ogden 8 158 

New Madrid 23 181 

(694) St. Louis to Fort Leaven- 
worth. 

To Waltonham 9 

Feefee 6 15 

St. Charles 5 20 

Cottleville 12 32 

Navlor's Store 3 35 

Hickorv Grove 13 48 

Warrenton 10 58 

High Hill 9 67 

Danville 18 85 

Williamsburg 10 95 

Jones' Tan Yard 7 102 

Fulton 8 110 

Millersburg 12 122 

Columbia 12 134 

Rocheport 13 147 

Fayette 15 162 

Glasgow 11 173 

Fort Leavenworth, (see 
701) 149 322 



(695) St. Louis to Jeffersom 

City. 
Via St. Charles. 

To Fulton, (see 694) 110 

Now Bloomfield 11 121 

Hibemia 10 131 

Jefferson City 1 132 

(696) St. Louis to Jefferson 

City. 
Via Mt. Sterling. 

To Rock Hill 8 

Manchester 11 19 

FoxCreek 14 33 

Union 22 55 

Adamsburg 23 78 

Mount Sterling 14 92 

Lyiui 16 108 

Lisle 8 116 

Jefferson City 10 126 

(697) Jefferson City to Inde- 

pendence. 

To Marion 15 

Moniteau 5 20 

Midway 9 29 

Clark's Fork 6 35 

Booneville 10 45 

LaMine 10 55 

Arrow Rock 12 67 

Marshall 15 82 

Mount Hope 25 107 

Dover 7 114 

Lexington 11 125 

Wellington 12 137 

Fort Osage 16 153 

Independence 12 165 

(698) Jefferson City to Fort 

Leavenworth, 

To Booneville, (see 697) 45 

Franklin 4 49 

Favette 10 59 

I Glasgow 11 70 

Fort Leavenworth, (see 
701) 149 219 

(699) Jefferson City to Fort 
Smith, Ark. 

To High Point 15 

Versailles 25 40 

Cole Camp 24 64 

Warsaw 16 80 

Rocky Ridge 13 



93 



Judah'sGap 8 101 



ROUTES IN MISSOURI IOWA. 



215 



Eikton 9 110 

Bolivar 18 128 

Richland 18 146 

Springfield 12 158 

Crane Creek 27 185 

McDonald 16 21)1 

Wash bourn's Prairie 17 218 

Bentonville, Ark 22 240 

Fayetteville 28 268 

Boonsboro' 18 286 

Evansville 11 297 

Natural Dam 12 309 

Van Buren • • • • 14 323 

Fort Smith 7 330 

(700) Jefferson City to Cape 
Girardeau. 

To Westphalia 9 

Mavais 17 26 

Kinderhook 10 36 

Spanish Prairie 12 48 

Marumec 15 63 

Steelville 12 75 

Osage 12 87 

Harmony 15 102 

Caledonia 15 117 

Iron Mountain 10 127 

Farmington 14 141 

Mine La Motte 5 146 

Fredericktown 12 158 

Paton 24 182 

Jackson 14 196 

Cape Girardeau 11 207 

(701) Glasgow to Fort Leaven- 
worth. 

To Kevtesville 18 

Brunswick 11 29 

Pleasant Park 10 39 

Dewitt 6 45 

Carrollton 7 52 

Round Grove 13 65 

Richmond 14 79 

Crab Orchard 9 88 

Liberty 20 108 

Barry 10 118 

Platte City 15 133 

Weston 9 142 

Fort Leavenworth 7 149 

(702) Glasgow to Hannibvl. 

To Roanoke 13 

Mount Airy 6 irf 

Huntsville ... 6 24 

MUton 12 36 



Madison 7 43 

Paris 12 55 

Somerset 12 67 

Sharpsburg 7 74 

Hydesburg 14 88 

Hannibal 9 97 

(703) Maramkc to Springfield. 

To Little Prairie 10 

Liitle Piney 20 30 

Pine Blutr 8 38 

Waynesville 12 50 

Bellefonte 11 61 

Oakland 13 74 

Cave Spring 12 86 

Woodbury 16 102 

Pleasant Prairie 12 114 

Walnut Foi-est 13 127 

Springfield 8 135 

IOWA. 

(704) Iowa City to Keokuck. 

To Washington 30 

Fairfield 2G 56 

Keosauqua 24 80 

Bentonsport 10 90 

Farmington 8 98 

Keokl'ck 32 130 

(705) Iowa City to IMuscatine. 

To West Liberty 14 

Overman's Ferry 10 24 

Muscatine 11 35 

(706) Keokuck to Burlington. 

To Montrose 12 

Fort Madison 12 24 

Augusta 11 35 

Burlington 10 45 

(707) Fort Madison to Farming- 

ton. 

To West Point 10 

Tuscarora 8 18 

Farmington 11 29 

(708) Burlington to Fort Des 

Moines. 

To Hartford.... r IB 

Mount Pleasant 9 27 

Rome 8 35 

Fairfield 16 51 

ottumwa 25 76 

Eddyville 16 93 



216 



ROUTES IN IOWA WISCONSIN. 



Oskaloosa 13 105 

Red Rock 29 134 

t'oRT Dks Moines 31 165 

\709) Burlington to Muscatink. 

To Yellow Springs 15 

Linton 9 24 

Wapello 7 31 

Grandview 9 40 

Muscatine 14 54 

(710) Muscatine to Davenport. 

To Fail-port 7 

West Bufifalo U 18 

Rockingham 8 26 

Davenport 4 30 

(711) Davenport to Dubuque. 

To Dewitt 19 

Maquoketa 22 41 

Andrew 7 48 

La Motle 14 62 

Dubuque 12 74 

(712) Davenport to Dubuque. 

To Berlin 16 

Princeton 6 22 

Camanche 8 30 

Lyons 10 40 

Elk River 10 50 

Bellevue 24 74 

TetedesMotte 10 84 

Dubuque 12 96 



WISCONSIN. 

(713) Madison to Galena, III. 

To Middleton 8 

Blue Mound H 22 

Ridireway 9 31 

Dodt,'eville • 9 40 

Mineral Point 8 48 

Belmont 13 61 

Platteville 7 68 

Benton 12 80 

Hazel Green 5 85 

Galena,Ill 11 96 

(714) Madison to Rockford, III. 

To FitcViburg 11 

Rutland 6 17 



Union 5 22 

Osborn. 5 27 

Warren 3 30 

Janesville H 41 

Rock Valley 7 48 

Beloit 6 54 

Rockton 3 57 

Roscoe 4 61 

Harlem 4 Co 

Rockford 7 72 

(715) Madison to Milwaukee. 

Cottage Grove 8 

Deerfleld 8 16 

Lake Mills 9 25 

Aztalan 3 28 

Watertown 10 38 

Ixonia 8 46 

Summit 8 54 

Delafield 4 58 

Howard 7 65 

Waukesha 3 68 

Brooktield 5 73 

Wawatosa 6 79 

Milwaukee 5 84 

(716) Madison to Green Bay. 



To Windsor. 
Low vi lie. 



11 

14 25 

Wyocena 9 34 

Fort Winnebago 8 43 

Rock Hill 17 59 

Kint^ston 2 61 

Grand Prairie 4 6o 

Tichora 5 70 

Green Lake 6 76 

Rosendale 14 90 

Fond du Lac 13 103 

Taycheda 3 106 

Calumet Village 10 116 

Pequot 3 119 

Slockbridge 8 127 

Bridu'eport 18 145 

Green Bay 17 162 

(717) Milwaukee to Cuicago, III. 

To Oak Creek ,9 

Racine 

South port 

Otsego, 111 

Waukegan 

Abingdon 

Liberty ville •••• 



14 23 

,...10 33 

....12 45 

....5 50 

.... 6 56 

....4 60 



ROUTES IN WISCONSIN. 



217 



Half Day 6 66 

Wheeling 5 71 

Dutchman's Point 10 81 

Chicago 13 91 

(718) Milwaukee to Janesvillk. 

To Greenfield 9 

New Bei'lin 5 14 

Vernon 6 ^0 

Mukwonego 6 26 

EastTroy 6 32 

Troy 3 3o 

Sugar C:reek 8 43 

Richmond 9 52 

Johnstown 3 55 

Janesville 11 66 1 

(719) Milwaukee to White 

Water. ! 

ToWawatosa 5 

Brookfield 6 11 

Waukesha 5 16 

Genesee 8 24 

Ottawa 6 30 

Piilmy ca 8 38 

White Water 10 48 

(720) Milwaukee to Fond du Lac. [ 

ToGranville 10 

Menominee Falls 7 17 

Polk 20 37 

Ihimer 7 44 

Theresa 8 52 

fprinulield 6 58 

Byron" 5 63 

Fond Du Lac 8 71 

(721) Milwaukee to Sheboygan. 

To Good Hope 8 

Meqnon Riv*»r 6 14^ 

Cedarburg 6 20 

Graitun 3 23 

Sackville 4 27 

Ozaukie 4 31 

Cedar Grove 12 43 

Gibbville 6 49 

Sheboygan Falls 6 55 

Sheboygan 6 61 

(722) Milwaukee to Sheboygan. 

Steamboat. 

To Ozaukie 28 

Sheboygan 30 56 



(723) Racine to Janesville. 

To Fountain 7 

Ives' (irove 8 15 

York ville 5 20 

Rochester 4 24 

Burlington 5 29 

ypring Prairie 7 36 

Eikhora y 44 

Delevan (] 50 

I'iii'ien 4 54 

Fairfield 3 57 

Emerald Grove 7 64 

Janesville 8 72 



(724) Southport to Be 



LOIT. 

To Pleas;mt Prairie 4 

Bristol 6 10 

Salem 9 19 

Geneva 15 34 

GenevaBay 6 40 

Walworth 4 44 

i^liaron 50 

Allen's Grove 3 53 

Clinton (j 59 

Beloit 9 (38 



(725) Janesville to Fond du Lac. 



To Milton. 
Koskonong 



8 
8 16 



Fort Atkinson 5 21 

Jefferson 

, Jiihnson's Creek 

j Watertown 



6 27 
5 32 
10 43 



Emmet 5 47 

Clyman 3 50 

Uak Grove 6 56 

Beaver Dam 7 63 

Waushai-a 10 73 

Waupun 10 83 

Lamartine 9 92 

Fond DU Lac 9 101 

(720) Janesville to Galena. 

To Bachelor's Grove 8 

Spring Valley 5 13 

Decatiu- 7 20 

Monroe 12 32 

Wiota 12 44 

Shullsburg 20 64 

White Oak Springs 6 70 

Galena 10 80 

19 



218 



ROUTES IN WISCONSIN" MINESOTA. 



(727) Sheboygan to Neenah. 

To Sheboygan FaUs 5 

Plymouth 9 14 

Green Bush 6 20 

Owascus 10 30 

Fond Du Lac 11 41 

Friendship 5 46 

Oshkosh 13 59 

Vinland 6 65 

Groveland 5 70 

Neenah 5 75 



MINES OTA. 

(728) St. Paul to New Orleans. 

Steamboat. 
To St. Louis, (see 689). . 728 
NewOrleans, (see 688) 1212 1940 

(729) St. Paul to Falls of St. 

Croix. 

To Stillwater 17 

Marine Mills 12 29 

Falls OF St. Croix 20 49 



Milwaukee and IMiss. R. R. 



MiLWATTKIE 

To Wauwatosa 5 

Elm Grove 5 10 | Palmyra. . . 

Powers' Mill 4 14 Whitewater 

Plank Koad 3 17 ! Child's Station 5 55 

Waukesha • 

Genessee 



North Prairie 
Eagle Prairie . 



20 ; Milton 7 

28 Janesville. 



219 

THE 

PACIFIC STATES AND TEMITOIUES. 



[n this division of the United States are included the Territory of 
Oregon, and the extensive regions recently acquired from the Mexican 
Republic, known as Alta California and New Mexico. The whole lies 
between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, and between the 
Rio Gila on the S. and the 49th parallel of north latitude on the N. ; 
within which limits the area is estimated at 992,474 square miles. In 
this aggregate, however, is included all that portion of New Mexico 
lying east of the Rio Grande, and which was formerly claimed by Texas 
as a part of her territories. 



THE TERRITORY OF OREGO^^ 

Area 341,463 square miles. — Population 13,293.* 

Oregon is situated between 42° and 49° N. lat., and between 109° and 
124° W. long. ; and is bounded N. by the British Possessions ; E. by the 
Rocky Mountains; S. by Alta California; and W. by the Pacific Ocean. 

Oregon is a country of huge mountains, and wide, elevated plateaux. 
It is divided by two great ranges into three distinct portions. From the 
Pacific Ocean to the Cascade range, a distance of from 100 to 150 
miles, includes the first ; from the Cascade range to the Blue Moun- 
tains, the second ; and from these to the Rocky Mountains, the third. 
Considerable diversity in soil, climate, and productions, characterizes 
these several regions. The southern portion of the Pacific section is 
supposed to be that best adapted to agriculture. The middle section 
has a light, sandy soil, except near the streams, where a rich alluvium 
prevails. The mountains are almost barren. The third, or eastern sec- 
tion, is a rugged country, but in if s intervales contains much grass lands, 
which renders it peculiarly suited to the rearing of cattle and for sheep- 
fanning. Some parts of the Cascade Mountains rise 4,000 feet above the 

* Exclusive of Indians, the number of which is unknown. 



220 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Bea-level. The Rocky ?.!ountains, many culminations of wliicli attain 
6,000 feet, present a serious barrier to communication with the old states. 
Only three passes have been foiuid which admit of travel : the first in 
460 22' N. ; the second in 44° 30' ; and the thu-d, the South Pass, discov- 
ered by Fremont. The usual overland route to Oregon is through the 
last. A range of mountains, called the '■ Klamet," runs from the Rocky 
Mountains westward towai'ds the Pacitic. The climate on the Pacific is 
temperate, and much milder than near the Atlantic in the same latitude. 
In the interior, it becomes more extreme ; and in the momitains, varying 
with their elevation, winter is almost perpetual, and many of the higher 
culminations m-e capped with snow throughout the yeai'. The greatest 
quantity of rain falls between November and M;u-ch. 

The Pacific coast of Oregon is generally rugged, and extends 650 miles 
along that ( >cean. Only three or lour harbors occur in its whole length. 
The Columbia, or Oregon, is the princij)al river; and into this, which 
has a S. W. and VV. com-se from the Rocky Mountains, all the main streams 
of the territory empty. The navigation of this I'iver is frequently ob- 
structed by falls and rapids, and there is only an uninterrupted passage 
from the ocean, for large ships, of about 120 miles. The principal tribu- 
taiies are Willamette river ; Lewis, or Saptin river ; and Chuk's, or Flat- 
head river; all which receive numerous fine streams that water im im- 
mense surface. There are a number of small lakes in the country. 

There is no material difference in the natural productions of Oregon 
and those of the Eastern states. Vegetation is, however, more devel- 
oped. The fir has been found 46 feet in circumference and 300 feet in 
height, and pines from 200 to 250 feet high, and from 20 to 40 feet in 
girth. The mineral resources of the country are almost unknov.n, but 
there is no reason to suppose that the earth here is less metaliferous than 
m the more southern portion of the Pacific region. Wild animals, in 
great numbers and variety, inhabit the recesses of the momitains, and the 
valleys and plains. The trapper and hunter have explored the country 
with profit in peltry and fius. The cultivated portions, as yet confined 
chiefly to the banks of the lower Columbia and to the neighborhood of 
Puget's Sound, are veiy productive. The cereal crops have been abim- 
dant, and fruit trees, vines, and culinary vegetables thrive well. Since 
the discovery of gold in California, a great demand has ai-isen for the 
agricultural products of Oregon, and, as a consequence, a commercial 
connection has been the result. The export of lumber has been large. 
This incipient commerce will not be transitory — the demand for build- 
ing materials is constantly on the increase, and that for breadstufifs and 
provisions will last as long as mining is the chief employment in Cahfor- 
nia. Some commercial intercoui-se is maintained also with the Sand- 
wich Islands and the Russian settlements on the north. But with all 
these fortuitous circumstances that have attended the first settlement of 



TERRITORY OF OREGON. 221 

the territory, it must still remain mucli as it is— a mere agri( ultural and 
pastoral country, unless some means of easy and rapid communication 
can be maintained with the Western states and the Atlantic coast. A 
railroad is the only solution of this difficulty. The one proposed by Mr. 
Whitney seems to have some claims to consideration, and by its means 
the shores of Lake Michigan would be brought in a juxtaposition with 
the mouth of the Columbia river. The details for the construction of 
such an avenue, chiefly through a country infested with hostile Indians, 
and through mountain passes almost inaccessible, have been laid before 
Congress, and are favorably spoken of; but to mature plans, and obtain 
capital for such a work, seems to offer insuperable difficulties even to 
its commencement. It is almost too great a work for individual enter- 
prise. If a railroad is to be built, let it be a national work. 

There are several villages and settlements of considerable pretensions 
in Oregon. Oregon City, the territorial capital, is situated about 30 
miles up the Willamette river, and two miles above the Clackmas 
rapids, which prevents all navigation to the city. Perhaps no other place 
in the Union has such immense water privileges, and many large saw-mills 
are already in operation. Population, 702. Portland, 12 miles below 
the falls, may be considered as the port of Oregon City. Its trade with 
the Pacific towns, and also with those of the Atlantic, especially with 
New York, is prosperous and increasing. Population, 200. Astoria, 
near the mouth of the Columbia river, on its S. bank, has a good harbor 
and other natural advantages tor becoming a great commercial depot. 
At present, there are not 20 buildings in the place. It is the only port 
of entry in the territory. Fort Vancouver, on the N. bank of the Co- 
lumbia rivei', 100 miles from its mouth, is the principal trading post of 
the Hudson Bay Company, W. of the mountains. Ships drawing 14 feet 
water, can ascend 20 miles further up the river. The establishment 
consists of about 100 houses enclosed by picket-fences, and defended by 
armed bastions and a block-house. A Catholic church is the only build- 
ing of note. The inhabitants are chiefly South Sea Islanders in the em-, 
ploy of the company. The establishment is on an extensive scale, and, 
the center of vast interests — all the company's Indian trade being con-, 
ducted here. Extensive agriculturjil operations for the support of the, 
traders, are carried on. The farm contains about 3,000 acres. The stock; 
of cattle and sheep is very large, and is rapidly increasing in numbers-, 
and improving in breed from the importation of European stock. The. 
mixed breed of sheep yields from 12 to 18 pounds of fleece. The mills 
and outposts of the fort extend several miles above on the river. Other 
settlements on the Columbia are, Walla- Walla, a httle below the con- 
fluence of Lewis river ; Fort Okenagan, at the mouth of the river of 
the same name; Fort Colville, below the imion of Clark's river with, 
the Columbia. 

19* 



222 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Fort Nesqually, on Puget's Sound, Is occupied by the "Puget's 
Sound Agricultural Company." Their farms are very extensive, and are 
kept in a high state of cultivation. They supply provisions to the Hud- 
son Bay Company's servants W. of the mountains, and export lai-gely 
to the Sandwich Islands and the Russian post of Sitka. The company 
has also extensive farms on the Cowlitz river. 

Oregon, in its entirety, extends between 42° and 54° 40' N. lat., but by 
the treaty of 1846, all the territory north of 49° was ceded to Great Brit- 
ain. Perhaps the gi-eatest defect in this treaty was the ceding of Van- 
couver's Island to the British— an island notoriously the finest portion of 
the disputed country, both in regard to its agricultural capacities, its 
commercial position, and its mineral productions. The retention of this 
alone would have been preferable to our possession of the whole main- 
land. This country was not discovered until nearly two c^'ntiu-ies after 
the occupation of Mexico by the Spaniards, nor was it at all known until 
late in the 18th century. In 1792 the discovery of the mouth of the 
Columbia river by Capt. Grey gave to the United States a claim to sov- 
ereignty over the country watered by that river and its branches. Set- 
tlements, however, had previously been made by the English at Nootka 
Sound, and on the upper waters of the Columbia, and on these facts the 
British based their claim. The Louisiana Treaty of 1803 transferred the 
claims preferred by France to the United States, and presuming that 
Lou siana really did extend to the Pacific, this formed a most im- 
portant point in the controversy. In 1804-5-C, Captains Lewis and 
Clarke explored the country from the head waters of the Missouri river 
to the mouth of the Columbia. Trading houses were subsequently 
erected by Americans on Lewis river and at Astoria. The fort at As- 
toria was taken by the British in the last war, but restored on the con- 
clusion of peace. To adjust, or rather suspend, the conflicting claims of 
each, the United States and Great Britain, in 1818, agreed to a suspen- 
sion of sovereign occupancy for 10 years, which agi-eement was extended 
indefinitely in 1828, with the proviso that either party might recede from 
the agreement on giving one year's notice to that effect. The treaty of 
1819 with Spain, in which that nation withdrew its claims to the terri- 
tory in favor of the United States, greatly strengthened the presumptiona 
of the Union ; but still, no immediate measures were resorted to. The 
disputes respecting the sovereignty were renewed in 1845, and the Pres- 
ident was authorized by Congress to give the notice required. This step 
led to tlie final settlement of the question, and a partition of the teni- 
tory by the line of 49° N. lat. In 1848 a bill passed both Houses of Con- 
gress, and was approved by the President on the 14th August, by which 
Oregon was erected into a territorial government, and soon after the 
necessary officers were sent out, and the government organized. 

By the treaty of partition, the Hudson Bay Company retained pes- 



CALIFORNIA ALTA STATE OF CALIFORXIA. 223 

eession of their farms, &c., in Oregon. They have now made the offer 
to the United Ptates, of all their right and title in these occupancies, for 
the sum of $1,000,000. Should this be accepted, both parties will, no 
doubt, be satisfied, and all future cause of disagreement be prevented. 



CALIFORNIA ALTA, 

California Alta in its full extent, as acquired by the United States 
from the Republic of Mexico, lies between 32° and 42° N. lat., and 
between 106° and 124° W. long. : and is bounded N. by the Territory 
of Oregon ; E. by the Indian Territory and New Mexico ; S. by the Rio 
Gila, which separates it from the Mexican States of Chihuahua and 
Sonora, and by California Baja; and W. by the Pacific Ocean, on which 
it has a front of 970 miles. The area included within these limits is 
estimated at 448,091 square miles; and the total populUion, exclusive 
of aboriginal tribes, (variously estimated at from 100,00(1 to 300,000 in 
number,) is about 200,000. California Alia is now divided into the 
"State of Calilbrnia" and the "Territory of Utah," the latter co-exteiir 
sive with the ci-dcvant " State of Deseret" and the '' Territory of New 
Mexico'" in part. 

THE STATE QY CALIFORXIA. 

Area 188,981 sqxiare miles.— Population 200,000. 

California occupies all that portion of the above-named territory 
westward of the following line: to wit — beginning at the intersection of 
420 N. lat. and 120° W. long. ; thence S. in a direct line to 39 N. lat. ; 
thence S. E. to where the Rio Colorado intersects 35° N. lat., and thence 
down the mid ch.annel of that river to the boundary between the United 
States and Mexico. 

This grand division of California Cthe only part, indeed, to which the 
name properly applies) is traversed from N. to S. by two principal 
ranges of mountains, called respectively the Sierra JYevada, wliich 
divides the region from the great basin, and the Coast Rang-e, running 
almost parallel to and at a short distance from the Pacific coast. The 
main featm-e of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San 
Joaquin and Sacramento rivers — the two valleys forming one — 500 
miles long and .50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, 
make the structiu-e of the country, and break it into a surface of valleya 
and mountains — the valleys a few hundreds, and the mountains 2000 to 
4000 feet above the sea. These form greater masses and become more 



224 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shastl, enter th^ regions 
of perpetual snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the 
names of the rivers that traverse it. It is a single geographical forma- 
tion, lying between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of 
the Bay of San Francisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. 
The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive numerous 
affluents— many of them bold rivers, become themselves navigable rivers 
— flow towards each other, meet halfway, and enter the bay together in 
the region of tide water ; making a continuous water line from one end 
to the other. The resources of this valley, mineral and agricultural, are 
immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords greater facilities for 
easy development. Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its 
mineral products. The soil and climate, though varying much with 
locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. Westward of the 
rivers, the soil is chiefly dry and unproducti^-e ; but on the east side the 
country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being intersected by nu- 
merous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, 
wooded principally with white-oaks. The foot hills of the Sierra which 
limit the valley make a woodland country, diversified with undulating 
grounds and pretty vales. Near the Tulare Lakes, and on the margins 
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the surface is composed of 
level plains, gradually changing into imdulating and rolling towards the 
mountains. The region W. of the Coast Range to the Pacific— the only 
portion inhabited before the discovery of gold — has long been the seat 
of numerous missions ; and arovmd these, generally situated in the most 
lovely vales, agriculture has converted the country into a perfect garden. 
All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and 
grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat is the first product of the north. 
The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of 
roots, and to vegetables used for culinary purposes, which in fact grow 
to an extraordinary size. Few localities indeed can produce in such 
perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. 

The coasts of Cahforuia are generally precipitous and rugged; and in 
relation to their extent present few good harbors. The bays of San 
Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco, are the finest, and their capacities 
extensive. San Francisco Bay is one of the most important in the 
world, not merely as a harbor, but also and mainly from the accessory 
advantages which belong to it — fertile and picturesque dependent coun- 
try, general mildness of climate, connection with the great central 
valley, &:c. When these advantages are taken into account, with its 
geographical position on the line of communication with Asia, its im- 
portance rises superior to all contmgencies. Its latitudinal position is 
that ol Lisbon ; its cUmate that of Italy ; bold shores and mountains 
give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent coimtry are 



TPIE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 225 

the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low 
mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, about a mile wide, affords an 
entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected 
on all sides from the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, 
the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction about 35 
miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 275 miles. It is divided 
by projecting points and straits into three separate compartments, of 
which the northern two are called San Pablo and Surisson bays. The 
surface is much broken by numerous islands — some mere rocks, and 
others grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly 
fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 
2,000 feet above the water, crowned by forests of lofty cypress, which 
ai'e visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels 
entering the bay. Behind, the rugged peak of Mt. Diavolo, 3,770 feet 
high, overlooks the siuTomiding country of the bay and the San Joaquin. 

The shore presents a varied character of rugged and broken hills, 
rolling and undulating laud, and rich alluvial tracts, backed by fertile 
and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which 
it is beginning to be overspread. Such is the bay and proximate countiy 
and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the coast, 
but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. 
The head of the bay is about 40 miles distant from the sea, and there 
commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and 
Sacramento. 

The climate of California is remarkable in its periodical changes, and 
for the long continuance of the wet and dry seasons, dividing as they do 
the year into two nearly equal parts, which have a most peculiar in- 
fluence on the labor applied to agriculture and the products of the soil, 
and in fact connect themselves inseparably with all the interests of the 
comitiy. The dry season commences with May. The north-east winds, 
following the coiu-se of the sim's greatest attraction, then commence to 
blow, and in their passage across the snow-clad ridges of the Rocky 
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada become deprived of all their moisture. 
They therefore pass over the hills and plains of California, where the 
temperature is very high in the summer, in a very dry state, and absorb 
like a sponge all the moisture the atmosphere and surface of the eai'th 
can jield. The dry season commences much earlier in the south than 
towards the north, and continues some time after the sun repasses the 
equator at the autumnal Equinox. About the middle of November, 
the climate being reheved from these N. E. currents, the S. W. winds 
set in from the ocean, surcharged with moisture; the rains commence 
and continue to fall, not constantly, but with sufficient frequency to 
designate the period of their continuance. Cold winds and fogs render 
the climate of San Francisco, and in fact the whole coast, extremely 



226 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

irksome. A few miles inland, however, where the heat of the sun 
modifies and softens the ocean wind, the weather is delightful. The 
heat in the middle of the day is not too great to retard labor. Tho 
nights are cool and pleasant. This is the climate which prevails in all 
the valleys of the Coast Range, and extends throughout the country 
north and south as far eastward as the valley of the Sacramento and 
San Joaquin. In this vast plain, the sea breeze loses its influence, and 
the degree of heat in the middle of the day during the summer months 
is much greater than on the Atlantic coast in the same latitude. It is 
dry, however, and perhaps not more oppressive. The thermometer 
sometimes ranges from 110° to 115° in the shade, during three or four 
hours, say from II to 3 o'clock. In the evening, as the sun declines, 
the radiation of heat ceases. The cold, dry atmosphere from the 
mountains spreads over the whole country, and renders the nights cool 
and invigorating. No general description of the climate of California 
will cover the whole land : it varies with the latitude. The climate of 
the coast and inttsrior, of the mountain and valley, &c., differ widely ; 
and it is perhaps to these circumstances that the opinions and statements 
respecting it are so conflicting. Each writer has noted his own im- 
pressions. 

The population of California at the period it came in possession of the 
United States, probably did not exceed 30,000, of which about 18,600 
consisted of converted Indians. The immigration of Americans and 
foreigners since that period has been unremitting. On the 1st January, 
1851, it was estimated that 120,000 Americans and 40,000 foreigners had 
come into the country since the discovery of gold. Tlie majority of 
these are occupied in the mining districts. It is impossible to form any 
estimate of the number of mountain Indians. Some suppose there are 
as many as 300,000 in the country. These inhabit the foot hills of the 
Sierra, and the valleys between them and the coast. They seem to be 
of the lowest grade of human beings. They live chiefly on aconis, roots, 
and insects, and the kernel of the pine burr: occasionally they catch 
fish and game. They exhibit no inclination to cultivate the soil, neither 
do they pretend to hold any interest in the lands, nor have they been 
treated by the Spanish or American immigrants as possessing any. 
They are lazy — idle to the last degree. Formerly, at the missions, those 
who were bi-ought up and educated by the priests made good servants. 
Many of those now attached to families seem to be faithful and inteUi- 
gent ; but those who are at all in a wild and uncultivated state, are most 
degraded objects of filth and sloth. They are invariably hostile to the 
whites, and have already committed many aggravated murders and 
depredations on the persons and property of the immigi-ants and gold- 
hunters. 

Previous to the treaty of peace with Mexico and the discovery of gold, 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 227 

the exportable products of the country consisted almost exclusively of 
hides and tallow. The Californians were a pastoral people, and paid 
much more attention to the raising of horses and cattle than the cultiva- 
tion of the soil. Wheat, barley, maize, beans, and edible roots, were 
cultivated in sufficient quantities for home consumption. The destruc- 
tion of cattle for their hides and tallow has now ceased, in consequence 
of the demand for beef. The number of cattle now in California is es- 
timated only at 500,000 head — a supply inadequate to the wants of the 
beef eaters now in the country for more than 5 or 6 years. The great 
bulk of animal food must therefore come from the Atlantic Coast and 
the Western States. The time is not far distant when cattle from the 
Mississippi Valley will be driven by tens of thousands to supply this new 
market. The climate and soil of California are well suited for the ce- 
reals ; but the temperature along the coast is too cool for the successful 
culture of maize as a field crop. The root crops thrive luxuriantly. 
Apples, peai-s, and peaches are cultivated with facility ; and there is no 
reason to doubt that all the fruits of the Atlantic States can be produced 
in great plenty and perfection. The grasses are very luxuriant and nu- 
tritious, affording excellent pasturage. Oats spring up spontaneously 
the whole length of the coasts, and from 40 to 50 miles inland. The 
dry season matures and cures these grasses and oats, so that they re- 
main in an excellent state of preservation during the summer and au- 
tumn, and afford an ample supply of forage. While the whole surface 
of the coimtry appears parched, and vegetation destroyed, the numerous 
flocks and herds which roam over it continue in excellent condition. 
Irrigation would become necessary in many parts dm-ing the dry season, 
to improve the products of the soil and increase their quantity. The 
farmer derives some important advantages from this season. His crops 
are never injured by rain, and he can with perfect confidence permit 
them to leinain in his fields as long after they have been gathered as 
his convenience may require. Agriculture, however, must continue for 
some time to come as of secondary consideration. Men will not submit 
to its toils while they can gather a harvest of gold. Commerce must 
supply almost every species of food, until the thirst for metal becomes 
satiated, or the supply exhausted. 

The commercial resources of California are at the present foimded 
entirely on its metallic wealth. Gold is the staple product of the coimtry, 
and is immediately available in an uncoined state for all the purposes of 
exchange. It is not here as in other countries, where the products of 
the earth and of art are sent to markets — foreign and domestic — to be 
exchanged for the precious metals. Here gold not only supplies the 
medium of domestic trade, but of foreign commerce. A large trade has 
consequently sprung up, and, centering at San Francisco, is thence dis- 
tributed into the interior. The whole world is competing for its market. 



228 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

Vessels of all nations have their prows directed to this Dorado. Gold 
is the sun that attracts them. The whole trade of the Pacific — that of 
Chijia and the islands — will centie at San Friuicisco, for no other coun- 
tries on the west coast have exports which find a market in the ports 
of Asia. Important as the commerce of the Pacific is and will be 
to California, it cannot now, nor will it ever, compare in maijnitude and 
value to the domestic trade between it and the older States of the Union. 
Two years ago, California did not probably contain more than 25,000 
people. That portion of it which has since been so wonderfully peopled 
was comparatively without resoiu-ces. Notwithstanding the great dis- 
tance emigrants have been compelled to travel, more than 100,000 have 
already overcome the difficulties, and spread themselves over the hills 
and plains. They have been supplied from distances as great, not only 
with necessaries but the comforts and many of the luxuries of life. 
Houses have been imported from China, Chili, and the Atlantic States. 
All materials required in building cities and towns have been added to 
the wants of a people so numerous, destitute, and remote from the 
sources of supply. Those wants will exist as long as emigration con- 
tinues to flow into the country, and labor, employed in collecting gold, 
shall be more profitable than the mechanic arts. The value of the trade 
between the old States and California for the year 1850, is estimated at 
§25,000,000 ; and if the emigration and general movement continues 
for five years longer, this trade may amount to $100,000,000 per an- 
num. 

The gold region of California is between 400 and 500 miles long, 
and from 40 to 50 miles wide, following the line of the Sierra Nevada. 
Further discoveries maj', and probably will, increase the area. The 
metal is found in the beds of the rivei-s, and in the gullies formed by 
the action of waters during the rainy season. The original seat of this 
metal is in the quartz rock of the mountains, and it is there that the 
veins will be ultimately foimd. Hitherto it has been gathered chiefly 
from the surface, in the fonn of dust. No scientific mining operatioBS 
have been initiated. What the production will eventually be, no one 
can foresee. The value of the metal gathered in 1849 is estimated at 
$40,000,000 ; and this only from the suiface, and by less than half the 
number of persons that will operate duiing the year 1850. There does 
not seem to be any special deposits in the rivers — gold is found every- 
where E. of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The greater part 
of the immense amount gathered was carried away by foreigners, and 
perhaps not more than one-fourth reached the Atlantic ports. About 
$12,000,000 have been coined at the United States' mint up to April 1st, 
1850. Quicksilver is found in the form of cinnabar hi se\eral districts, 
and must soon become viduable for the purpose of extracting the gold 
from impurities. The mineral resources of California are not confined 



THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 229 

to these metals — coal, iron, &c., are known to exist ; but these will not 
be worked so lonq^ as gold hunting is remunerative. 

The principal towns in Califoniia previous to the occupation of the 
countiy by the Americans, and the discovery of the rich gold deposits 
in the valley of the Sacramento, were Monterey, the ancient capital, 
San Diego, a port in the south, Los Angelos, San Jose, San Francisco, 
&c. None of these were of much importance, nor was their connection 
with the commercial world otherwise than very limited. Since these 
great events, however, a new era has commenced, and the whole region 
has experienced one of the mightiest revolutions in the history of man- 
kind. The old settlements above alluded to have become large cities — 
new towns have sprung up with almost fabulous rapidity — a Uving tide 
has inundated the country from all parts of the habitable globe. Wher- 
ever a site eligible for commerce or trade is found, there we now see 
the germ of a future city, or perhaps a city grown to considerable pro- 
portions. Every thing is progressive ; and where a year or two ago the 
population could be numbered by thousands it now numbers its tena 
of thousands, and yet the tide flows, and every day witnesses new 
arrivals of hardy immigrants— the fathers of a future State, whose wealth 
and position in the world will vie with that of Tyre in the days of its 
greatest glory. San Jose, the present capital, is a town founded on the 
ancient mission of the same name, in a pleasant valley opening on 
the southern extremity of the Bay of San Francisco. It is here that the 
governor resides, and hei-e the legislature of the State holds its sessions. 
San Francisco is situated not far from the entrance to the bay, on ita 
south shore, and has an excellent harbor and eveiy accommodation for 
an extensive commerce. From the geographical position of this place, 
and its proximity to the gold regions, which must supply all the ex- 
ports, it will eventually become the mart of an extensive commerce with 
Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Never in the annals of a nation has 
any city risen to importance at such a rate as this. At the commence- 
ment ot 1849 it was a mere village— at the commencement of 1850 it had 
a population of 30,000, and had during the intervening year received 
more than 70,000 immigrants from all pai-ts, whose destination was the 
great mineral region of the valley above. Steam communication haa 
been established between New York, via Panama, and this city, and 
regular lines of steamboats sail between it and the new towns on 
the Sacramento. Its commerce with Oregon has also been greatly' 
developed, and will no doubt be much enlarged in the future. Among 
the new cities are Napa, Sonoma, Benicia, &c., on the north shore of 
Pablo Bay, and Martinez on its south shore. On the Sacramento and 
its tributaries, are New York of the Pacific^ Stockton, Sutter, Sac- 
ramento, Fremont, Vernon, Yuba, Nicolaus, &c. ; and on the San 
Joaquin, the city of San Joaquin, near the mouth of the Stanislaus 

20 



230 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

liver. Hangtown, Weavers viLLE, Marysville, and uumerous other 
places are mentioned ; but so rapidly are they, one ami all, increasing 
in extent and population, that it is futile to attempt to desci-ibe their 
pi'esent condition — every new arrival from this wonderful country bring- 
ing information that renders the most recent previous iuformatioa 
obsolete and nugatory. Each successive day indeed witnesses the 
foundation of some future city. Nothing is here stationary. San FVan- 
cisco in one season increased its population from hundreds to thousands, 
while in a shorter period Sacramento City and Stockton became the 
depots of an extensive inland commerce, and rose to an importance to 
which few cismontane cities can boast after a whole century of existence. 
With such results from one yeai-'s exertion, and with comparatively small 
means, what great ends must we not anticipate, since the inhabitants 
have acquired almost every thing adapted to facilitate their labors ? 

The histoiy of California previous to its occupation by the Americana 
has little to interest the general reader. It was discovered by Cobrillo, a 
Spanish navigator, in 1542 ; and the northern part of it havmg been 
visited by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578, he gave it the name of New 
Albion. The first colonies were planted in 1768, by the Spaniai'ds — 
chiefly by priests of the order of St. Francis, whose object was to convert 
the Indians to the Catholic faith. The mission stations which are found 
in the country were established by this renowned order. The revolu- 
tion which separated Mexico from Spain annexed California to that 
republic. The country has several times since the Spanish power was 
exterminated suffered from revolution ; and for the last ten or twelve 
years of its connection with Mexico, the authority of that nation over it 
was very loose. Its distance from the metropolis indeed would tend to 
such a result. The people more than once declared themselves inde- 
pendent, and as often rejoined the confederacy. In 1846 California was 
occupied by the United States forces ; and by the treaty of Guadalupe 
Hidalgo, 2d Feb., 1848, the whole country was ceded to that government. 
In the latter part of the same month, a mechanic, named James W. 
Marshall, was employed in building a saw-mill for Captain Sutter, on the 
south branch of a river known as the American Foi'k. On Fremont's 
map, the river is called "Rio de los Americanos." While cutting a 
mill-race for this improvement, Mr. Marshall discovered the scales of 
gold as they glistened in the sun-light at the bottom of the sluice, 
Pieces of considerable size were taken out, and in a few days gold to 
the amount of ^150 was gathered. The laborers soon became satisfied 
of its precious nature, and the news spread rapidly about the country. 
Examinations were prosecuted at other points along the stream, and 
almost every where with success. The result has been extraordinary. 
Thousands have flocked to the scene from all parts of the world, and a 
lively commerce has thii s been initiated, which bids fair m a few more 



TERRITORY OF UTAH. 231 

years to become more extensive and valuable than all the present 
foreign trade of the United States together. In 1849, in consequence o( 
the disorganized condition of things and the insecurity which generally 
prevailed, the people, by their delegates, met in convention, and formed 
a constitution, under the provisions of which the commonwealth is now 
organized and governed. The main feature of this document is its 
exclusion of slavei-y from the state — otherwise it is not much different 
from those of the generality of the older states. California was admit- 
ted as a state of the Union in 1850. 



TERRITORY OF UTAH. {DesereQ* 
Area 187,923 square miles.— Population 11,381. 

Utah Territory occupies all that portion of the great CaUfornian 
basin lying north of 37° N. lat., and extends fi'om the Sierra Nevada 
to the mountains of New Mexico. 

This is one of the most singular countries in the world. The basin is 
some 500 miles in diameter every way, between 4000 and 5000 feet above 
the level of the sea, shut in all around by mountains, with its ov.-n system 
of lakes and rivers, and without any direct connection with the sea. 
Paj-tly arid and sparsely inhabited, its general character is that of a desert, 
but wuh great exceptions — there being many parts of it very fit for the 
residence of a civilized people ; and of these the Mormons have lately 
estabUshed themselves in one of the largest and best. Rlountain is the 
predominating structure of the interior of the basin, with plains between 
— the mountains wooded and watered, the plains arid and sterile. In 
this great basin are situated the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, besides 
numerous smaller bodies of water. The Humboldt river is the most 
important of its water courses. This river possesses qualities which, in 
the progress of events, may give it both value and fame. It lies in the 
line of travel to California and Oregon, and is the best route now known 
through the great basin, and the one traveled by emigrants. Its du-ec- 
tion E. and W. is the right course for that travel. It furnishes a level, 
imobstructed way for nearly 300 miles, and a plentiful su])p]y of the in- 
dispensable articles of water, wood, and grass. Its head is towards the 
Great Salt Lake, and consequently towards the Mormon settlements, 
which must become a point in the line of emigration to California and 
the Lower Columbia. Its termination is within 50 miles of the base oi 
the Sierra Nevada, and opposite the Salmon Trout River pass ; a pass 

* "Deseret," in Monnon history and interpretation, signifies "Aoney* 
»ee;" and is indicative of industry and its kindred virtues. 



232 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

only 7200 feet above the level of the sea, and less than half that above 
the level of the basui, and leading into the valley of the Saci-amento, 
some 40 miles N. of Sutter's Fort. These pi-operties give to this 
river a prospective value in future coinmunications with the Pacific 
Ocean. The Rio Gila bounds the territory on the S., and the Rio 
Colorado traverses it in a S. W. direction from the Rocky Moimtains to 
the Gulf of California, into which both rivers empty by one mouth. 

This portion of California Alta was never settled by the Spaniards, 
nor was it ever more than a nominal dependency of that nation nor of 
the jMexican Republic. Previous to the Mexican war, indeed, few 
white men except those engaged in scientific explorations had entered 
the country. About the period when that war broice out, the IMormona 
were driven from their city of Nauvoo, in Illinois, by mob violence, and 
shortly afterwards emigrated to the borders of the Great Salt Lake. 
Their settlements became prosperous and populous, and within two 
years after the first pioneers had entered the counti-y, their numbers had 
increased to about 5,000. After peace had been ratified, they found them- 
selves without a government, and without protection for person or pro- 
perty. To remedy this anomalous condition of things, they organized a 
temporary government, under the style of the " State of Deseret," and 
under its sanction elected officers to manage the afi'airs of the common- 
wealth. But the ultimate destiny of the country belonged to Congi-ess, 
and that body, during the session of 1849-50, remanded it back to a 
territorial condition under its present title ; at the same time curtailing 
the limits claimed by its spontaneous constitution. The increase of it3 
population, however, is so rapid, that it must at no distant period 
be admitted as a state ; and whenever such an event is constimmated, 
Utah will, no doubt, form a bright star in the glorious galaxy of our 
Union. 

The metropolis of Deseret is Great Salt Lake City, situated 22 
miles S. W. of the lake from which it takes its name, and about one 
mile and a half E. of the Jordan River, 4300 fi^et above the level of the 
sea, and in 40° 45' 44" N. lat., and llio 26' 34" \V. long. It is laid out in 
large squares, and one acre and a quarter of land is allotted to each 
family for garden purposes. A council house has been erected ; and 
the citizens have it in view to build another temple, larger and more 
magnificent even than that of Nauvoo. The houses are as yet small, 
but very comraodiously built, the material being adobes, or sun-di-ied 
brick. The population of the city is about 6..500, butit is so laid out as 
to admit of its becoming one of the largest and most convenient cities in 
the world. Being on the highway to California, thousands of emigrants 
from the States find in this settlement a place to rest themselves and 
cattle, and recruit their stores of provisions, previous to entering the 
desert they have to cross before reaching the goal of theu- desires. 



TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 233 

Some settlements of Alormons have also been made on the borders of 
Utah Lake. 

The prospects of these settlements are very encouraging. They ai-e 
on aU sides surrounded by a labyrinth of moiuitaius, which are sup- 
posed to be very rich in mineral wealth. Rock salt is veiy abundant 
in the neighborhood, and the Great Lake is saturated with salines which 
concrete spontaneously on its shores and incrust its bottom. Otherwise 
they ai-e possessed of vast rescources. The soil is exceedingly rich, and 
when irrigated, which is of easy accomplishment, yields fine crops of 
grain and other agricultural staples. Add to these natural advantages 
the industry to appropriate them, which is a portion of the religion of 
the settlers, and what shall stay the onward progress of this colony, 
the location of which within a few years was scarcely known to civil- 
ized man '? 



TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 

Area 210,744 square miles. — Population 61,547. 

New Mexico lies between 32° and 38 N. lat. and between 103O and 
116° W. long. ; and is bounded N. by the Territory of Ut;ih and the 
Indian Territory; E. by Texas; S. by the Northern Mexican fcitates, 
from which it is principally separated by the Gila River; and W. by 
California. That portion of the territory lying westward of the Rocky 
Mountains was originally a part of California Alta, and was temporarily 
attached to New Mexico in 1850. 

The general aspect of New Mexico Proper is mountainous, with a large 
valley in the middle running N. and S., formed by the Rio Grande del 
Norte. The valley is generally about 20 miles wide, and bordered on the 
E. and W. by mountainous chains — continuations of the Rocky Moimt- 
ams. The height of these S. of Santa Fe may, upon an average, be 
from 6,0U0 to 8,000 feet, while near that city, and in the more northern 
regions, some snow-capped peaks are seen, which rise from 10,000 to 
12,000 feet above the sea. The mountains are principally composed of 
igneous rocks, as granite, sienite, diorite, basalt, Sic, and are higlily met- 
aliferous. On the higher ranges, excellent pine timber grows ; on the low- 
er, cedars, and sometimes oaks ; and in the centra! valley, mezquite, &c. 

The main artery of New Mexico, the Rio Grande, is a large and long 
river. Its head waters are found between 37° and 38° N. lat., but its 
highest som'ces are some two degrees further N.. in the recesses of the 
Kocky Mountains. Its course is generally S. and S. E., and its principal 
affluents are the Chamas, Pecos, Conchos, Salado, Alamo, and San Juan. 
The length of the river in a straight line is about 1.200 miles— but from 
the meanderings of its lower course, it runs at least 2,000 mUes — from the 

20* 



^84 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

regions of eternal snow to the almost tropical climate of the Gulf of 
Mexico, which it enters in 25° 50' N. lat. The elevation of the river 
above the sea is 4,800 feet at Albuquerque; 3.800 at El Paso; but at 
Reinosa, 300 or 400 miles from its mouth, only 170 feet. The fall of the 
river is seldom used as a motive power. The principal advantage at 
present derived from its waters is for agricidtiu-e, by a well-managed 
system of irrigation. In its upper coiu-se it is shallow, and inteiTupted 
by sand-bars. The lower com-se of the river, however, is open to 
navigation, and steamboats ascend as far up as Laredo, 700 miles from 
the Gulf. 

The soil is generally sandy, and looks poor, but by irrigation it pro- 
duces abundant crops. Indian corn, wheat, beans, onions, and fruits, 
are raised in large quantities. The most fertile pai-t of the valley begins 
below Santa Fe, and it is no uncommon thing in the S. parts of the 
country to raise two crops in the year. The general dryness of the cli- 
mate, and the aridity of the soil, however, will always confine agricul- 
ture to the valleys of the water-courses. The inhabitants have no sys- 
tem in their farming. The plough is a rough machine, and made en- 
tii'ely of wood ; and their fields ai'e generally without fences. The best 
cultivated lands are found on the '■'■ estancias,''^ or hu*ge estates belonging 
to the rich. These " haciendas" are apparently a remnant of the old 
feudal system, and were granted, with the Indians and all other appur- 
tenances, by the Spanish crown to favorite vassals. The inhabitants 
pay considerable attention to the raising of stock, and the great owners 
are possessed of large numbers of horses, mules, cattle, and sheep. 
These, however, are generally of small size. The pasturage in the un- 
cultivated parts is extensive, and thousands of slock graze thereon the 
year through. The Indians prove the greatest enemies to the farmers, 
and frequently carry off numerous herds of cattle, &c. 

The mines of New Mexico are very rich. Mining, however, has long 
been neglected, and many of the most valuable "placers," which were 
formerly worked, have been entirely deserted. Gold, silver, u-on, and 
copper, are plentiful in the mountains. Gold is found in the Santa F6 
district as ftir S. as Gran Quivira, and N. as far as the Rio Sangi'e do 
Cristo. The poorer classes occupy some of their time in washing out 
gold-dust, which is largely deposited in the mountain streams. The 
mines in the neighborhood of Santa Fe are the only ones worked at the 
present time. Silver mines were worked by the Spaniards at Avo, at 
Cerillos, and in the Nambe Mountains; but operations have long since 
ceased. Copper is abundant throughout the country, and iron is equally 
BO ; but these metals are entirely overlooked as useless. Coal has 
also been discovered in a number of places ; and gypsum, both com- 
mon and selenite, are found in large quantities. The common is used as 
lime for whitewashing, and the crystalline, or selenite, instead of win* 



TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 235 

dow-glass. On the high table-lands, between the Del Norte and Pecos, 
are some extensive " Salinas," or salt lakes, from which all the domea- 
tic salt used in New Mexico is procured. Large caravans from the capital 
visit these in the dry season, and return with as much salt as they can con- 
veniently carry. The merchants exchange one bushel of salt for an equal 
quantity of wheat, or sell it for one, or, sometimes, two dollars a bushel. 

The climate is generally temperate, constant, and healthy. Consider- 
able atmospheric differences, however, are experienced in the moimtain 
districts and in the low valley of the river. In the latter, the summer- 
heat sometimes rises to 100° Fahrenheit, but the nights ai-e always cool 
and pleasant. The winters are comparatively of long duration, and fre- 
quently severe. The sky, however, is clear and dry, owing to the con- 
densation of the moisture on the frozen hills. The months of July to 
October inclusive constitute the rainy season, but the rains are neither 
so heavy nor so regular in their returns as on the more southern part of 
the continent. Disease is little known, except some inflammations and 
typhoid fevers in the winter season. 

The population of New Mexico may be estimated at 60,000 or 63,000 ; 
and its pi'oximate composition may be thus stated : Spaniards, 2,600 ; 
Creoles, 10,000 ; meztizos, 13,000 ; "puebla Indians, 27,000, and the re- 
mainder Americans and foreigners. This is exclusive of the independ- 
ent tribes of Indians which stiU exist in the country. The JVavojoen are 
a powerful tribe, inhabiting a fine country W. of the Rio Grande, and 
numbering about 7,000 ; the Eutaws inhabit the N. W. frontier, and 
number 4,000 or 5,000 ; the .Apaches, about 5,000, roam over the vast re- 
gions E. of the Rio Grande and N. of El Paso ; the Jicorilles, a branch 
of the Apache family, 500 in number, are neighbors of the Eutaws on 
the N. W. frontier. To these must be added lai-ge parties of Camanchcs, 
Arrapahoes, and Cheyennes, perhaps 36,000 in number, which infest the 
borders to the N. and E., and lay the unwary traveller under contribu- 
tion — frequently committmg the foulest murders, or carrying off the wo- 
men and children into captivity. 

The constitution of society in New Mexico is similar, in most respects, 
to that of all ludo-Spanish countries. While the rich conform to the 
dictates of modern fashion, the mass of the people adhere to the man- 
ners and customs of former times. The men retain their serapes^ or 
colored blankets, and wide trousers, trimmed with glittering buttons; 
and the ladies, of all classes, their rebozo, or small shawl, drawn over 
their heads, which gives them so coquetish an appearance. Both sexes 
enjoy theii- cig-arettos, their siesta, and their evening amusement at monte 
or fandango. Their dances are very graceful, and combine the quad- 
rille and waltz. The prominent ingredient in the Mexican race is their 
Indian blood — it is visible in their features, complexion, and in all their 
acts and disposals. The men are ill-featured, but the women aie grace* 



238 PACIFIC STATES AlsB TERRITORIES. 

ful and winning. The differences in the sexes are nowhere more observ- 
able. The men are lazy, mendacious, treacherous, and cruel, while the 
women are affectionate, open-hearted, and active. Education is by no 
means common, but there is a strong common sense, and natural apt- 
ness in the people, which ai"e frequently of more practical use than the 
most refined book-learning, especially in a country so circumstanced as 
this. Many of the evils of this condition of New Mexican society will, 
no doubt, be eradicated by the contact of civilization, and education will 
become an indispensable requisite in order to keep up with the progress 
of commerce, and the influx of an educated popvdatiou from the east. 

New Mexico, previous to the late war, was a state of the Mexican Re- 
public, and its rulers consisted of a governor and legislature, (junta d&' 
partmental ;) but as the latter was more an imaginary than a real power, 
the governor was, in fact, despotic, and subject only to the laws of revo- 
lution, which, in this state, were very freely administered by upsetting 
the gubernatorial chair as often as the republic did the presidential. 
Well knowing the favors of fortune were at all times precarious, the 
governors have, in general, during their terms of ofSce, plundered the 
treasury and provided against contingencies. The people, credulous and 
easily deceived, had to submit to every outrage, and should one more 
courageous than his fellows assert the profligacy of the government^ his 
doom was as certain as speedy. Thus has New Mexico dragged on its 
existence— the sport of despots and the foot-ball of fortune. The judi- 
ciary was as dependent as the executive was independent, and all law 
succumbed to the dictates of one man. Besides these, the clergy, as 
well as the militaiy classes, had their own com-ts of justice. In relation 
to the confederacy, however. New Mexico always maintained greater in- 
dependence than any other of the states — partly from its distance from 
the capital, but more from the spirit of opposition in the people, who 
derived no advantage from the connection, and suffered much from its 
taxation without an equivalent protection. The supreme government 
never succeeded here in imposing upon the people the estranqidllas., or 
monopoly of the sale of tobacco, and New Mexico was free from some 
other enormities. In the same way the people resisted the introduction 
of copper coin. This loose connection with the central power will aid 
much in the assimilation of the people with the emigrants from the 
United States, provided the government of the latter will bestow upon 
them — what the former could not — stability, safety, protection, and those 
just i-ights which are enjoyed by all persons under the aegis of American 
principles. 

The principal city of New Mexico is Santa Fe, one of the oldest 
Spanish settlements. Its elevation above the sea is 7,047 feet. Santa 
Fe is about 20 miles E., in a direct line, from Rio del Norte, and lies in a 
wide plain, surrounded by lofty mountains. A small creek, rising in 



TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 237 

the hills, and flowing past the city, supplies it with water. The land 
around is sandy, poor, and destitute of timber; but the mountains are 
covered with pine and cedar. No pasturage is observed about the 
settlements, and as a consequence stock is driven to the mountains. The 
cUmate is delightful and free from extremes. The sky is clear and 
cloudless, and the atmosphere dry. The houses are built of adobes, but 
one story high with flat roofs. The streets are narrow and irregular. 
The piazza is spacious, and one side is occupied by the official residence 
of the executive. The palace is, without being extraordinarily grand, a 
good building, and exhibits two curiosities, viz., windows of glass and 
festoons of Indian ears. Among the public buildings there are two 
churches with steeples, but of an ordinary construction. There are 30 or 
40 stores in the city, principally kept by Americans. The inhabitants, 
excepting the Americans, are Spaniards and Indians, and the castes 
sprung from an indefinite amalgamation of the two races. Society is in 
a deplorable condition. They spend their time in card-playing, drinking, 
Bmoking, and at fandangoes. They are expert thieves, and live in a mis- 
erable state of ignorance, superstition, dirt, and poverty. The city proper 
contains 4,000 at 5,000 souls, and about as many more are settled within 
its jurisdiction. Santa Fe is the depot of a considerable commerce, 
carried on between Northern Mexico and the Western States, and is gen- 
erally visited by the overland emigrants to California. 

There are a number of other towns along the course of the Rio Grande, 
chiefly inhabited by Indians. These are styled Pueblos., and the inhabi- 
tants Pueblo Indians, to distinguish them from the same races that infest 
the open coiuitry. The principal are Taos, Canada, San Miguel, Paso 
del Norte, &,c. None of these, however, demand more than a passing 
notice. 

New Mexico became known to the Spaniards about the year 1581, and 
formal possession was taken of the country in 1598. Christianity and 
elaveiy were early and simultaneously introduced among the Indians, 
and conversion and personal service enforced by the sword. The con- 
verted Indians were made to live in villages, and were distinguished 
from the roving bands by the title of Pueblos. Many towns, of which 
only the ruins now remain, were established at that time. Many mines 
were woi'ked, and the occupation of the country seemed to be secured, 
when, quite unexpectedly, in 1680, a general insurrection of all the 
Indian tribes broke out against the Spanish yoke. The Spaniards were 
either massacred or driven southward, where they founded Paso del 
Norte. The country was not recovered for 10 or 12 years. Several 
insurrections have since occurred, but none so universal or disastrous as 
this one. The deep rancor of the Indian, however, bequeathed from 
she to son for successive generations, still animates the race, and is often 
displayed in the most bloody and cruel outbreaks. This coimtry followed 



238 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. 

the fate of Mexico after the revolution that overthrew the Spanish power, 
and since tliat period has been silently degenerating. The history ot 
New Mexico previous to the invasion by the Americans, has little to 
arrest attention. It is a continuous record of bai-bai-ism ami tyranny. 
On the 8th of September, 1846, Santa Fe was captui-ed by the Ameri- 
cans under General Keaniey, and soon after several of the river towns 
were visited on his route to California, A civil government was now 
established. On the 19th of Januarj^, 1847, an insurrection broke out 
against the Americans, and in several pueblos many Americans were 
murdered ; among whom was Governor Bent and Sheriff Lee. Taos, 
Arroya-Hondo, and Rio Colorado were the chief scenes of strife. The 
battles of La Canada and El Embudo also occurred in this month, and 
in February the battle of Taos; in all of which the Mexicans were com- 
pletely vanquished. Some few skirmishes occurred after these, but none 
of importance. From this period the U. S. authorities exercised exclu- 
sive power. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace and cession 
was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico was assigned 
to the Union. On the 9Lh September, 1850, the country within its 
present Hinits was erected into a territorial government, the claim of 
Texas to the east bank of the Rio Grande having been adjusted. 



239 
ROUTES TO 

OREGON AND CALIFORNIA, 



(730) Fort Leavenworth to San 

Diego, Cal. 

Emorif^s Route. 

To Oregon Trail 43 

Big John Spring 81 124 

Diamond Spring 20 144 

Cotton VVood Creek 29 173 

Cow Creek 58 231 

Bend of Arkansas River . .22 253 

Pawnee Fork 35 288 

Jackson Grove 64 352 

Bent's Fort 212 5G4 

Camp on the Tirapa 34 598 

" "• Purgatory ...53 651 

« « Raton 17 668 

" « Canadian.... 17 685 

" " Cimmaron Ci- 

ton 30 715 

The Pools 50 765 

Vegas 27 792 

VemalSprings 19 811 

SantaFe 62 873 

San Felippe 38 911 

Peratta 48 959 

Limatar 52 1011 

Night Creek 190 1201 

Rio Gila 8 1209 

San Francisco River ■ ... 160 1369 

Disappointment Creek 21 1390 

San Pedro 38 1428 

Pijomos and Coco Mai-ico- 

pas Village 89 1517 

Junction of Gila and Colo- 
rado 170 1687 

CarisoCreek 99 1786 

Valla Cilon 16 1802 

Warner's Rancheria 35 1837 

SanDiego 79 1916 

(731) Independence to Sacra- 

mento City, Cal. 

Via South Pass. 
To Bear River, (aee 732) .1054 
Weljer River Ford 40 1094 



Summit of Mountain 23 1117 

Great Salt Lake City 18 1135 

Mary's River 315 1450 

The Sink 274 1724 

TruckeeLake 134 1858 

Johnson's Ill 1969 

Sacramento City 35 2004 

(732) Independence to Oregon 
City, Oregon. 

To the crossing of Kansas 

River 90 

Platte River 220 310 

Crossmg of Buflfalo Creek .25 335 

Good Spring 61 396 

Goose Creek 51 447 

Lone Tree 34 481 

Chimney Rock 74 555 

Scott's Bhiff 22 577 

Raw Hide Creek 36 613 

Fort Laramie 12 625 

Warm Springs 14 639 

Horse Shoe Creek 29 668 

La Boiite River 18 686 

Deer Creek 37 723 

Upper Platte ferrv and ford 29 752 

Sweet Water River 50 802 

Independence Rock 1 803 

South Pass 101 904 

Green River 62 966 

Fort Bridger 55 1021 

Bear River 33 1054 

Beer Springs 95 1 149 

Fort Hall 55 1204 

American Falls 22 1226 

Fishing Falls 125 1351 

Lewis River Crossing — .40 1391 

Fort Boisse 130 1521 

Burnt River 72 1603 

Grand Ronde 68 1671 

Fort Walla Walla 95 1766 

Umatillah River 25 1791 

John Day's River 70 1861 

FaUs River 20 1881 



240 



ROUTES TO OREGON AND CALIFORNIA. 



The Dalles 20 1901 

Cascades. 40 1941 

Fort Vancouver 53 1994 

Oregon City 30 2024 

(733) CouNcii, Bluffs to the Gx. 
Salt Lake City. 

To Elkhorn River 27 

Platte River 12 39 

Loup Fork 47 86 



BeuA-er River 18 104 

Old Pawnee Village 11 115 

Upper Ford of Loup Fork 19 134 

Main Platte River 32 166 

Wood River 3 169 

Deep Drv Creek 43 212 

Crossing of Buffalo Creek . . 20 232 
Bear River, (see (732) . . .719 951 

Weber River Ford 40 991 

Summit of Mountain 23 1014 

Great Salt Lake City-. 18 1032 



241 



THE PRINCIPAL CANALS 



UNITED STATES. 



MAINE. 

CUMBERLAND AND OXFORD 
CANAL. 

From Portland to Sebago 
Pond 20A 

Sebago Pond to Long Pond, 
via Songo River Improve- 
ment 30 50i 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Canal around Bow Falls, (Merri- 
mac River) f mile 

Around Amoskeag Falls ... 1 " 

" Hookset Falls 1-6 " 

" Seawell's Falls ^ " 

« Union Falls 9 " 

VERMONT. 

There are three short canals in Ver- 
mont, overcoming obstructions 
in Connecticut river, viz. : 
Around White River Falls i mile. 

" Bellows Falls i " 

" Waterquechy Falls -^ " 

MASSACHUSETTS, 

MIDDLESEX CANAL. 

Charles River, opposite Bos- 
ton, to Somerville 2 

Medford 5 7 

Woburn 4 11 

Wilmington 5 16 

Billerica 6 22 

Middlesex, on the Merrimac 
River 5 27 

PAWTUCKET CANAL, 

Lowell to Chelmstbrd. .. . 11^ miles. 



21 



BLACKSTONE CANAL. 

Worcester to Providence, (not now 
in use) 45 miles. 

HAMPSHIRE AND HAMPDEN 
CANAL. 

Northampton to Connecticut Line, 
(not now in use) 22 miles. 

MONTAGUE FALLS CANAL. 

Around Falls in Connecticut Riv- 
er 3 miles. 

SOUTH HADLEY CANAL. 
Around the Falls at South Had- 
ley 2 milea. 

RHODE ISLAND. 
BLACKSTONE CANAL. 

From Providence to Worcester, 
(not now in use) 45 miles. 

CONNEOTIOUT. 
ENFIELD CANAL, 

Around Falls in Connecticut Riv- 
er 5i miles. 

FARMINGTON CANAL. 

New Haven to Massachusetts State 
Line, (partly filled in). .56 miles. 

NEW YORK. 

ERIE CANAL, 

From Albany to West Troy 7 

Junction Champlain Canal. . 2 9 

Cohoes 1 10 

Lower Aqueduct 3 13 



242 



PRINCIPAL CANALS 



Upper Aqueduct 13 26 

Schenectady 4 30 

Rotterdam 9 39 

Philips' Locks 5 44 

Amsterdam ) o a-t 

PortJacksonJ ** ^' 

Schoharie Creek 5 52 

FULTONVILLE 5 57 

Spraker's Basin 9 66 

Canajoharie 3 69 

Fort Plain 3 72 

Diefendorl 's Landing 3 75 

St. Johnsville 2 77 

East Canada Creek 4 81 

Indian Castle 2 83 

Fink's Ferry 3 86 

Little Falls 2 88 

Herkimer > „ o- 

Mohawk \ ' ^^ 

Frankfort 6 101 

Utica, Junction of Chenan- 
go Canal 9 110 

YorkMiUs 3 113 

Whitesboro' 1 114 

Oriskany 3 117 

Newville 6 123 

Rome, Junction of Black 

River Canal 2 125 

Wood Creek Aqueduct .... 2 127 

Hawley's Basin 2 129 

New London 3 132 

Stacy's Basin 2 134 

Higgins', Junction of Oneida 

Lake Canal 2 136 

Dunbarton 1 137 

Oneida Creek ) 4 141 

Durhamville S 

Lenox Basin 3 144 

Cauiistota 2 146 

New Boston 4 150 

Chittenango 3 153 

Kirkville 5 158 

Manlius 4 162 

Limestone Feeder 1 103 

Orville Feeder 2 165 

Lodi 5 170 

Syracuse, Junction of Os- 
wego Canal 1 171 

Geddes 2 173 

Belisie 4 177 

Camillus 2 179 

Canton 5 184 

Jordan 6 190 

Weedsport 6 196 

PortByron 3 199 



Montezuma, Junct. of Cay- 
uga and Seneca Canal 6 205 

Clyde 11 216 

Lock Berlin 5 221 

Lyons 4 225 

Lockville 6 231 

Newark 1 232 

Port Gibson 3 235 

Palmyra 5 240 

JNlacedonville 4 244 

Wayneport 3 247 

Fail-port 5 252 

B ash nell's Basin 4 256 

Cartersville 2 258 

Pitlstord 1 259 

Billinghast's Basin 4 263 

Rochester, Junct. of Gene- 
see Valley Canal 6 269 

Brockvvay's 10 279 

Spencer's Basin 2 281 

Adams' Basin 3 284 

Brockport 5 289 

Holley 5 294 

Hulberton 4 298 

Hindsbm-g 2 300 

Albion 4 304 

Eagle Harbor 3 307 

Knowlesville 4 311 

Medina 4 315 

Shelby's Basin 3 318 

Middleport 3 321 

Gosport 5 326 

Lockport 7 333 

Pendleton 7 340 

Tonawanda 12 352 

Lower Black Rock 8 360 

Black Rock 1361 

Buffalo 3 364 

CHAMPLAIN CANAL 

Connects Erie Canal with Lake 
Champlain. 

Albany to Junction 9 

Waterford 3 12 

Mechanicsville 8 20 

Stillwater Village 4 24 

Bleecker's Basin 2 26 

Van Duzen's Landing 7 33 

Schuylerville • 3 36 

Saratoga Bridge 2 38 

Fort Miller 3 41 

FortEdward 8 49 

Glenn's Falls Feeder 2 51 

Smith's Basin 6 57 

Fort Ann 4 61 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



243 



Comstock's Landing 4 65 

Whitehall 8 73 

CHENANGO CANAL 

Connects the Mohawk and Sus- 
quehanuah Rivers. 

Utica to Clinton 9 

Deansvilie 5 14 

Oriskany Falls 5 19 

Boucksville 5 24 

Peck's Basin 2 26 

Hamilton 4 30 

Lebanon Factory 2 32 

Earlville 4 36 

Sherburne 5 41 

North Norwich 4 45 

Norwich 6 51 

Oxford 9 60 

Hayner's Mill 10 70 

Green 4 74 

Chenango Forks 8 82 

PortCrane 7 89 

BiNGHAMTON 8 97 

BLACK RIVER CANAL 

Extends from Rome to the high 

falls on Black River, and together 

with the river improvement, is 

77^ miles. 

With a feeder from Black River to 

Boonville 10 miles. 

ONEIDA LAKE CANAL 

Extends from Higgins to Oneida 
Lake 8 miles. 

OSWEGO CANAL 
Connects the Erie Canal at Syra- 
cuse, with Lake Ontario at Os- 
wego. 

Syracuse to Salina 2 

Liverpool 3 5 

New Bridge 8 13 

Phoenix 4 17 

Sweet'sLock 3 20 

Fulton 7 27 

Tiffany's Landing 8 35 

OswEGO 3 38 

CAYUGA AND SENECA CANAL 

Extends from Montezuma on the 
Erie Canal 

To Seneca River 5 

Seneca Falls 5 10 



Chamberlain's Mills 2 12 

Waterloo 2 14 

Teal's 5 19 

Geneva 2 21 

CROOKED LAKE CANAL. 

Dresden to Mallory's 3 

Andrews and Ways 2 5 

Penn Yan ... 2 7 

Crooked Lake 1 8 

GENESEE VALLEY CANAL 
Will extend from Rochester on the 

Erie Ctuial, to Olean on the Al- 
leghany River. 
Rochester to Tone's Basin 8 

Scottsville 4 12 

Sackett's Basin 10 22 

Fowlerville 2 24 

Barclay's Will 2 26 

Spencer's Basin 4 30 

Tracy's Basin 2 32 

Cuyler 1 33 

Genesee Dam 3 36 

Mount Morris 1 37 

Shaker's Settlement 4 41 

Fitzh ugh 's Basin 2 43 

Sherwood's Landing 4 47 

McNair's Landing 2 49 

Dansville - . 3 52 

CHEMUNG CANAL 

Extends from Knoxville to Seneca 

Lake. 
Seneca Lake to Havana ... 4 

Millport 6 10 

Fairp -rt 7 17 

Elmira 6 23 

Knuxville 10 33 

With a feeder from neai- Coi-ning 
to Fairport 16 miles. 

DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL 

Connects the Hudson River with 
the Delaware River and the 
Pennsylvania coal mines. 

Eddyville to Rosedale 6 

Marble Quarries 2 8 

Mechanicsville 1 9 

Allegerville 4 13 

Port Jackson 4 17 

Middleport 4 21 

Port Benjamin 3 24 

Ellenville 4 28 



244 



PRINCIPAL CANALS 



Philipsport 6 34 

Beatysbursr 2 3b 

Sneed's Basin 5 41 

Brownville 3 44 

Neversinb Aqueduct 8 52 

Port Jervis 8 60 

Bolton 4 64 

Tucker's Aqueduct 7 n 

Craigsville 4 7d 

BarryviUe 4 79 

Delaware Dam ;• 4 o6 

Pennsylvania Division. 

Mouth of I>ackawaxea 1 84 

RowlandviUe •"> 89 

Blue Eddy 3 92 

Jones' Rift « |^0 

Newcastle 1 101 

HONESDA-LE ' 1"^ 

NEW JERSEY. 

MORRIS CANAL 

Connects the waters of the Hudson 

and Delaware Rivers. 
Jersey City to Newark • . .10 

Blooiufield 7 17 

Paterson 8 25 

Little Falls 5 30 

Beavertown 6 36 

Montville 4 40 

Boonton 2 42 

Rockaway 7 49 

Dover 4 53 

Drakesville 7 60 

Feeder from Hopatcong 

Lake 3 63 

Stanhope 2 65 

Saxon's Falls 5 70 

Hackettstown 4 74 

Andersontown 7 81 

Port Golden 3 84 

"Washington 5 89 

New Village 4 93 

Greenwich 6 99 

Philipstown 2 101 

Easton,Pa 1 102 

DELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL 

Comiects the Delaware with the 

Rai-itan River. 
New Brunswick to Bound 

Brook 7 

Millstone 5 12 

Gri^stoMH 7 19 



Rocky Hill 2 21 

Kingston 2 23 

Williamsburg 3 26 

Trenton H 37 

Bordentown 6 43 

A navigable feeder extends from 
Trenton to Saxtonsville on the 
Delaware. Length . . .23 miles. 

PENNSYLVANIA.. 

PENNSYLVANIA CANAL MAIN 

DIVISION 

Connects the Susquehanna with 

the Alleghany and Ohio Rivers. 

Columbia to Marietta 3 

Bainbridge 6 9 

Falmouth 4 13 

Middletown 4 17 

High Spire 3 20 

Harrisburg 6 26 

Blue Mountain Gap 5 

Dauphin 3 

Duncan's Island 7 

Newport 10 



Millerstown 8 

Thompsontown 5 

Mexico 7 

Mifflintown ••• 4 

Lewistowu 14 89 

Waynesburg 14 103 

Huntingdon 29 132 

Petersburg 7 139 

Alexandria 7 146 

Water Street 2 148 

Yellow Springs H 159 

Frankstown 10 169 

HOLLIDAYSBURG 3 172 

Alleghamj and Portage R. R. 

Svrnimit., 11 183 

Wilmore 12 195 

Summer Hill • 3 198 

Johnstown 10 208 

IVeste'm Division Canal. 

Laurel Hill Gap 6 214 

Lockport 10 224 

ChesnutmU 5 229 

Blairsville 8 237 

Saltzburg 16 253 

Warrentown 12 265 

Leechbui^ 10 275 

Freeport 5 280 

Tarentum M ^ci 

Sharpsburg 12 305 

Pittsburg •"•• ' ^-^ 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



245 



SUSQUEHANNA DIVISION 
Diverges from the main or central 
line at Duncan's Island, 15 miles 
above Harrisburg. 
Duncan's Island to Liver- 
pool 15 

West Mahantango Creek • • 6 21 

Selin's Grove 12 33 

Northumberland 7 40 

NORTH BRANCH DIVISION 

Extends from Northumberland in- 
to the anthracite coal region of 
Pennsylvania. 

Northumberland to Dan- 
ville 12 

Centreville 20 32 

Berwick 7 39 

WiLKESBARRE 23 62 

Lackawanna 11 73 

Tunkhannock 23 96 

Wyalusing 28 124 

WEST BRANCH DIVISION 

Extends from Northumberland in- 
to the bituminous coal region of 
Pennsylvania. 
Northumberland to Mil- 
ton 11 

Muncy 13 24 

Williamsport 13 37 

Linden 8 45 

Jersey Shore 8 53 

Dunnsburg 14 67 

Farrandsville 8 75 

DELAWARE DIVISION 

Extends from Bristol to the Lehigh 

Canal at Easton. 

Bristol to Morrisville 9 

NewHope 17 26 

LumbfTville 7 33 

Monroe 16 49 

Easton 11 60 

BEAVER AND ERIE CANAL 

Extends from Beaver on the Ohio 
River to Lake Erie. 

Beaver to Moravia 19 

Newcastle 5 24 



Clarksville 29 53 

Greenville 16 69 

French Creek Feeder* . . ..19 88 

Conneautville 10 98 

Lockport 16 114 

Girard 5 119 

Eri2 17 136 

* French Creek Feeder 45 miles. 

SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION CANAL 

Connects the anthracite coal region 

with Philadelphia. 
Fairmount Dam, Philadel- 
phia, to the Falls 4 

Norristown 12 16 

Phcenixville 12 28 

Pottslown 15 43 

Reading 21 64 

Mohrsville 12 76 

Hamburg 11 87 

Port Clinton 4 91 

Schuylkill Haven 11 102 

Pottsvilie 4 106 

PortCarbon 2 108 

LEHIGH NAVIGATION COMPANY 

Extends from Easton along the 
banks of the Lehigh River to 
Stoddartsville. 

Easton to Bethlehem 12 

AUentown 5 17 

Lockport Basin 14 31 

Mauch Chunk 15 46 

Penn Haven 7 53 

Rockport 8 61 

White Haven* 9 70 

Falls at Stoddartsville 14 84 

* A railroad extends hence to 
Wilkesbarre 20 miles. 

UNION CANAL 

Extends from Reading on the 
Schuylkill River, to Middletown 
on the Susquehanna. 
j From the commencement of 

j the Canal to Reading 4 

: BernvilJe 15 19 

Stouchestown 12 31 

Lebanon 13 44 

Swatara Aqueduct 10 54 

Middletown 28 82 

1* 



246 



PRINCIPAL CANALS 



SUSQUEHANNA OR TIDE-WATER I 
CANAL 

Extends from WrighlsvUle, oppo- 
site Columbia, on the Susque- 
hanna, along the western bank 
ot that river to Havre de Grace, 
Maryland. Length — 45 miles. 

DELAWARE. 

CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE 
CANAL 

Extends from Delaware City on the 
Delaware River, to Back Creek, 
Md. Length 14 miles. 

MARYLAND. 
CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. 
This canal will ultimately be ex- 
tended from Cumberland to Pitts- 
burg, on the Uhio, 150 miles fai-- 
ther. 
Alexandria to Georgetown. 7^ 

Seneca Creek m 30 

Monocacy Creek 20 50 

Berlin 14 64 

Hai-per's Ferry " J| 

WlUiamsporl 40 111 

Clear Sprmg 11 1^2 

Hancock 21 143 

Cumberland 4» iJi 

VIRGINIA.. 

JAMES RIVER CANAL 
Extends along the bank of the 

James River from Richmond to 

Lynchburg. 
Richmond to Dover Mills. . .20 

Columbia 30 50 

Scott's Feriy 23 M 

Warren 6 /9 

Warminster 1~ ^^ 

Lynchburg 55 146 

DISMAL SWAMP CANAL 
Extends from Deep Creek to 
Joyce's Creek, a branch of Pas- 
quotank River, which flows into 
Albemarle Sound, N. Carolina. 
Length 23 miles. 



NORTH CAROLINA 

WELDON CANAL 

Extends around the [' alls of the 
Roanoke, from Weldon to Blake- 
ly 12 milea. 

CLUBFOOT AND HARLAN CANAL, 

From Clubfoot Creek, a tributary 

of the Neuse River, to llaj-lan 

Creek, which empties into the 

Atlantic near Beaulbrt. . H miles. 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

SANTEE CANAL 
Connects the Santee River with 



Charleston Harbor 



2J miles. 



WINYAW CANAL 

Extends from Wlnyaw Bay to 
Kinlock Creek, a branch of San- 
tee River. Length • • • • 7.^ miles. 

The navigation of the Catawba 
River has been improved by five 
shoi-t canals, with an aggregate 
length of Hi miles. 

GEORGIA. 

SAVANNAH AND OGEECHEB 

CANAL 

Extends from Savannah to the 

Ogeechee R. {Qosed.} 16 milea. 

BRUNSWICK CANAL 

Extends from Altamaha to Bruns- 
wick. Length-. 



12 miles. 



ALABAMA. 

MUSCLE SHOALS CANAL 
Extends from Florence along the 
north bank of the Ti^iiiesaee 
River 35J miles. It is designed 
to overcome the obstruction 
caused by the Muscle Shoals. 

HUNTSVILLE CANAL 
Extends from Huntsville to Triania 
on the Tennessee Riv. .16 miles. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



247 



LOUISIANA. 
ORLEANS BANK CANAL 
Extends from New Orleans to Lake 
Pontchartrain. Length, 4^ miles. 

BARATARIA CANAL 

Extends from the Mississippi River 
opposite New Orleans to Bayou 
Terre Bonne, and consists of 26 
miles of canal and 2d miles of 
lake and steam navigation. 

LAKE YERET CANAL 
Extends from Napoleonville on La 
Fourche Bayou to Lake Veret. 
Length 8 miles. 

KENTUCKY. 
LOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND 



This canal is constructed around 
the Rapids in the Ohio River, 
and is sufficiently capacious to 
admit the passage of the largest 
steamboats, which can only pass 
the Rapids during the high 
floods. It is 50 feet wide and 10 
feet deep. Length 2^ miles. 

The navigation of the Kentucky, 
Licking, Green, and Barren Riv- 
ers, has been greatly improved 
by the construction of dams and 
locks in them. 

OHIO. 
OHIO CANAL 

Connects the Ohio River with Lake 

Erie. 
Cleveland to Rathbun's 

Lock 5 

Mill Creek 4 9 

Tinker's Creek 4 13 

Pinery Feeder 4 17 

Boston 4 21 

Peninsula 3 24 

Niles 6 30 

Old Portage 2 32 

North Akron 5 37 

South Akron 1 38 



New Portage 6 44 

Wolf Creek Lock 3 47 

Clinton 5 52 

Fulton 4 56 

V\elhnan'3 Mills 5 61 

Massillon 4 65 

Navarre and Betniehem 6 71 

Bolivar 9 80 

Zoar 3 83 

Jennings' Bridge 3 86 

Dover 7 93 

Lockport 4 97 

Newcastle 2 99 

Trenton 4 103 

Gnadenhutten 5 108 

Port Washington 4 112 

Newcomerstown 6 118 

Evansburg 4 122 

Lewisville 10 132 

Roscoe 3 135 

Adams' Mill 10 145 

Webbsport 4 149 

Hartford's 3 152 

Frazersburg 3 155 

Nashport 6 161 

Licking Dam 5 106 

Lickingtown 4 170 

Newark 6 176 

Granville Feeder 5 181 

Hebron 4 185 

Licking Summit 4 189 

Millersport 2 191 

Baltimore 5 196 

Havensport 6 202 

Carroll 2 204 

Lockville 2 206 

Waterloo 3 209 

Rayneysport 5 214 

Lockbourne 7 221 

Holmes' Landing 3 224 

Millport and Bloomtield ... 4 223 

Circleville 8 236 

WestlaU 5 241 

Yellowbud 5 246 

Deer Creek 4 250 

Andersonville 2 252 

Clinton Mills 4 2.56 

Chilicothe 2 2.53 

Tomlinson's 6 264 

Stony Creek 3 267 

Head of Big Bottom 2 269 

Sharonville 7 275 

Waverly 4 280 

Trimble's Bridge 3 283 

Jasper 3 286 



248 



PRINCIPAL CANALS 



Howard's Lock 5 291 

Culter'3 Station 3 294 

Brush Creek ~ 301 

Portsmouth 8 309 

WALHONDIXG CANAL 
Extends along the valley of the 
AValhonding River, from Roscoe 
on the Ohio Canal to Rochester. 
Roscoe to Crooked Run 

Bridge 2 

Walhonding Dam 4 6 

Warsaw 2 8 

Bedford Bridge 2 10 

Darling's Bridge 1 1 1 

Gamble's Lock 1 12 

Butler's Lower Crossing ... 1 13 
Butler's Upper Crossing ... 2 15 

Walhonding, (town) 3 18 

Gamble's Saw Mill 1 19 

Cummings' Bridge 2 21 

Wohican Dam 2 23 

Rochester 2 25 

HOCKING CANAL 
Extends from the Ohio Canal along 

the left bank of the Hocking 

River to Athens. 

Carroll to Lancaster 9 

Reams' Mill 5 14 

Rush Creek 2 16 

Green's Mill 6 22 

Hocking FciUs 5 2/ 

Logan 1 -8 

Wright's 5 33 

Pattonsville 1 34 

Seven MileRun 2 36 

Nelson viile •• 5 41 

'. .... 5 49 

2 51 

5 56 



Monday Creek 

Chauncey 

Wolf's 

Athkns 



MTAMI CANAL AND EXTENSION 
Extends from Cincinnati on the 
Ohio, to Junction with the Wa- 
bash and Erie Canal. 
Cincinnati to Lockland ...12 

Hamilton Side Cut 16 28 

Middletown 13 41 

Franklin 6 47 

Miamisbm-g 6 53 

CarroUton 3 56 

Alexandersville 1 57 



Dayton 8 65 

Tippecanoe 15 80 

Troy 1 87 

Piqua 9 96 

Loramie's Feeder 3 99 

Lockport 3 102 

Newport 12 114 

Berhn 5 119 

:Minster 3 122 

Bremen 3 125 

St. Marj's Feeder 6 131 

St. Mary's 2 133 

Deep Cut 13 146 

Junction* 35 181 

* See Wabash and Erie Canal, 
la. 

WARREN COUNTY CANAL 

Extends from Lebanon to the 
Miami Canal at Middletown. 
Length 19 miles. 

SIDNEY FEEDER 
Extends from Port Jefferson to the 
Miami Extension Canal at Lock- 
port. Length 13 miles. 

ST. MARY's FEEDER 
Extends from Celina to the Miami 
Extension Canal at St. Marj's. 
Length H miles. 

MUSKINGLTJ IMPROVEMENT 
Extends from the Ohio Canal at 

Dresden along the A'alley of the 

Muskingum to its mouth. 
Dresden to Simin's Creek . 6 

Zanesville 10 16 

Tayloi-sville and Duncan's 

Falls 10 26 

Rokeby ai.d Eagleport 10 36 

McCoimellsville and Malta . 7 43 

Windsor 10 53 

Luke'sChute 5 58 

Beverly and Waterford — 10 68 

Lowell 11 "^9 

Devoirs 7 86 

Marietta and Hamar 5 91 

SANDY AND BEAVER CANAL 
(Jlahoniv^) 
Extends from the Ohio Canal at 
Bolivar, along the valleys of the 
Sandy and Beaver Creeks to the 
Ohio"River. Length . . 86 miles. 



IN THE UNITED STATES. 



249 



INDIANA. 

WABASH AND ERIE CAXAL. 

Ohio Divisior,. 

Manhattan to Toledo 4 

Port Miami 8 12 

Maumee City 1 13 

Waterville 5 ]8 

Otsego 7 25 

Providence 5 30 

Damascus 6 36 

Napoleon 8 44 

Florida 8 52 

Independence ■ 5 57 

Defiance 4 61 

Junction of Miami Exten- 
sion Canal 9 70 

Reservoir 11 81 

Antwerp 3 84 

State Line 4 88 

Indiana Division, 

Indiana City 3 91 

Fairport . . .' 2 93 

Lewiston 3 96 

Fort Wayne 12 108 

Aboit6 •••• 11 119 

Huntington 16 135 

Utica 9 144 

Lagro 5 149 

Wabash 6 155 

Peru 15 170 

Lewisburg 8 178 

LOOANSPORT 8 186 

Amsterdam 9 195 

Lockport 6 201 

CarroUton 6 207 

Delphi 5 212 

Americus 8 220 

La Fayette 10 230 

Lodior Coal Creek 51 281 

Terre Haute 36 317 

Point Commerce* 42 359 

Newburg 17 376 



Pigeon Dam 72 448 

Evansville 19 467 

* This canal is now open to Point 
Commerce. 

WHrrETTATER CANAL, 

This canal extends from Cambridge 
on the National Road to the 
Ohio River. 
Lawrenceburq to Hard- 

ingsburg 

Elizabethtown 6 

Harrison 8 14 

New Trenton 6 20 

Brookville 11 31 

Laurel City 14 45 

Connersvilie 11 56 

Cambridge 12 68 

ILLINOIS. 
ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL 

Extends from Lake Michigan to 
Peru on the niinois River,"thcre- 
by opening a water communica- 
tion between the Lake and Mis- 
sissippi River, 

Chicago to Canalport 4 

Summit 8 12 

DesPlaines 10 22 

Athens 4 26 

Lockport 6 32 

Joliet 6 38 

Dupase 10 48 

Dresden 4 52 

Morrisiana 9 61 

Clarkson 4 65 

Marseilles 12 77 

Ottawa 8 85 

Utica 9 94 

La Salle 4 98 

Peru 2 100 



250 
TABLE OE UNITED STATES AND EOREIGN MONEYS, 



UNITED STATES MONEYS. 



GOLD.- 



-Washingtoti . 

Eag-le 

iEa^le 

lEa^le 

Dollar 



Fineness. 

JOO * 

•• 1 00 ■ 



fVeiS:ht. ralue. 
.516 grains 20 dollare. 



i Dollar. 
I Dollar. 
Dime .. 
i Dime.. 
COPPER,.-Cent...... 

i Cent... 



.258 
.129 

. 64.5 " 
. 25.8 " 

.412.5 " 
.206.25 " 
.103.125" 
. 41.25 " 
20.625 " 



pure 



84 



25 '• 
10 " 
5 " 

10 railla.l 



Accovints are kept in dollars, {$,) cents, (c.) and mills, (n:i.) The Spanish silver 
dollar and its parts, ( l-2s., l-4lhs, l-8ths, and l-16ths ;) and also those ol Mexico and the 
South American republics, circulate ai the same values as the U. S. dollar and its parts. 
The g-old of Spain, Mexico, and the South American repuljlics has a legal value of 
89.9 cents per dwt. In retail trade the dollar is variously divided in diflerent states: 
in New York it is divided into shilling-s= 12i cents, and 'sixpences=6| cents ; in New 
Eng-land into shilling-s also, but the shilling' there is 16 2-3 cents, and the New York 
shilling- (which corresponds with the Spanisn eighth) is 9 pence, and so in proportion. 
In the Southern States the Spanish eighth is called a bit, and the sixteenth a Jip OP 
picayune, and are taken as 10 and 5 cents. The grreatest bulk of the circulating' me- 
dium in the United Slates consists of notes of a dollar and upwards,^ issued by banka 
incorporated under the sanction of the individual states. 

FOREIGN MONEYS, 



And their equi 

British Sovereign 

" Guinea 

French Napoleon 

" Louis d'or 


valents in 
Gold 

$4 84 

5 on 

3 83 

4 50 

15 93 
15 00 
34 00 

5 80 
2 26 
2 28| 

Silver 
11 

183 

1 03' 

16 

. 50 

. 993 

1 01 i 

484 

. 97 

. 1 00| 

) 1 06 

1 05 
. 1 06 

1 Oil 
f British 


United States' currency. 
Coins. 

Prussian 10 Thalers 

Colosine Ducat 

Da?nsh Duca.1 


.$7 82 
. 2 24i 
. 2 25 


" Frederick d'or 


. 3 90 


Spanish Doubloon 

•' " Patriot 


Frankfort Ducat 


. 2 25 


Oe/ieua Pistole (old) 


. 3 95i 


Portuguese Dobraon 


" " (new) 


. 3 40i 


Russian Kuh\e 


3 90 


Holland Ducal 


3 85 


Austrian Ducat 

British Crown 

Shilling 

" Sixpence 


Coins, 

Bremen 48 grotes 

" Rix Dollar 

Hamburg " 


$ 55 


FrenchYimic . 


Hanoverian " (constitution). 

Holland Florin 

Belgic " (1790) 

" •' (1816) 


I 08* 


S«a7iis/i Dollar 


40 


" Pisiareen : head 18— cross 
Portuguese Crusado 


. 34* 
4l| 


Austrian Rix DoUar(1800) 

" ^, " (Hungary). 

Florin 

Bavarian Kix Dollar 

Brunswick " 


Franc 

Prussian Rix Dollar(currency).. 
" convention) 

Thaler 

Russian Ruble 


! 1 oij 


Danish " {Schleswic,&c. 

" Specie Dollar 

Swedish " 


Saxony Rix Dollar(convention).. 

" " (Leipsic) 

Sicilian Scudo .. . ... 


. I 00| 

'. 971 


Swiss Ecu or " 


provinces in America=$4. 




Pound currency o 





•The alloy, silver and copper — the silver not to exceed one half, t The alloy il copper. 
I The miU is an imaginary coin, being the lOOOih pari of a dollar. 



1 
CATALOGUE 

OF 

MAPS, CHAETS, BOOKS, ETC., 

PUBLISHED BT 

J. H. COLTON & CO., 

NO. 172 "WILLIAM-STREET, CORNER OF BEEKMAN 



niastrated and EmlDellislied Steel-Plate 

MAP OF THE WORLD, 

On Mercator's Pi'ojection, exhibiting the recent Arctic 
and Antarctic Discoveries and Explorations, «fcc. &c. 
6 sheets. Size, 80 by 60 inches. 

Price, monnted, $10 00. 

This splendid and highly-finished map is the largest and most accurate 
work of the kind ever published. It exhibits a full resume of all geo- 
^aphical knowledge, and shows at one view, not only the world as it 
now is, in all its natural and political relations, but also the progress of 
discovery from the eai'liesl ages. In its compilation, every faciUty haa 
been rentiered by the liberality of our own government in furnishing 
published and private maps and documents; and also by the govern- 
ments of Europe, especially those of France and England, whose rich 
stores of geou'rai>hical works have elicited much, that until the present 
publication lias been as a sealed letter. As a work of art, it excels all 
its predecessors, and is as ornamental as useful. It is beautifully colored, 
and mounted iu the handsomest style. 



MAP OF THE WORLD, 

On I>Ieroator's Projection, exhibiting the recejit Arctic 
and Antarctic Discoveries and Explorations, &c. ifec. 
3 sheets. Size, 44 by 36 inches. 

Price, mounted, S3 00. 

This work is reduced from the large map, and contains all the more 
important features of that publication. It has been constructed with 
especial reference to commercial utifity; the ports, lines of travel, inte- 
rior tradint; towns and posts, fcc, l)eing accurately laid down. An im- 
portant feature in this map is the transposition of the contuients so as to 
give America i central position, and exhibit the Atlantic and Pacific 
oceans in their entirety. The niaj) is engraved on steel, highly embol- 
ILshod, and mounted in the best style. As a medium sized map, it con- 
tains much more than the usual amount of infonnation. 



2 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., 

MAP OF THE WORLD, 

On Mercator's projection, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 28 by 22 
incbcs. Price, uioiiiited, $1 50t 

This is a bfautifully got up map, and, from tlie closeiiesa of its iufor- 
mation, coniains as much as the ^eiit-ralily of maps twice its size, it is 
well adapted for the use of those who do not require the detail oJ 
topography, which is the peculiar feature in tlie larger maj)s. As a 
companion to the student of general history it is, perhaps, prefer- 
able to any other, as it is compact and easy of reference. The pro- 
gress of discovery, from the times of Columbus to the present day, is 
fully exiiibited; and esjiecial cai-e lias been taken to sliow distinctly the 
recent explorations in the Aj-ctic antl Antarctic regions. 



MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD, 

On a liemispliei'ical projection, each hemispliere being 
six feet in diameter, and both printed on one piece of 
cloth at one impression. Size, 160 by SO inches. 

Price, $10 00. 



MAP OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, 

With enlars^ed piniis of the lsthinu»i of Pnnauia — 
the iMlhnins of Tehtiaiitepcc — and the IViearagtia. 
Route, showiiis: the proj<-cted antl conipleied lines 
of iiiter-oceanic roninsiinioation — al!*o planM of the 
Bermuda I^I.-indM — the Bff arbor of San J nan de 
Niearas^na — and the C'iiieji of Rio de Janeiro^ 
Panama, and Aspin^vnll City. Also table»i of dis- 
tances from the principal ports of the QL^nited 
States to all parts of the "trorld, etc. 2 Sheets. 
Size, 45 by 52 inches. Price, nionntetl, $5 GO. 

This map is beautifully engraved on steel plates, and is colored and 
mounted in superior style. Of the Americas together, it is by far the 
most complete and reliable of any map extant. It exhibits the larger 
portion ot the Pacific, with its groups of islands, and nearly all of the 
Atlantic Ocean, with the western coasts of Africa and Europe, the tracks 
of navigators, etc. 



MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, 

Compiled from the latest authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 
29 by 26 inches. 

Price, mounted, $J 50; in cases, $0 75* 



PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 3 



TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, 

With the adjacent coasts : compiled from the latest bu- 
thorities. 1 sheet. Size, 3'-i hy '25 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. 



MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, 

Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts and 
other geos^'aphical publications. '2 sheets. Size, 44 
by 31 inches. Price, mounted, §4 00. 

This is the largest and best map of South America ever issued in this 
country, and the only one available for commercial purposes. It is also 
an excellent school map. 

MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, 

Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied 
ivith statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of 
the several states. 1 sheet. Size, 3'-i by '25 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50. 



MAP OF EUROPE, 

Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts^ 
and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 
58 by 44 inclies. Price, mounted, $5 00. 

The best maf) of Eiu-ope extant, exhibiting the topography and polit- 
ical condition of that continent with great accuracy. It is an excellent 
map for scliools as well as for the merchant's otHce. 



MAP OF EUROPE, 

Compiled from the laiesi authorities, &:c., with statis- 
tical tables exhibiting the area, population, form of 
government, religion, t&c., of each state. 1 sheet* 
Size, 3:2 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. 



MAP OF ASIA, 

Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts^ 
and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 
58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, ^5 00. 

This map is the largest and most accurate ever issued m Americai 
«id coDtaina all the most recent determinations in British India, &,& 



4r MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., 

It is indispensably necessary to merchants trading with Chin.i, Indiai 
fee, and miist be especially valuable at the present time, when our conr 
oection with those comitries is daily becoming more intimate. Nor is 
it less valuable lor seminaries of leai-uiu^. 



MAP OF ASIA, 

Compiled from the most recent authorities, together 
w^ith stati.stical tables of tlie area, population, &c., of 
each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50. 



MAP OF AFRICA, 

Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, 
and other £;eographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 
5S by 44 inches. Price, mounted, So 00. 

The larjjest and most accurate map of Africa ever published m the 
United States. It exhibits the most recent discoveries of travellers— 
the new political divisions on the north and west cojists and in Soaih 
em Africa, &.C., &c. As an oflSce or school map it has no superior. 



MAP OF AFRICA, 

Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied 
^vith statistical tables of the area, population, cVrc, of 
each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. 

Price, mounted. Si 30 



MAP OF THE UINITED STATES, 
THE BRITISH PROYIXCES, ilEXICO. AXD THE ^\'EST INDIES. 

Showing tlie counti'y from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
ocean. 4 sheets. Size, 62 by 55 inches. 

Price, So 00. 

Extraordinary exertions have been employed to make this map perfect- 
ly reliable and authentic in all respects. It is the only larse nia;! that ex- 
hibits the United States in its full extent. Bein^ engraved on steel, and 
nandsomely mounted, it forms not only a useful, but hifrhly ornamental 
addition to the office, library, or hall. All the railroads, canals, and post- 
roads, with distances from place to place, are accurately laid dov\n. To 
make the map more ?enerally useful, the publisher has appended to it a 
map of Central America and the Isthmus of Panama, and also a plan ex- 
hibiting the inter-oceanic railroad. Sic. It deser^^es to take pre<;edence o 
all naps heretofore published in this country. 



PDBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 



MAP OF THE UiNITED STATES AIND THE CANADAS; 

Showing the base, lueridian, and township lines of the 
United Stales surveys; the lines of counties, districts, 
and parishes; the location of cities, villages, and post- 
offices; all railroads, canals, post and other roads; also 
the district and town lines of the Canadas— the whole 
being compiled from the latest surveys and other authen- 
tic sources. 9 sheets. Size, S!i by 6S inches. 

Price, mounted, or in portable form, $10.00. 

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 

"As a^york of mere art, it is exceedingly beautiful; but as an accurate 
and faithful delineation of the ct)uiiiry. in all its aspects, geog^raphical and 
political, it is entitled to the very lii|hesl praise. The map is six feet by 
seven, projected on a scale of twenty-lour miles to the inch ; showing, with 
the utmost accuracy, not only the general, hut minute features of the whole 
Country. Every slate, county, and township, within our whole broad ter- 
ritory, is desiiriiated by boundary lines — the courses of rivers and streams, 
canals, railroads, stage and post roads, tiie position of cities, towns, vil- 
lages and hamlets, lakes and mountains, are laid down — avery count v being 
colored separately. Tlie meridian and township lines of the UniteJ States 
surveys, and indeed all the topogra[)hi(:al minutiie ever found on maps, is 
here displayed So far as the ornamental portion of this great work is con- 
cerned, we" repeal that it is superior to any thing we iiave seen. It is 
splendidly bordered by scroll-work, and by the introduction, at proper 
places, ot fourteen of the most important cities of the United Stales: 
among which. New York and New Orleans are most conspicuous, and 
upon a larger scale. Boston, Philadelphia, Bultimore, Washington, and 
Cnarleston. are very accurately represented, and beautifully engraved, as 
is the c;ise with ail the rest.' Cincinnati. Louisville. St. Louis. ii:c.. kc. 
These views, it seems to us. are worth half the price of the whole work, 
as specimens of our rapid improvement in the arts. However, it is to the 
utilitarian portion of the map, that we wish particularly to call the atten- 
tion of the public. In this respect, it is invaluable." 

New York Courier and Enquirer. 

" This noble map is six feet by seven, projected on a scale of twenty-four 
miles to the inch, and is cenitied on tiie map by Mr. Sleiger. the principal 
Clerk of Surveys at Wasliinglon, that it embraces all surveys made by the 
United Slates. "from the Atlantic ocean to the American Desert, or l6 the 
32d degree of west longitude. It would seem to be authority on all boun- 
dary qiiestions. from national to township lines. This map is particularly 
valual)le for its correctness in reirard to the Western and Simtheru Stales 
and Tiirri ones. The Ijase. ineridiiiii. and township lines of the United 
States suiveys are siven; and those owning lands in any [nirt of our 
country, with" the map before them, may put iheir tinger upon any section, 
and see the streams, lakes, swamps, ifcc. portrayed tVom actual survey. In' 
addition to the United Stales, the map contains a representation of the! 
Canailas, and North and Central America, a desirable improvement upon 
the shadowy outlines heretofore given The countries set apart by the^ 
United States for the use of ihe di.ferent Indian tribes, and tlieir names, 
are also iriveu. As a work of art, this map is unquestion:ibly a high 
achievemenl. It is wholly eiiirraved on steel, is splendidly Ijordered by 
8croll-work. with the introduction, at proper places, of vigiiet'es of cities 
among .vmch New Orleans and New York are most consnicuous. and, 
embraces a Ijue view of our National ami Stale emblems." 

Neu) Orleans CommercM BulUtin 



6 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 

MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, 

THE BRITISH PROVIKCES. MEXICO. THE WEST DfDIES, AND 

CENTRAL AMERICA. WITH PARTS OE NEW 

GRENADA AND VENEZUELA, 

Exhibiting tlie country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
and from 50° N. lat. to the Isthmus of Panama and 
the Oronoco river. 2 slieets. Size, 45 by 36 inches. 
Price, mounted, S2 50; in cases, $1 50. 

The vast extent of country embraced in this map, and the impoi-tance 
of the territories portrayed, render it one of the most useful to ihe mer- 
chant and all others connected with or interested in the onwtu-d pro- 
gress of the United States. It is peculiarly adapted to the ]M-esent times, 
Bhowing, as it does, the whole sphere of American steam navigation on 
both sides of the continent, and giving the best delineations extant of 
om- new territories on the Paciflc. Ail the railroads and ctmals ai'e laid 
down with accuracy. There is also appended to the map a diagram of 
the Atlantic ocean, in reference to steam communication between Eu- 
rope and America ; and a detailed plan of the Isthmus of Panama, show- 
ing the several lines of inter-oceanic intercom-se. The map is engraved 
on steel and highly embellished. 



IHE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 
COTTON'S NEW TOWNSHIP MAP OF ARKANSAS. 
Compiled from the United States Surveys, and other au- 
thentic sources. By D. F. Shall. Size, 30 by 35 inches. 
Price, -nounted, S3 00; pocket, Si 00. 
This is the best map of this state published— its correctness being cer- 
tified by various government and state officers. 



MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 
WITH PARTS OF THE ADJACENT COUNTRY, 
Embracing plans of the principal cities and some of the 
larger villages. By David H. Burr. 6 sheets. Size, 
60 by 50 inches. Price, mounted, S5 00. 

This is the largest and beat map of the state in the market, and ex- 
hi-bits accurately all the county and township lines; all interna-1 im- 
prove inenls, and the position of cities, villages, &c. A new edition, 
embracing all the alterations made by the state legislatiu-e, is issued aa 
eaily as possible after the close of each session annually, so that the 
public may rely on its completeness at the date of issue. 

1* 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 7 

MAP OF THE STATES OF NEW ENGLAND AND N. YORK, 

With parts of reiinsylvania, New Jersey, the Canndas, 
«fcc., sho^ving the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, 
with distances from place to place. 1 sheet. Size, 30 
by 23 inches. Price, mounted, ^1 25. 

Tills is an exceedingly minute and correct map, having been compiled 
with gi-eat cai'e and a strict adherence to actual siu'vey. 



MAP OF THE COUNTRY 33 MILES AROUND 

THE CITY OF XEW YOIIK. 

Compiled from the maps of the United States' Coast 
Survey and other authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 
26 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. 



MAP OF LONG ISLAND, 

^itb the environs of the city of Ne^v York and the 
southern part of Connecticut. By J. Calvin Sniitht 
4 sheets. Size, 60 by 42 inches. 

Price, mounted, $4 00. 



TRAVELER'S MAP OF LONG ISLAND. 

Price, in cases, $0 38. 

A neat pocket map for duck-shooters and other sportsmen. 



MAP OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK, 

Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey City, and the adjacent 
•waters. 3 sheets. Size, 56 by 32 Inches. 

Price, mounted, S3 00. 

The Commissioners' Siu-vey is the basis of this map. The imjirove- 
ments have been accurately laid down : and lo make the wuik more 
valuable, maps of the vicinity of New York, of the Hudson riVHr. and 
of the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, have been appends i. No 
exertion has btien spared to keej) the work up with the |)ro,gress of the 
city and neigli bo-hood. The exceedingly low price at which it is i.»'»aaed 
ought t( sdciu'i to it a large circulation 



PUBLISHED BY J. H. COITON. 



MAP OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 

Together with Brooklyn, AVilliauishura;, Grecnpolnt) 
Jersey City, Ilobokeii, iScv., exhibiting a plan of the 
port of New York, witli its islands, santlbanks, rocks, 
and the soimdini^s in iVct. 1 sheet. 8ize, 32 by 26 
inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, !$0 50. 



IVIAP OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN, 

As coiiKolidnled by nil act of the liegisiatKre of the 
Niate of IVew Vor'^i, including Brooklyn, Willianis- 
biirsh, «reeM Point, and Bnshwitk, conslrncted 
from the ofliciai niapM of the <!omnii«»ion<rs and 
othrr anihenlic itonrt-es, exhibiting the favm lines 
and names of the original owner.-i. Hiz.v, 54 by 
40 inches. JPrice, uionnted, $5 00. 



SECTIONAL MAP OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Compiled from the United States' surveys. Also exhibit- 
ing the internal improvements; diistaiices betveeen 
to^vns, villages, and post-oflices ; outlines of prairies, 
woodlands, marshes, and lands donated by the Gene* 
ral Government for the purposes of internal improve- 
inents. By J. M. I'eck, Tohu 3Iessenger, and A. J. 
Mathewson. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by S^i inches. 

Price, mounted, §2 50; in cases, Si 50. 
The largest, most accui-ate, and only reliable map of Illinois extant 



MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, 

Compiled from the United States' Surveys by S. D. 

King. Exhibiting the sections and fractional sections, 

situation and boundaries of counties, the location ol 

cities, villages, and post-oflices — canals, railroads, and 

other internal improvements, &;c., 6cc. 6 sheets. Size, 

66 by 48 inches. Price,; mounted, S6 00. 

The only large and accurate map of Indiana ever iHSue'!, and one 

that evt-ry land-uwner and speculator will find indispnisab'y necessary 

to a lull unilt-rslandin^ of the to|)OLcniphy o( tlie Cdiiniry. ulJ the im* 

provenienls which have been comijltr-ted, and those wnich are now in 

progrejss. It is handsomely engraved and embellishod. 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC 



MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, 

Compiled from the Uuited States' surveys. Exliibiting 
the sections and fractional sections, situation and 
boundaries of counties, the location of cities, villajjes, 
and post-offices— canals, railroads, and other luternal 
improvements, &c., &c. 3 sheets. Size, 43 by 33 
inches. Price, mounted, S3 00. 

This map ia a reduction from the large work, and contains equally 
with thai irapoitant publication all the essential features of the state 
and the improvements that have been effected. It is suitable for an 
office or house map. 



A NEW MAP OF INDIANA, 

Reduced from the large map. Exhibiting the boundaries 
of counties ; township surveys j location of cities, to^vns, 
villages, and post-offices— canals, railroads, and other 
internal improvements, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 17 by 14 
inches. Price, in cases, ^0 38. 



MAP OF MICHIGAN, 

Map of the s«i*veyed part of the State of I^Iichigan. By 
Joliu Farmer. 1 sheet. Size, 35 by 25 inches. 

Price, mounted, $3 00 ; in cases. Si 50. 



MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES, 

Viz.: Ohio, I^Iichigan, Indiana, Illinois, Slissouri, lovra, 
and Wisconsin, and the Territory of Minesota, show^- 
ing the to\*'nship lines of the United States' Surveys, 
location of cities, towns, villages, post-hamlets — canals, 
railroads, and stage-roads. By J. Calvin Smith. ] 
sheet. Size, 28 by 24 inches. 

Price, uioiinted, SI 35; in cases, SO 63» 



MAP OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE; 

Evbibiting the railroads, post roads, &c. 1 sheet. Size 
25 b^ 17 inches. 

Price, mounted Sl.35s and in cases^ $0.50* 



10 PUBLISHED BY J. H. iOLTON. 

STREAM OF TIME, 

Or Chart of Universal History, From the ori^nal Crerw 
man of Strauss. Revised and continued by R. S» 
Fisker, M. D. Size, 43 by 33 inches. 

Price, mounted, $3 00. 

An invaluable companion to every student of History. 



MAP OF THE CITY A^D COUNTY OF T'EW YORK. 

With parts of Brooklyn, Willianisbur^h and Green Point, 
and of Jersey ('itv, Uoboken, &:c. "^Compiled from the 
latest Surveys, &c. 1 Sheet. Size S'2 bv '^0 inches. 

Price, mounted, !*1 50 ; in cases, ^0 50. 

Tliis map exhibits that portion of the city below STth street on a 
lai-ge and uniform scale; tiie portion north of that street is exhibited 
on a smaller scale, but is distinct and complete, beinir engraved on 
steel. The ward lines, fire limits, &c., are laid down with accuracy^ 
and in every respect the map is well suited either for the office or pocket 



PORTRAITS OF THE PRESIDENTS, 

And Declaration of Independence. 1 sheet. Size, 42 by 
31 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. 



NEW MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA, 

From the most recent and authentic sources ; sho^ring 
the lines of communication between the Atlantic and 
Pacific oceans. One sheet. Price, in casesj $0 50« 



MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. 

A combined view of the principal mountains and rivers 
in the world, with tables showing their relative heights 
and lengths. 1 sheet. Size, 33 by 35 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50. 



A CHART OF NATIONAL FLAGS, 

Eaeh represented in its appropriate colors. 1 sheet* 
8iz«, 2S by 33 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., 11 

AN ILLUSTRATED MAP OF HUMAN LIFE, 

Deduced from passages of Sacred Writ. 1 sbcet. Size* 
25 by 20 inches. Price, mounted, ^0 75. 



MAP OF PALESTINE, 

From tbe latest authorities : chieJly from the maps and 
draAviajgs of Itobinsou & Smith, ^vith corrections and 
additions furnished by tbe Kev. Dr. E. Robinson, and 
with plans of Jerusalem and of the journeyings of the 
Israelites. 4 sheets. Size, SO by 62 inches. 

Prife, mounted, S6 00. 

This lar?e and elesrant map of the Holy Land is intended (or the Sun- 
day-school and Lecture-room. It is boldly executed, and lettered ia 
large type, which may be read at a great distance. Both the ancient 
and modern names of places are given. 



MAP OF PALESTINE, 

From tfce latest authorities: chiefly from the maps and 
dra^vlngs of Robinson & Smith, with corrections and 
additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. E. Robinson. 2 
sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. 

Price, mounted, ^2 50. 

This map is elegantly engraved on steel, and is peculiarly adapted to 
family use and the use of theological students. It contains every place 
noted on the lartjer map, the only dilference being in the scale on which 
it is drawn. While the large map is well suited tor a school or lecture- 
room, this is more convenient for family use and private study. Plana 
of Jerusalem and the vicinity of Jerusalem are altaclied. The religious 
and secular press through'.>ut the country has expressed a decided 
preference for this map of Professor Robinson over all others that have 
ever been issued. 



MAP OF EGYPT, 

The Peninsnla of Mount Sinai, Arabia Petraea, with the 
southern part of Palestine. C^ompiled from the latest 
authorities. Shelving the journeyings of the children 
of Israel from Egypt to the Holy liand. 1 sheet. 
Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* 

An exceUeut aid to the Bible student. 



12 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 



NEW TESTAMENT MAP. 

A. map of tlie countries mentioned in the "Sew Testament 
and of the travels of the Apostles— with ancient and mod* 
ern names, from the most authentic sources, 1 sheet* 
Size, li'i by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* 

" Its size, finish, distinctness, fullness, and accuracy, malve it very ele- 
gant and useful. Sabbath-school teachers and private Christians, as 
well as theological students, may esteem and use it with great advan- 
tage. * • » I own and value." Samuel H. Coz^ D. D. 

" On a scale neither too large to be unwieldy, nor yet too small to be 
accurate, it presents at a single view, with great distinctness, the scenes 
of the striking events of the New Testament, and cannot fail to K\ve to 
those events a greater cleai'uess, ami l>y presenting so plainly their lo- 
calities lo throw over them new interest. ***** [t seems to 
have been drawn in accordance with the best authorities." 

Erskine Mason, D. D. 

"Valuable for accuracy, beauty, and cheapness. Having both the 
ancient and modern names of places, and being of portable size, it 
would appear happily adapted for the use of Sabbath-school teachers." 

tViUiam R. fVMiams, D. D. 

" I have been much pleased with the apparent accuracy, end the 
beautiful execution of a map of the coimtries mentioned in" the New 
Testament, published by Mr. Colton, and think it adapted to be useful." 

Stephen H. Tyng, D. D. 



GUIDE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &c. 

Travelers' and Tourists' Guide-Book through the United 
States of America and the Canadas. Containins; the 
routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by 
railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steamboats, togeth- 
er with descriptions of the several states, and the 
principal cities, to^vns, and villages, in eacli — accom- 
panied with a large and accurate map. 

Price, $1.00. 



ROUTE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &c. 

Travelers' and Tourists' Route-Book through the United 
States of America and the Canadas. Containing the 
routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by- 
railroads, stage-roads, canals, rivers, and lakes, t&c* — 
accompanied with a large and accurate map. 

Price, $0.75. 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 13 



MAP OF INEW EINGLAIND, 

With portions of the State of New York and the Biitish 
Provinces. 4 sheets. Size, 64 by 56. 

Price, mounted— colored in counties, $5.00. 
" " colored in towns, $6.00. 

This is a ma^ificent map, en;?raved on steel, and exhibits the state 
county, and town lines; all the railroads, and other internal improve- 
ments, and the general i^eosrraphy of the country— the whole on a larger 
Bcale than has ever been published before. It has also appended to it a 
separate map of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 



EDDY'S MAP OF CALIFORINIA. 

Approved and declared to be the Official IHap of the State 
by an Act of the Leijinlature, passed March 25, 1S53. 
Compiled by William M, Edd y. State Sui-veyor Genei'al. 
2 Sheets. Size 53 by 46 inches. 

Price, mounted, S5 00 ; in cases, $3 00. 

AtrrnoRiTiES.— The coast line from San Diego to Oregon and the 
Harbors, Bays and Islands, are from data furnished from the 0". S 
Coast Survey Oflice at Washington, and includes the work of 1852. 

The Salinas and Tulare Valleys, the northern portion of the State 
embraced in part of Siskiyou and Shasta counties, the Colorado Elver, 
and that portion of Oregon shown on the map, are from Surveys and 
Keconnoissances of the U. S. Topographical Engineers. 

The counties of Mendocino, Trinity, and Klamath, are from the map 
of George Gibbs, Esq. 

The country from the Pacific to the Gila, is from the map of the 
Boundary Commissioners. 

The remaining portion of the State is from maps and sketches 
made by the Surveyor General, Coitnty and other surveyors, and from 
astronomical observations under the superintendence of the Surveyor 
General, and verifications from the U. S. Land Surveys. 

The Mono country is from a sketch made by the discoverers, Lieuta 
T. Moore and N. H. McLean, U. S. Army. 

WM. M. EDDY, State Surveyor General. 
San Fbancisco, March 81st, 1S53. 

NEBRASKA AND KANSAS. 

lYew map of IVebj awkn and Kansas, exhibiting; the 
routes, selllcmeiits, etc. 1 sheet. 

Price, $0 3S; in cases, $0 50 



14 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, 



THE TRAVELER AND TOURIST'S GUIDE-BOOK 

Through tlie Western States and Territories, contain- 
ing brief descriptions of each, ^^vith the I'oixtes and 
distances on the great Lines of Travel. Accompanied 
by a Map, cxliibiting the Townsliip Lines of the 
United States Snr\^eys, the Boundaries of Counties, 
Position of Cities, Villages, Settlements, etc., etc. — 
100 pp. Price, $0 75. 



THE BOOK OF THE WORLD; 

Being an account of all Republics, Empires, Kingdoms^ 
and Natjous, in reference to their geography, statistics, 
commerce, «fcc., together ■with a brief historical outline 
of their ri^se, progress, and present condition, Arc, &:c. 
By Richard S. Fisher, M. D. In two volumes, pp. 6312- 
727. ^Illustrated with maps and charts.) 

Price, $5 00. 

A CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLDj 

Exhibiting the leading events of Universal History; the 
oriein and progress of the arts and sciences, dtc. j 
collecteu chiefly from the article " Chronology" in the 
new^ Edinburgh Encyclopedia, edited by Sir David 
Brewster, LL. D., F. R. S., &c. ; with an enlarged 
view of important events, particularly in regard to 
American History, and a continuation to the present 
time, by Daniel Haskell, A. 31., American Editor of 
nicCnlloch's Luiversal Gazetteer, &c. 12mo. pp. 267. 

Price, $0 75 

MAP OF THE TERRITORY OF MIN'ESOTA. 

Bxliibiring the Official Surveys. Compiled by T. Knaner. 
Civil Engineer, &c. Scale, 6 miles to the inch. Size^ 
32 by 30 inches. 

Price, mounted, S3 00; in cases. Si 00. 

This map contains all the recent surveys made in the Territory by the 
United States' Sur%eyors, and exhibits with accuracy the base and me- 
ridian line? . the county, township, and section lines, and the general 
topography of the country, until now so little kno\\'n. It is the only 
authentic map of the Territory ever published, and will be invaluable 
alike to the emigrant the speculator, and the traveler. 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 15 

PLAN OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK IN NORTH AMERICA. 

SURVEYED IX THE YEARS 1766 AND 1767. 
To His Excellency Sir Henry 3Ioore, Bart., Captain- 
General and Governor-iu-Chief in and over His Ma- 
jesty's Province of New York and the Territories de- 
pending thereon in America, Chancellor and Vice- 
Adniiral of the Same, this Plan of the City of New 
York and its Environs, Surveyed and Laid Down, is 
Most Humbly Dedicated by His Excellency's Most 
Obed. Humble SerAant, 

B. RATZER, 
liieut. in His Majesty's 60 th or Royal American Regt* 
3 sheets. Size, 44 by 40 inches. 

Price, mounted, S5 00. 

The value of the above map in lesral cases is sufficiently attested by the 
the fact that the subscription list comprises the names of all the most 
eminent surveyors and lawyers in the cities of Nevr York and Brooklyn. 



THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

3rAP OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLIXA. 

Compiled from Railroad, Coast, and State Surveys. By 

G. E. Walker and J. Johnson, Civil Engineers. 4 

sheets. Size, 73 by 57 inches. 

Price, mounted, SlO 00. 

This map has been compiled under the authority of the Legislature of 
the State of South Carolina, and is the only map'of the State which, for 
accuracy of delineation and minutiae of detail, can claim to be reliable. 
It embraces all the surveys made by or under authority of the local 
government, the surveys of the most eminent civil enrrinrers in the ser- 
vice of the several railroad companies, and the results of the United States' 
Coast Survey; and for the authenticity of its material, and the general 
correctness of its topoa;raphica] illustrations, the reputation of two of the 
most widely know^n and esteemed engineers of the State is responsible. 
Such guarantees for the oerfection of a state map were never before 
afforded to the public. The map, in point of minuteness, stands un- 
equalled : it exhibits the lines of all existing ndlroads. all railroads in 
progress, and those also which are projected, the whole system of post and 
district roads, and all other internal improvements ; the situation of cities, 
tOASTis, villasres, post-offices, and the great multiplicity of other objects 
nsuallyfoiind on the best and most elaborate maps ; and in point of execu- 
tion, its artist ical merits are such as to challenge the admiration of all 
whose opinion is worth recording. The large scale adopted by the authors, 
the distinctness with which its ereat natural features are depicted, and 
the truthfulness of its ^geographical context, adapt it peculiarly to the 
wants of all interested in commerce, internal trade, and general busi- 
ness within the State; and to surveyors and engineers it'must supply 
much that is new. important, and valuable to facilitate their labors in the 
field as well as in the office. No resident, indeed, at all interested in the 
progress of the State, can well do without this man. which .<o faithfully 
reflects the actual condition of the country with which he is identified. 



16 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 

NEW MAP OF THE PROVINCES OF CANADA EAST, 

Canada West, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Piince Ed- 
ward Island, New Foundland, &c. 36 by 4:^ inclves. 

Price, mounted, $3 50* 



MAP OF CANADA EAST AND CANADA WEST. 

With Statistical Tables, &c. 1 sheet, 35 by 31 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50* 



A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 

Togetlier -tvith genei-al Description of the Bermudas, 
Bay Islands, and Belize, and the Guayana Colonies* 
By Richard S. Fisher, M.D., author of the " Progress 
of the United States," « The Book of the ^\ orld," &c. 
Illustrated by a neiv and authentic map. 1 vol. Svc, 
pp. 68. Price 75 cents. 



THE SPANISH WEST INDIES ; CUBA AND PORTO RICO. 

Geogi-apliical, Political, and Industrial. Cuba : from, 
the Spanish of Don J. M. de la Torre. Porto Rico: 
by J. T. O'Neil, Esq. Edited by Richard S. Fisher, 
M.D., author of "Progress of the United States;" 
Statistical Editor of " Colton's Atlas of tlie W orld," 
etc., etc. Illustrated by a New and Accurate Map. 

Pi'ice $1 00. 



fHE TERRITORIES OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA: 

Being an Account of their Geogi-aphy, Resources, and 
Settlements. By Joseph F. Molfette, late of Governor 
Stevens' Overland Expedition. Accompanied by elal>- 
orate uiaps. Price 75 cents. 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 17 



UNIFORM SERIES OF TOWNSHIP MAPS. 

COLTON'S NEW MAP OF MISSOURI, compiled from the 
United States' Surveys and other authentic sources. Scale, 16 
miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. 



COLTOIT'S RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE 
STATS OF OHIO, compiled from the United States Surveys, &C. 
Scale, 12 miles to the inch. Size, 82 by 29 inclies. 

Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75, 



COLTO^J'S TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF WIS- 
CONSIN, compiled from the United States" Surveys and other 
authentic sources. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 20 
inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 73k 



COLTON'S TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF IOWA, 
compiled from the United States' Surveys and other authentic 
sources. Scale, 14 miles to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. 



COLTON'S RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE 
STATE OF NEW YORK, with parts of the adioinins States and 
Canadns. Scale, 15 miles to the inch. Size. 32 by 29 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50*; in cases, $0 75. 



COLTON'S NEW RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF 
THE STATES OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT, 
compiled from the most recent and authentic sources. Scale, 9 miles 
to the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. 



COLTON'S NEW RAILROAD AND TOWNSHIP MAP OF 
THE STATES OF MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND, 
AND CONNECTICUT, compiled from the United States' Coast 
Survey and other accurate and authentic sources. Scale, 9 miles to 
the inch. Size, 32 by 29 inches. 

Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. 



Tlie ahove series is the most accurate and detailed of any published, 
and in all that relates to railroads and other internal improvements, 
is complete to the date of publication. 



IS PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 



MAP OF THE STATE OF KENTUCKY, 

Carefully compiled from the moist aiillientic origi- 
nal iiaapM, (lociiments, aud miisrellaiieoits iiifor- 
uiatioii. By li:diiitiiid F. I>ee, C'ivil li^iigiiieer. 
6 NlieelM. »ize, 76 by 4S ircheH. 

Price, mounted, $6 00« 

Tliis is the larsrest and most detailed map of the prosperous State of 
Keiitucky ever piil)lished, and the pnidiiriidn of one of the most ac- 
complished civil foejineiTs of tiie Union. It contains thi- minute topog- 
raphy of the 8iatt- ; the location of all cities, towns. viHaar^'S. and post- 
offices; tlie TMilroads and other lines of travel, with the distancea 
between places; the boundaries of counties; geological diagrams, 
elevations, etc., and statistical tables of a::riculture. population, etc. 
It is peculiarly adapted to the purposes of all interested in the actual 
condition of the State, its hiternal ini|irovenieni8 and general condi- 
tion; and as an accurate and reliable map has no competitor. 



MAP OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA, 

Compiled from official and authentic MOiirces. By 
AViii. O. ESoiiner, Civil l!:nfi;iii<'er. ] oIk-cI. Size, 
36 by 19 inches. I'rice, incai«e8,$0 '95. 

This map is a reduction of the large m;ip of Georgia by the same 
author, and contains all the peculiar f atures — detail, aci-uracy, and 
beauty — of ihc original. Eoads of all descriptions, the proper location 
of towns, the county lines, including those of the thirteen new coun- 
ties erected in 1S.")4. are laid down; and ihe Slate throughout is repre- 
sented faiihfiill) as it exists at the present time. The traveler will find 
this map to be a true guide to the localities he may wish to visit. 



THE EUROPEAN BATTLE FIELDS. 

Slap of iniiirope ; together fviih a large plan of the 
ISIaik .^e:i iiied li; aniibistn E*rovince!N. 1 siheet. 
Size, 30 by t24 iucheM. 

A'rice, mountod, $1 iJ5 ; in eaN«'«, SO 50 ; 
in »heeiM, $0 37 

This map has been provided with the view of exhibiting the progre* 
of the i:u:~so-Tiirkish war. It contains a large ainoiinl of information, 
and will be found better adapted to its special object than any other 
that has been published. 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 



19 



MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES; 

viz., Ohio, Iiidinna, 3Iichigan, Illinois, Kentucky, JYIisa 
Boiiri, Iowa, nnsl the Ten-itories, exhibiting the base, 
meridian, and township lines of the United States sur- 
veys; the lines of the counties; the general g;eogTaphy 
of Ihe country; the railroads, canals, and other roads; 
the location of cities, villages, and post-offices, etc., etc.: 
conipiled from the most recent and accurate sources. 
Engi-aved on steel. Size, 4S by 36 inches. 

I'rice, mounted, S3. 00; and in portable form, 81.50* 

Th.is Map (if llie Western Slates is the largest, most accurate, and, at the 
BS.ir.ii r.mie, t!ie nmst CDnvenieut that has liitherto been published. Il em 
braces the avf.O fcaiures of the country, and exhiliits, at one view, the 
Deariiiy and iiiipurlanfe ot' its relative parts. No one interested in the de 
velopineiil I)/" the West can well dispense with so elaliorate a portraiture 
of its surface ; and it will be eijually interest ing and uselul for counting- 
house rel'erence as it must be for the trader, traveler, injinitrranl, oi 
resident, lor which classes of our citizens it has been esjiecially designed. 
In coiniiiling this great work, it has been a chief object to have all the 
lines of travel, by railroad, canal, or otherwise, laid d(jwn accurately, and, 
in fuitheruiice ni this object, the assistance of the ensineers of the several 
works has liecn obiaiMed, and the lines have been traced from the original 
surveys liy the surveyors of each respectively. In this respect, no formal 
map of the West has any pretence to accuracy, and hence this publication 
claims preference with tliose who desire to acquaint themselves thoroughly 
with the country delineated, and its means ot intercommunication. 



^EW SERIES OF MAPS FOR TRAVELERS. 

This series embraces maps of each of the United States, of the several 
British Provinces, and of Mexico. Central America, and the West Indies, 
exhibiting with accuracy the railroads, canals, stage routes. &c.. also the 
principal cities, and other objects of interest, in appended diagrams. 

cts. 
New Mexico and 

Utah, 50 

New York, 83 

North Carolina, 8S 
Ohio, 88 

Oregon and Wasli- 

ington Ter., 50 
Pennsylvania, 38 
Rhode Island, 88 
South Carolina, 38 
Texas, 38 

Vermont, 88 

Virginia, 38 

West Indies, 50 

Wisconsin, 38 





cts. 




cts. 


Alabama, 


38 


Lake Superior, 


38 


Arkansas, 


38 


Louisiana, 


88 


California, 


50 


Maine, 


88 


Canada East, 


38 


Massachusetts and 


Canada V/est, 


38 


Rhode Island, 


38 


Central America 


50 


Mexico, 


50 


Connecticut, 


38 


Michigan, North, 


38 


Delaware and 




Michigan, South, 


88 


Maryland, 


38 


Minesota, 


88 


Florida, 


3S 


Mississippi, 


83 


Georgia^ 


83 


Missouri, 


88 


Illinois, 


88 


New Brunswick, 




Indiana, 


88 


Nova Scotia, &c 


.38 


Iowa, 


88 


New Hampshire, 


38 


Kentucky and 




New Jersey, 


8S 


Tennessee, 


88 







20 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 

NEBRASKA AND KANSAS, 

Exkibitiiis^ the nfW TerriCoi-ial botiiiflnries, Indian 

ci:«iiii<«, !in«^M of travel, to^viiH, etc.. tosfelhe:* iTith a 

uinp of (lie iieiv Teri-itoi'y 80iilli of iCie Citti Kiver. 

Size^ 30 by S4 inciieii*. I*i-ice.<«, mounted, S I t23; 

in cases, $0 30 ; in sliect!!i, $0 37« 



MAP OF THE COUINTRY 12 MILES AROUND 
THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 

With the names of property-holders, &C., from an en- 
tirely uew and accurate siu'vey. By J. C. Sidney. 
fi sheets. Size, 40 by 40 inches. 

Price, mounted or in cases, $3 00. 



And Emi^'ants' Guide : a Description of Wisconsin, 
Illinois, and Io\va, with Rcuiarl^s on Dlinnesota and 
other Territories. By Daniel 8. Curtiss. In 1 vol 
l^mo. pp. 360, (illustrated with a township map.) 

Price, SI 00. 
Actual observation and great experience are the bases of this work; 
and ill ian<,nmge and incident it has much to interest. It treats of the 
"Great West," its scenery, its wild sports, its iiistiluiions and its charac- 
teristics, material and economic. In that portion devoted to statistical 
illustration, the topography of sections and the adaptation of localitiea 
to particular branches of industiy occupy a large sjiace : the geology, 
soil, climate, powers and productions ol each are considered, and their 
allied iuKirests, their respective values and destinies, and their present 
conditions, are accurately described. 

N. B.— A German edition of the "W^estem Portraitnre'> 
has also been issned, and will be found ofeswential advan- 
tage to imniigi-ants from the " fatherland," ns it contains 
all the information necessary for their gaining a knowl- 
edge of the states to which German immi^-ntion is chiefly 
directed. It contains an excellent to^vTti.ship timp. 

Price, bound, ^0.75; in covers, $0.30. 



MAP OF THE PROVIINCES OF NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA 
SCOTIA, AND NEWFOUNDLAND, 

And parts of the country adjacent thereto. 1 sheet. 
Size, 18 by 15 inches. 

Price, in cases, $0 3S. 



PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 21 



A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF AMERICA; 

Being a desrription of the geo^-apby, rcHOurces, indus- 
try^ in^^ntutioii!), and other iiiterei^tN pertaining to the 
several governments and nations thereof. By liichard S. 
Fisher, i^l. l>., anthor of the " Book of the World," and 
other statistical works. (Not yet complete.) 1 vol. Svo. 
pp. '7'^i), Willi Maps. Price, bound, $2 50. 

This elaV)oiate worn represents, m the tangible form of fitrures and de- 
scriptions, all the g:reat interests which make and distiiisuisli nations. It 
comprises anions- its subjects the geography, geoiog^y and natural resources 
of all the countries of North and South America, and full statistjciil details 
of the population, industry, and general condition of each It is a work 
■which every Aineii.-.an needs — sufficiently detailed in all its departments 
for the utilitarian, and in its style and general character not too elaborate 
for the college or school library. By the student it may be used as a sequel 
to his geographical studies, and it is perhaps surpassed by no other \>'ork 
in its adaptation for the family circle, as it combines with its subjects much 
striking and instrurtiye information respecting the original inlialnlants, 
the antiquities, and curiosities of the continents to which its descriptions 
specially refer. No oue, indeed, who is possessed of the maps of America, 
ought to be without this work, which so lucidly fills up the outlines they 
depict. 

THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD; 

Being a general description of all nations and conntries, 
their geoari-aphy, resonrces, indnstry, and institutions; 
together with a brief history of their lise, progi-ess, and 
present contlition. By Richard S. Fisher, 31. D., author 
of the " Book of the World," and other stati.«*tical works. 
\l^itli Maps, a vols. Svo. pp. 680, 720. 

Price, liouuci, $5 00. 
This IS a work of 'oniversal utility, and, from its accuracy of detail, must 
become a standard in geographical literature. It contains a full rrsume 
of all the great interests of nations, and describes, in concise language, the 
distinguisliing features of the families of mankind, their origin, languages, 
customs, religions, pursuits, and characters. The vast anujunl of statis- 
tical information it contains has been derived from the most recent and 
authentic sources — principally from official documents referring to the 
year 1850, and hence, fr(mi the uniformity of the statistical series used in 
Its compilati(m, comparison is more easy, and the results more lucidly por- 
trayed. As a text-book for colleges and high sriiools, or as a work of refer- 
ence in public and private libraries, it is invaluable, and in many respects 
its superiority as a " book for the people" generally is too apparent to bo 
mistaken. It is in fact a companion to the Map of the World. It describea 
■where the map denmrlts, and makes apparent to the mind what the latter 
©aly typifies to the eye. 

INDIANA; 

Its geography, statistics, institutions, connty topography, 
&c. t compile<l from official and other authentic sources. 
By Richard !S. Fisher, I>I. D., author of the " Book of the 
World," and other statistical works. With a sectional 
mapof theS!)tate. 1 vol. liinio. pp. I3S. Price, S3.00. 



22 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, 



MAP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES; 

Viz., i>lar5-Ianrt, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Geor£;:a, Florida, Alabama, 3Iis8isKipp), IjOitisiana,Tex« 
as, Arkansas, Mi^^souri, Tennessee, anti Kentucky: con* 
striie fed from aiithenticmaterials. 4 sheets. Jsize, Giby 
43 inches. 

Price, mounted and colored, $6.00. 

This map is engraved on steel. It is undoubtedly tlie best and most 
elaborate map of the southern section of the Uuitecl Slates, and exhibits 
with accurar.y all the civil and political divisions; the lines of railroads, 
and other works of internal improvement ; the United States surveys in the 
land si atss. and a great mass of other information. Such a work tile South 
has long wanted. 



TOWNSHIP MAP OF THE STATE OF MAINE,, 

Exhibiting the railroad.**, and other internal improvementSt 
2 sheets. Size, 4;j by 'it inches. 
Price, colored in towns, $3; in counties, $3 30 

in cases, $1 30. 

This splendid map is en<srraved on steel, colored handsomely, and mounted 
in the best style. It is the lara:e«t and most complete man of the slate it 
represents that has hitherto been published, and exhibits distim^tly all the 
civil divisions, internal improvements, &c., with ?reat accuracy and con- 
ciseness. Ill its compilation tha assistance of officers of the United States 
C»ast Survey has contributed much to the value of its representation of 
the seaboard districts. 



GUIDE-BOOK 

THUOUGH THE WE^Y ENGLAND AXD MIDDLE STATES. 

Traveler's and Tourist's Guide-Book throuffh the Netv 
£n£(iand and I>[iddle States, and the Canadas. Con- 
tainins; the routes and distances on all the great lines 
of travel, by railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steaina 
boats, together with desciiptions of the several states, 
and the principal cities, to^vus, and villages in each- 
accompanied with a large and accurate map. 

Price, $0.75. 



MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, 

The Canadas, »fcc., showing the railroads, canals, and 
Btnge-roads, with the distances from place to place. 
Size, 118 by 3'.i inches. Price, in cases, $0.63^ 



MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 23 

STATISTICAL MAP OF THE STATE OF (NEW YORK, 

Comprising all the principal statistics of each county- 
agricultural, nuinufacturing, commercial, &c. By R. 
S. Fisher, lU. D., author of the " Book of the World," 
&c. 1 sheet. Size, 3ti by 20 inches. Price, SO 25. 

Useful to all classes of our citizens, and indispensable fur the infonna- 
tiou of parties eni^aged in the construction of railroads and other internal 
Improvements, speculators in land, and persons designing to settle in any 
paj-t of the State. All the material interests of the country are plainly 
indicated in figures on the face of the map, or in the tables which sr 
eompauy it. 



HORN'S OVERLAND GUIDE 
FROM COUNCIL BLUFFS TO CALIFORNIA. 

Containing a Table of Distances, and showing all the 
river**, lakes, springs, mountains, camping places, and 
other prominent objects; ^vith remarks on the country, 
roads, timbers, grasses, «&:c., »fcc. Accompanied by a 
Map. Price, $0 50. 



CORDOVA'S MAP OF TEXAS, 

Compiled from new and original surveys. 4 sheets. 
Size, 36 by 34 inches. 

Price, in cases, j$3 00. 

This is the only reliable map of Texas, and being on a large scale, 
exhibits minutely and with distinctness the natural features of the State 
and its several political divisions. The following government officers 
certify to its accuracy and completeness. 

"We have no hesitation in saying that no map could siu-pass this in 
accuracy and fidelity." David !S. Kacfman, Tuos. J. RrsK, 

S, i'lLSBTRY, Sam. HorsTON. 

"I certify to the correctness of this maj), it being the only one extan 
that is truly correct." John 0. iIays. 
»-»-• 

Besides his own publications, J. H. C. h*is constantly/ on hand 
a large assortment of Atlases rini Foreiqu Maj>s. 

Mounting in all its forms carefully executed for the trade, 
public institutions^ <Scc. 



24 

A NEW AND COMPLETE 

STATISTICAL AND GENERAL GAZETTEER 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

FOUNDKD OX AND COMPILED FKOM 

Official Federal and State Returns, and the Census of 1850 
BY RICHARD SWAINSON FISHER, M.D., 

Author of the "Book of the World;" " Progi-ess of the U. States,' 

a "Statistical Account of America," etc., etc. ; also, literary 

editor of " Colton's American Atlas," and editor of 

the " American Railway Guide." 



The " Statistical Gazetteer" describes and sums up all the 
prominent and material interests that make and distinguish the sev- 
eral political and civil divisions of the country ; the physical peculi- 
arities, the mineral and other resources, the capacities for agriculture, 
manufactures, commerce, and other industrial pursuits, and the pres- 
ent condition of each section, in accordance with the ascertainmente 
of the Seventh Census, taken in 1850, and other federal and state re- 
turns. Great attention has also been paid to works of internal im- 
provement. 

In compiling this work, two extremes, noticeable in Gazetteers 
hitherto published, have been carefully avoided : the one of which 
has hci^n to give a mere catalogue of names ; and the other, to select 
for aescription only such places as, by their historical greatness, 
their extensive manufactures, or other special intprests, have gained 
a notorious position. This Gazetteer notices each state, county, city, 
village, and natural object, at such proportional length as its import- 
ance demands, and in that terse and judiciously compressed style so 
desirable in books of this description, excluding all irrelevant detail, 
and dwelling only on the most prominent and interesting features. 
It thus commends itself to all classes, occupying, as it does, a posi- 
tion between the abstruse and popular, retaining the precision of the 
one, without its detail, and the interest of the other, without its 
vagaries. It is an eminently practical work, and to the coramercial 
man, the traveler, and statist, must be an indispensable companion. 

The work is published in one volume, royal ociavo, containiag 
about 960 pages, and is strongly bound in leather. 

Price Three Dollars and a half. 



25 
AMERICAN STATISTICAL ANNUAL 

FOR THE TEAR 1854-5. 

COMPILED FROM THE MOST AtrTHENTIO SOirKCES 

BY RICHARD S. FISHER, M. D,, AND CHARLES COLBY, A M.- 



The " American Statistical Annual " is a work in which are embodied 
\he detailed statistics of all American States, and a summary of those of 
Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia. The Statistics represent the condi- 
tion of all the interests of nations and countries according to the latest 
official returns, chiefly those made since 1850. The work is divided into 
four parts. 

Purt First — contains the Census Statistics of the United States and of 
the States severally, and the reports of the departments of the srovern- 
ments of each, with abstracts of state constitutions and of executive mes- 
sag^es ; and anion? a muUiplicity of other matters of interest will be 
found a correct list of colonial and constitutional governors, the statistics 
of asylums for the deaf and dumb, blind, and insane ; school statistics; 
the financial condition of states ; statistics of navigation and commerce, 
domestic and foreign ; accurate lists of railways, canals, telegraphs, etc. ; 
statistics of colleges, universities, theological schools, medical schools, 
law schools, and scientific schools : and statistical information relative to 
every interest of the states described. This division indeed contains a 
faithful review of the present condition of the Union and its component 
States. 

Fart Second— \s devoted to the States of Central and South America, and 
contains the latest statistics relative to their conditicm. In its compila- 
tion the assistance of the ministers of the several states resident at Wash- 
ington has been sought, and thus entire accuracy has been attained No 
part of America has hitherto been so little known in this country ns these 
states, and hence the information collected from such sources will be pe- 
culiarly valuable. 

Fart Third — describes Colonial America, and contain* a vast fund of 
authentic information relative to the Russian, Danish, British, Dutch, 
French, Spanish and Swedisli possessions, never before published. The 
late census of the British Colonies are chief features in this part of the 
work, and for these and many other valuable documents the authors are 
g'reatly indebted to the governors of the several dependencies. The 
Dutch and Danish censuses are also given. 

Fart Fourth — contains extensive statistics of trans-Atlantic States in 
tabular, form chiefly respecting the extent, population, finances, armed 
force, military and naval, merchant marine, railways, etc.. of each. The 
conciseness of these statistics, which are all of the latest dates, makes 
them of great value for ready reference. 

So extensive a work on statistics has never before been attempted ; nor 
has such a variety of interests ever been brought together. The merchant, 
the scholar, the minister of the srospel, the physician, and indeed every 
class of society will find in it something of importance relative to his indi- 
vidual profession. The economist will appreciate it as a book of facts, and 
refer to it in his arguments aarjiinst the sophist ; and to no class of per- 
sons can it be of more value than to editors of newspapers, whose atten- 
tion is frequently too closely confined to matters which preclude the pos- 
sibility of research for a wanted fact, but which the index of this volume 
•will readily discover. 

The work is handsomely printed, in fine type, and contains as much 
mattei as three ordiriarv vniniiics of the same size 

Price, SI. 50 bound half cloth, leather back. 



26 

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY COMBINED 

1q 1 vol., 4to, with SO Mnps and 200 Ensjravings, 

ENTITLED 

COMPREnENSIVE GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY, 

^ncfent antr ifHolJcrn. 

BY S. G. GOODRICH, 

Author of " Parley's Tales," and " Pictorial Histories." 



This -work contains 272 quarto pases, equal to 1,000 common 12mo pages. 
It is the most complete and compieliensive work for the daily use of Fami- 
lies, Merchants, Editors ot papers. Lawyers, Postmasters, Emigrants, &c. 
that lias ever appeared. It contains tlie Geography and History of every 
country, including the new census of the United States ; it gives the sit 
uation and population of over 5.000 cities, towns, and villages ; the mate- 
rials are all arranged in the most convenient order, and a copious index 
serves as a guide to the history and geograjihy of the most remarkable 
places in the world. This work has received the highest commendation 
at the iiands of scientiiic men in America and Europe. (Price, hajj 
bound $2 00, cloth gilt $3 00. 

From the Washington Republic, D. €. 

"This work belongs to the utilitarian class, and will doubtless take a 
permanent place in the higher schools, and in reading families generally. 
It is much more extensive than ordinary school treatises, as it includes 
some 270 quarto pages crowded with matter, and containing as much as 
two common 8vo. volumes. It is also illustrated with numerous engrav- 
ings on wood, and, what is more important, with 80 maps, plans ol 
cities, &c. 

" It may be a question whether it is best to study history with geogra- 
phy, at tliecmtset; but in a more advanced stage of study, there can be 
no doubt that it is desiralile at least to review geography in immediate 
connecti(m with history. This work is prepared with this view, and its 
introduction into the higher seminaries will prove a great advantage to 
education. 

" But. after all, the work strikes us as likely to be most useful in fami- 
lies, and to general readers, inasmuch as it furnishes a very full outline 
of geography and historv, vvith descriptions of country, so clear and dis- 
tinct as to divest both of these suhiects of the mists which usually attend 
them in the mind. They are rarely studied from the beginning in a 
proper manner, and hence there are certain hibyiinths into which almost 
every one habitually strays in approaching tljem. In the present work, 
by a systematic arrangement, anJ especially by the use of numerous 
maps, ancient and modern, placed in immediate contiguity with the text 
the various topics are presented in a manner so lucid as not only to pre 
vent i,ew errors and correct old ones, but at the same time to render sub- 
jects interesting which might otherwise be unattractive. 

" Beside all this, for general reference the work in question is exceed- 
ingly convenient, and will often save the trouble of consulting various 
sources of information. Take, as an example, the subject of Germany, 
with its divisions and subdivisions. In order to find the history and ge- 
ography of these countries, as given in the hook before us, it would be 
necessary to consult at least half a dozen volumes 

" In regard to countries whose history go back to antiquity, the advan 
tage is even greater. The view given of the Roman empire in (connection 
with the Greek empire, furnishes an extimple of the remarkably clear 
manner in which the author has contrived to treat geographical and his- 
toricjil topics. 

" We consider the work, as a whole, to be an excellent one, marking a 
^eat a*lvance in the art of preparing books for popular use, and deserv- 
ing therefore, universal encouragement " 



27 
NEW THYSICAL AND POLITICAL ATLASES. 

ATLAS OF AMERICA, 

fIJiistratina; the Physical an«l PoJiiJca! (Jeosn'aphy of the 
lIiiit€Ml States of Aiiieriea. the British Provinces, DlexicOj 
Central America, the West Indies, and Sonth America: 
constrncted from otiiciai surveys naid other authentic 
materials. 

The " Aiiieric;iti Atlas" contains separate maps of every state and coun 
try of Niiitli auil South Anierina, and the West Indies, engraved in the 
most elaliorate style, and colored so as to distinguish readily the civi] and 
politif:al divisions of each. Ttie work enihraces about 61 maps in imperial 
folio, and each map is acconipaniod with a letier-press description of the 
country it may re|)reseni ; exliihitiiis:, in a condensed form, all its great 
interests, industries, and institutions. 

Price, $15.«0; or without letter-press, $13.50. 



Illustratinj; Physical and Political (Geography : constructed 
from official surveys and other authentic materials. 

The " Atlas of the World" contains all the maps and letter-press 
comprised in the American Athis, with the aildition of between 50 and 60 
maps and descri|itions of the several countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, 
and Occanica, and, in every respect, is f5:ot up in the same solendid style, 
and witii the same regard to authenticity and correctness. 
1 Vol. $34 ; 3 Vols. $37 ; without lettei-press, $30. 

The maps contained in the above elaborate works have been drawn under 
the supeiiulendenceof an accurate and a(x;(iinplished seosrapher, and con- 
tain, liesides tlie usual geographical outlines, true representations of aD 
works of internal improvement, the lines of public surveys, and a great 
mass of other valuable information. 

The descriptive portions of the work are written by Du. R. S. Fisher, 
author of the " Book of the World," and other statistical works. These 
descriptions embrace all the geographical, geological, and statistical infor- 
mation nicideiil to the countries to which they refer; and also an outline 
of their institutions, political, religious, and intellectual. In the compila- 
tion of this, as in aU other departments of the works, the most recent and 
authentic materials have been used, and the whole forms a convenient and 
reliable source of information touching the subjects treated of 

Works such as the above have long been demanded by the enlightened 
portion of the American public. For many years extratn-dinary advances 
have been made in geograxihical science; discoveries of the highest im- 
portance have heen effected; regions before comparatively unknown have 
been explored, and their physical characteristics ascertained with greater 
or less minuteness; and on every side man has been actively engaged in 
acquiring information, whereby to extend the sphere of civilization and 
commerce. None of the important facts developed by these movements 
are to be found in the old atlases, and hence the necessity for entirely 
new works, embracing all the results that have been obtained from the 
sources indicated. The atlases above named supply this necessity, and in 
their maps and descriptions the world, as known at the present time, is rep- 
resented with faithfulness and accuracy; and the vast amount of informa- 
tion collected by explorers, travelers, and others, existing until now in 
forms accessible onlv to the few, are incorporated into these pages. Every 
effort has been used by the publisher to furnish to the world works that 
shall btt creditable alike to the genius, learning, and mechanical skill of 
America, and superior in every respect to any like productions of the 
press, either of this country or Europe. Their utility is not limited to any 
class, but IS co-extensive with tlie sphere of civilized humanity. 

18 



28 
LIST OF MAPS 

CONTAINED IN 

COLTON'S ATLAS OF THE WORLD. 



1. Vignette Title. 


55. 


fOity of Chicago. 
\City of St. Louis. 


2. Heishts of Mountains. 


3. Lengths of Rivers. 


56. 


Missuri. 


. J Compaiative size of Lakes. 
*• 1 " " Islfinds. 


57. 


Iowa. 


58. 


Wisconsin. 


5. Physical Maps of the World, (-imps.) 


59. 


Minnesota. 


6. " " " " 


60. 


Nebraska Territory, etc. 


7. " " " " 


61. 


Utah and New Mexico. 


8, 9. Woild on Mercator's Projection. 


62. 


Calil'oinia. 


( Double) 


63. 


Ore.icon and Washington. 


10. World, Eastern Hemisphere. 


64. 


Mexico. 


11. " AVestein " 


65. 


Central America. 


12. Northern Regions. 


66. 


West Indies. 


13. Southern Kegions. 


67. 


South America. 


14. No, th America. 


68. 


New Granada, Venezuela, and 


15. British Possessions in N. America. 




Kcuador. 


16. New Biuiiswick, Nova Scotia, and 


69. 


Peru and Bolivia. 


Newfoundland. 


70. 


Brazil and Guayana. 


17. Lower Canada and New Brunswick. 


7L 


Cliili and Argentine Republic, Um- 


18. Upper Canada. 




giiay and Paraguay. 


19, 20. United States. {Double.) 


72. 


Patagonia. 


21. Maine. 


73. 


Europe. 


22. New Hampshire. 


74, 


75. England. (DoMe.) 


23. Vermont. 


76. 


Vicinitv of London. 


24. Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 


77. 


Scotliuid. 


25. Citv of Boston. 


78. 


I. eland. 


26. Connecticut. 


79. 


France. 


27. New York. 


SO. 


Vicinity of Paris. 


2S, 29. N. York A- adjacent cities. (Double.) 


81. 


Spain and Portugal. 


30. New Jersey. 


82. 


Holland and Belgium. 


81. Pennsylvania. 


83. 


Denmaik. 


32. Citv of Pliiladelphia. 


84. 


Gei many, No. 1. 


33. Delaware and Maryland. 


85. 


Germany, No. 2. 


34. Citv of Baltimore. 


86. 


Germany. No. 3. 


35. Cities of Washington and George- 


87. 


Italv 1 North). 


town. 


88. 


Italy (South). 


36. Virginia. 


89. 


Switzerland. 


37. North Carolina. 


90. 


Noi way and Sweden. 


38. Soutli Carolina. 


91. 


Russia. 


„„ f City of Cliarleston. 
**■'• \ Citv of Savannah. 


92. 


Prussia. 


93. 


Austiia. 


40. Georf^ia. 


94. 


•|-uikey in Europe. 


41. Flo'ida. 


95. 


Greece and the Ionian Islands. 


42. .Alal'ama. 


96. 


Asia. 


43. Mississippi. 


97. 


Tuikey in Asia. 


44. Louisiana. 


9S. 


Palestine. 


45. City of New Orleans. 


99. 


AHglianistan. Belochistan, Tartary, 


46. Texas. 




Arabia, etc. 


47. Arkansas. 


100 


China. 


48. Kentucky and Tennessee 


101. 


Japan. 


49. Ohio. 


102 


India. 


,„ J Citv of Louisville. 
■'"• 1 Citv of Cincinnati. 


103 


East Indies, Birma'h, Siam, etc. 


104 


Australia. 


51. In,li,.na. 

52. Miclii-an. 


105 


Islands of the Pacific Ocean. 


106 


Afiica, N. E. sheet. 


53. N. Mirldgan and Lake Superior. 


107 


Africa, N. W. sheet. 


64. nUnols. 


108 


Africa, Southern. 109. Cuba. 



Whole number of Maps, ISO, on 109 sheets. 



29 
TO TEACHEES AND FRIENDS OF EDUCATION 



A NEW SEKIES 

OF 



COLTON AND FITCH'S 

P EI MARY GEOGRAPHY, 

A TREATISE FOR THE YOUNGER CLASS OF SCHOLARS. 

The plan of this book is in keeping with the succeeding and larger 
works, namely, the "Common School Geography" and the ''Ameri- 
can School Gkography," though simplified to the capacity of begin- 
ners, and adapted especially for use in the schiol-room. The fact is 
established beyond contradiction, that the limited and imperfect exer- 
cises on the Maps usually found in this class of books is insufficient to 
impart that amount of geographical knowledge which juvenile learners 
are capable of ncquiring. 

Teachers say that after using such books for a long lime, they can 
scarcely perceive themselves, much less exhibit to others, any re;i] and 
useful advancement on the part of their pupils in this study. A Pri- 
mary Geography should be copious in its questions on the Maps, with- 
out, however, having them too numerous. This feature will constitute 
one of the many improvements introduced in this book. The M ips 
are not the ordinary coarse wood-cuts commonly put before children, 
but are beautifully engraved expressly for this work, and great paius 
have been taken to make them what they should be. 

The rictorial Illusirations will be of the finest kind, and are designed 
to serve not only the purpose of embellishments, but of affording valu- 
able geographical information. 



30 

COLTON AND FITCH'S 

COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



This book, m quarto form, is designed for that very large class of 
scholars in our schools who wish to learn the more important facts of 
geography, but have not time to consult thoroughly the most elaborate 
treatises. 

The aim of the Author has been to present in this work such facts, 
and such only, as every scholar should imderstand before he completes 
his term of instruction. Accordingly, all tedious detail and extended 
description are omitted; and the learner's attention is confined prin- 
cipally to the Maps, from which only can correct and definite impres- 
sions of locality be obtained. 

The Publishers would call the particular attention of Teachers and 
others to the Maps which illustrate this book. Every intelligent in- 
structor must have noticed that the Maps generally put into the 
geographies prepared for Common Schools are extremely meagre and 
imperfect ; many countries are not represented at all, and those which 
are exhibited, are delineated on so small a scale, and are so carelessly 
drawn, that the impressions they convey are scarcely of any value. 

The greatest possible pains have been taken with the compilation, 
drawins, and engraving of these Maps, to make them full, clear, and 
reliable: and they will possess the additional merit, not found in any 
other similar book published in this country, of showinff contiguous 
states and enuntries on the same scale. This is an important deside- 
ratum, and h:is been hitherto entirely disregarded in the preparation of 
School Gf^ographies, the consequence being that no correct ideas of 
relative size and dimension are obtained. Other desirable improve- 
ments are introduced, and the Publishers feel confident that the Map 
illustrations will far excel those of any similar book. 

It is made as complete as the limits and design of the work will al- 
low, and by far the largest number of pupils in our Common Schools 
will find it all they need in acquiring a good knowledge of geography 



31 
COLTON AND FITCH'S 

AMERICAN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



The wide-spread demand for a new School Geography of high order, 
and the conviction in their minds that a great improvement on those 
in general use is needed and atiainahle, have induced the Publishera 
to un<lertake the enterprise of producing such a v.ork; and they are 
resolved that no pains or expense shall be spared iu making a first-rate 
ge'igrai hical text-book. 

Previously to commencing the task of preparing a new school geo- 
graphy, the Author (Mr. Gkorge W. Fitch) communicated with a 
great number of experienced Teachers, respectmg the defects of our 
present books, and the manner in which the subject should be treated 
in order to meet their appr.ibaiion. Profiiiiig by the suggestions thus 
obtained, as well as by his own experience in teaching, he has sought 
to make the work eminently practical, and to adapt it especially for use 
in the scliool-room. 

It has been a leading idea with the Author, to give particular prom- 
inence to the facts of Physical Geogkapiiy, and to arrange them in 
such a way that the learner may see the relations they bear to each 
other, and to the industrial affairs of mankind. 

Great advancement has been made in this department of geographi- 
cal .science during the past few years, and the Author is not aware that 
the facts relating thereto, with appropriate illustrations, have ever been 
systematically embodied in an American school-book, adapted to the 
comprehension of the great mass of scholars in our Common Schools 
and Academies. The Author trusts thathis modeoftre.'itine this branch 
of the subject will meet the approbation of all intelligent Teachers. 

The work is to be etilirely new, with new Maps and Pictorial Illus- 
trations hroughout. The Maps are nearly two inches longer and wider 
than those of any existing school-atlas, and they are also more numer- 
ous, thus aflfonling space for an enl.-irsed scale, so essential for the 
proper delineation of small and p'ipulous states. They represent the 
most recent surveys and explorations, and *xhibit the physical and 
political divisions of the globe according to the most recent information. 

Some of the improvements introduced into this book are — 

1. It contains, as far as practical)le, a unifohm Scale of Maps, all of 

them beinsr drawn so that an inch represents distances of either 
25. 50. liiO, 200, or some other easily compared number of geo- 
graphical miles. 

2. It de.«*cril)es. by means of pictorial illustrations and suitable Maps, 

t e Physical Geography of each Continent. 

3. The qu' st ons on each Map are arranged together; they precede 

the <iescripiive information, and are in large and plain print. 

4. The Maps are laree. embrace a great amount of information, and 

exhibit the latest discoveries— the |iresent territorial arrangements 
aiul the ffeoeraphy of recenilv populated districts. 

5. The style of letteriri's is bold. The nam-sof all the water divisions 

are in LFANJ.VG letters (ihns, Oi'EAN, bay. Lake), and those 
of the land divisions in UPKIGHT (thus, DISTRICT, Capital, 
Town, Mountain"). The most populous and important towns are 
distinguished from the others by more prominent letters (thus, 

6. A thorough Keview is given in the last part of the book. 



32 
OUTLINES OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

BY GEORGE W. FITCH, ESQ. 
Illustrated by Six Maps and Numerous Engravings. 



The Publishers take pleasure in announcing thnt they have now ready 
the al)(>ve Treatise, designed particularly lor study in common schools 
and academies, but adapted also for home instruction and general read- 
ing. The particular attention of teachers, school committees, and others 
is called to this work. It is believed to be the first attempt ever made 
in this country to embody, in a separate treatise, the more prominent 
farts of Pliysicai Geograpliy in a marmer intelligil)le to the great body 
of pupils attending our schools. The scope of ihe book, and its general 
plan, may be seen ('rt)m the following list of subjects, which arelreated 
ol with as much simplicity as possible: 

TuK Land — Its Extent and Distribution; Continents; Islands; Vol- 
canic Islands; Coral Islands; Mountains; Mountain Systems of the 
Eastern and Western Continents: Upland Plains or Table-Lands; 
Lowland Plains; Glaciers; Snow Mountains and Avalanches; Vol- 
canoes; Volcanic Regions; Vesuvius, Etna; Earthquakes. 

The WATEit — Chemical Composition of Water; Mineral Springs; 
Cataracts; Deltas; Oceanic and Continental Rivers; Inundations of 
Kivers; River Systems of the Western Continent — of the Eastern Con- 
tinent; Lakes; distribution of fresh-water Lakes — of salt-water Lakes; 
physical differences of Lakes; the Ocean; its temperature, color, and 
depth; deep-sea soundings; Waves; Tides; Currents; Gulf Stream. 

The Atmospiikrk — Composition of the Air— its properties; Winds; 
Variable Winds; Permanent Winds; Trade-Wimls; Periodical Winds; 
Monsoons; Hurricanes; Moisture; Clouds; Rain; Snow and Hail; 
Climate; causes which determine Climate, Isothermal Lines. 

Organic Existence — Plants — divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom — 
distribution of Plants — Food Plants ; Animals — their Classification ; dis- 
tri")ution of Animals, Zoological Regions ; Man — Races of Men. 

The Appendix contains several articles relating to the Chief Produc- 
tions of Countries ; the Exports of Countries; Trade Routes; Metallic 
Productions, etc. Also list of the Mountains, Rivers, etc. 

The Maps which illustrate the book have been constructed with the 
greatest care, and, though small in scale, they will, it is conceived, be 
found sutHcJent to give the learner an accurate i<lea of the principal 
features and leading physical phenomena of the globe. The lessons are 
broken into short sections or paragraphs, so thai the work can be used 
as a Rea<iing Book, and questions are appended at the bottom of the 
pages for the purpose of rendering it convenient as a manual of in* 
striiction. 

1 Vol., Dnodeciuio, pp. 333. Price $1 OO. 



33 
PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL, 

BY RICHARD S. FISHER, M.D., 

A.ulhor of the •' Book of the World." the '• Statistical Gazetteer of the 
United States of America." Liier;iry Editor of Colton's 
"Atlas of the Wnrld," and Editor of the "Amer- 
ican Kailway Guide," etc., etc. 



A few^ years posterior to the foundation of the constitutional govern- 
ment of the United Stntes. a census of the population thereof was taken 
mder the authority of Congress in accordance with a provision of the 
fundamental law; and subsequenily at the end of each period of tea 
years, similar and successively more and more minute censuses have 
been instituted. These enumerations have also embraced inquiries 
into the social and industrial status of the country, and its resources 
and wealth for the time beins, with such collaterate inquiries as were 
deemed important to the determination of the economic and political 
relntions of the Slates constituting the Union. 

The first national census was taken in 1790, and the seventh and 
latest census in the year lS5it. Intermediate to these decennial enu- 
merations, the States individually have likewise m;ide numerous sta- 
tistical inquiries, which are stdl being continued at periods varying from 
two to ten years. 

These show the progress of the United States from the first years of 
their aggregate existence, and, in connection with the annual returns 
published by the Slate and General governments, are the ground-work 
of the statistical portion of the present work. 

The " Progress of the United States." however, is not confined alone 
to a statistical analysis of the development of the country. In its paajes 
will be found a complete description ()f its geography, both in relati'>n 
to the States severally, and also to the Union. "The general history of 
the rise of the colonies, their strugirles in the cause of liberty, iheir 
tran.^f )rmation into independent governmentr*, and their onward pro- 
gress, are also summed up. and their present relative condition and po- 
sition in the Union fully illustrated. The subjects more particularly 
nolieed are the mining, agriculture, commerce, sind general industry of 
the States, their institutions of learning and education, their religious 
and moral institutions, and, in fact, ail the great interests which make 
and distinguish their social, industrial, and political existence. Such 
are the various subjects treated upon : and certainly none can be mora 
interesting — none more useful to the inquiring citizen. Without enter- 
ing into minute and controverted details, which would extend his work 
toniany volumes, the author has endeavored to exhibit clearly and 
truihfiiliy the history of events, their results, and the high destiny that 
awaits the future of a country already distinguished among nations for 
its enlightened civilization, and the successful achievement of a posi- 
tion second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern times. 

In One Vol., Royal 8vo, pp. 432, with Illustrations. Price $2 50. 



- 




34 













PRESTON' 


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QUARTO TABLES OF INTEREST, 






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22.S6 


7 




IS 


2.94 





47 


7.67 


6 


76 


12 41 


3 


150 


24.50 







19 


3.10 


3 


48 


7 84 


(I 


77 


12..57 


6 


160 


26.18 


3 




20 


3 26 


6 


49 


8 itO 


s 


7S 


12.74 





170 


27.76 


7 




21 


3 43 


(I 


50 


8.16 


6 


79 


12.90 


3 


ISO 


29.40 







22 


3.59 


3 


51 


8.3:i 





81. 


13.06 


6 


190 


31.03 


3 




23 


3 75 


6 


52 


S49 


3 


81 


1 :^.23 





200 


32.66 


7 




24 


3 92 





53 


8.65 


6 


82 


1.3.39 


3 


800 


49.00 







25 


4.. 8 


3 


54 


8 82 


(1 


83 


L3..55 


6 


400 


65.33 


3 




26 


4.24 


6 


55 


8.9 ^ 


3 


84 


13.72 


(1 


500 


81.66 


7 




27 


4.41 


II 


66 


9.14 


6 


So 


13.SS 


3 


600 


98.00 


<' 




2S 


4.57 


3 


57 


9 31 





86 


14 04 


6 


700 


114.83 


3 




21) 


i73 


6 


58 


9 47 


3 


' 87 


U2' 


l^ 


8(»0 


18<».66 ' 7 




i 1 


4-!)-i 


,i 5 


2 (.5:1 





■■r- 9 


44 10 





X 12 


58.80 







= 2 


9.S ! 


i 6 


29.4(» 





^10 


49 IH1 





= 24 


117.60 







^ 3 


14.70 


1 7 


34.30 





ill 


53.90 





.5 36 


176.40 







4 


19.60 


r 8 39.20 













1 








Ys. Ji9. n^. 












Mixed 


2 . 8 . 20 Tim( 











35 

Tms comprphensive work, now in the course ^f preparation, will be 
published in 1855. In comparine; its cupaoity witb other works of a 
like character, we choose to select one which is the most extensively- 
known ; one whi'h, from the simplicity of its arranarement, and which, 
for the fullness of extent, can not, but by some oria:inality of thought 
and a never-tiring industry, be surpassed. Rowlett shows the interest 
on each principal only from one day to sixty-four. Preston's new 
work, MS seen in the example herewith exhibited, shows the interest on 
each principal from one day to onehundred days inclusive ; and hence, 
as contained in onr specimen page opposite, we find the interest at 6 
per cent, on .$9S0 for, say. 95 duys to be $15.51-6. Then, by insprting 
the mills, Preston exhibits a tenfold c.-ipaeity, which Kowlett does 
not. Thus the interest from Preston on .$9S0 for 25 days is shown to 
be $4.08-8 ; and on the same sum for 250 days, the interest is shown in 
this new work to be $40.83. Then, again, in this new work, the inter- 
est on $9800 for 25 days is shown, in the same identical spot, to be 
$40.83. Rowi.ETT can not be used in this variety of form. To obtain 
the interest from Rowi.ett on any given sum. large or small, for any 
given number of days above 64, wemust Hdd two sums together, while 
this new work contemplates a relief from this embarrassment. In the 
next place, this new work shows interest at three different rates, five, 
SIX, au'l seven per cent. But what gives to it an incomparable supe- 
riority is, its alternate arrangement, whereby we are enabled to ob- 
tain the interest on any sum, large or small, for any given term of time, 
simple or mixed, without being required in any one case to refer to more 
than one single column. Suppose, for example, that we v/ant the in- 
terest at 6 per cent, on $777.77 for 2 years. 8 months, and 20 days, as 
stated at the extreme bottom of the page. Now. we regard the dai/s 
as representing doUam. The 700 days represent 700 dollars or 7000 
dollars; the77davs represent 77 dollars, and alsothf'77 cents. The in- 
terest, then, for 2 vears. 8 months, and 20 davs on $7000 is $114.3..33 : on 
$700 it is. in the same spot, $114.33-3 : on $77 it is $12.57-6 : and on 77 
cents it is. in the same spot, 1 . c^nts and 5 mills, etc. ; total. $1270.36-4. 
To obtain the interest from Rowlett on said sum for said term of time, 
requires us to refer to two different pages icideli/ apai'U and then to se- 
lect three amounts from each one of those pages ; to add them together, 
and finally to hunt up an illy devised cent table at the close of the book, 
wTiere. if we have time, patience, and ingenuity enough, we shall find 
the interest on the 77 cents. And this may also be said of most of all 
the interest tables that have been heretofore published. 

The entire work will, when completed, probably contain about 275 
pages, embracing more than One Thousand Millions of principals, no 
two o' which shall be alike, nor will there, in all this vast comprehen- 
sion, be any occasion, in any one case, to refer to more than one single 
calumn. like unto the one herewith presented. The work will contain 
a verv convenient Time Table, embracing 222,000 combinations of 
dates." It will also contain one of the best tables for expediting the tedi- 
ous process of Averaging Amounts that have ever been devised. And, 
finally, a series of Exchange T ibles will complete the volume. The 
paper, printing, a«id binding will be of the best quality. The specimen 
of table-work on opposite page represents but one-sixth of the quarto 
page, that is, one column. 

Price, $5. 



36 
C O L T O N ' S 
GEOGRAPHIC COMBINATION MAI 

DESIGNED TO INSTRUCT AND AMUSE 

THE FAMILY CIRCLE AND PRIMARY SCHOO] 



" utile extra dulc-e.''^ 



The series of Maps under the above title, and whic 
now in course of publication, will ultimately em 
Maps of all countries, as 

The United States $2 50 l The World 

The Separate States. . . . 2 00 1 Foreign Gauntries 



The design of the Publishers is to furnish an agrt d,ble 
and attractive method of imparting to the young, at home 
and at school, a knowledge of Geography, and of blending 
amusement and instruction. 

The several Maps composing this series are dissected and 
cut up into variform pieces ; but in such a manner that 
each piece, whatever may be its shape, has a correspond- 
ence with the other parts of the Map to which it belongs. 
Thus from a score or more separate and differently shaped 
pieces a complete Map may be constructed. 

The act of combining these parts exercises and amuses 
the mental faculties ; and the study of Geography is thus 
made attractive, and more knowledge of the subject is ac- 
quired in one hour spent in this intellectual amusement 
than a month of hard book-study could insure. 

Every family and district school should have at least one 
copy of the series ; and simply for the reason that Geogra- 
phy can not be so effectually taught by any other means ; 
and many an hour which a child would otherwise wear 
away in idleness may be saved to its advantage by placing 
these amusing instructors within its reach. 

Each Map is packed in a handsome book-form case, and 
will form a valuable addition to the family or school library. 



